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Contents
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Investigation methods and analysis ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Desk study ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Site description ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Topographic elevation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Map geology………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4
Surface water ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Historical land features …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Environmental land features …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Field work……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
Method of drilling the boreholes ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Geology from the boreholes ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
Static water level………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
Lab work:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
Foundation recommendation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Other recommendations: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Super Sulphated Cement (BS4248) …………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
Type II or Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement: ……………………………………………………………………….. 6
Water-cement ratio: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Conclusion: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Appendix: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8
References: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Introduction
This report is based on the site investigation for the building of a hostel which is the proposed
development at the Middle East College campus. The college campus is located in the
knowledge oasis Oman (KOM), Rusayl, Muscat.
Middle East College’s administration has taken the decision of starting this building recently and
a numberprocedures and tests were carried out to complete the site investigation which was to
determine the land stability, levelling and strength of the ground.
This site investigationfor the building includes several types of tests and studies for example,
field study of the soil condition, testing of samples in the laboratory, drilling, trial pitting, sample
collection.
In this report the brief desk study has been completed and presentedon the fieldworks which are
done through obtaining soil samples by digging boreholes and test pits. The field investigation
included the drilling of seven boreholes and digging out five test pits in total. The depth of the
groundwater and the type of rocks present in that area were known through these fieldworks.
Tests were also done to recognize the chemical composition of soil. Amount of chlorine and
sulfate content was known through these tests. The UCS (ultimate compressive strength) was
also one of the main properties of the field soil which was known by testing the soil.
Investigation methods and analysis
Desk study
Site description
Location of this Middle East College campus is in the knowledge oasis Oman, Rusayl, Muscat.
The site has a soft rocky plane bed and sparse grass on its ground. This site is exactly a little bit
away from the main campus building i.e. to the right of campus if it is seen from the front.
Topographic elevation
The site under study is a leveled land with soft rocky plane bed and sparse grass. Its height
according to the surroundings and topography of this region is normal.
Map geology
The field’s top ground is heavily composed of sedimentary rocks and no ground water is present
near the area, however some unbalanced ground is present in the surroundings. The ground’s soil
can be described as yellowish brown with loose to medium dense, sandy and very silty gravel
with cobbles. Whereas the area is dry and deserted.
Surface water
There is no surface water near the proposed area however in rainy season some amount of water
is collected in the unlevelled ground nearby but it can be overcome or solved by levelling that
part a bit.
Historical land features
As no earlier construction was done before, in this area so it looks quite like it was left barren
and not even cultivation was done here.
Environmental land features
The land is basically dry and deserted. No special land feature was seen or noticed, but if ground
water is considered its level is approximately5-9m of depth from the top surface.
Field work
Method of drilling the boreholes
Rotary core drilling technique was used for the drilling of the boreholes. A truck mounted with
diamond core drilling rig was used. There were seven boreholes drilled at the site.
Geology from the boreholes
The sites surface mainly consistedof yellowish brown soil strata at the top andthe silty and sandy
gravel with cobbles were following it.
In all of the seven boreholes it was found that the strata was mainly consisted of yellowish
brown, medium dense to largely dense, sandy and silty gravel with cobbles. Mostly the gravels
were the angular rock fragments of the limestone. These particular strata remained for a depth
ofup to 1 – 2 m from the surface or normal ground level but as the depth increased the strata
almost remained same, with weathered nodular limestone, recovered as angular rock fragments
and few small core pieces intercalated with clayey and sandy silt. These types of strata continued
up to the depth of 15m.
Therefore, the boreholes are showing no drastic changes in the strata almost up to the depth of
15m.
Static water level
From boreholes the level of ground water was found which was at 9.5 m below the existing top
ground level on an average from borehole no.1, no.2, no.3 and no.5. Whereas it was surprising in
the borehole number seven, where the water level was found below the depth of 5.5 m.
Lab work:
In total there were 5 trial pits. All of them were dug by using mechanical method. In none of the
trial pits, water level was encountered. In all of the pits, yellowish brown, low to medium dense
gravel, few cobblers and boulders were found to an extent where the rock layer formation or hard
strata was present due to which it could not be dug any further. Gravel are angular fragments of
limestone. Trial pit 2 was with the lowest depth of 0.20 m while the depth of others ranged from
0.5 m to 2 m. We can say that the average depth of these all pits was 1m.
The soil obtained from the trial pits and boreholes was analyzed chemically so that their
chemical properties could also be considered carefully. The sulphate content in the soil obtained
from trial pit 3 was the least i.e. 0.069 while the highest was in the water sample of bore hole 1
i.e. 3.037. For the rest of trial pits the sulfate content was around 1 and 1.5 g/lt. the samples
analyzed for trial pits was bulk samples. Chlorine content was around .150% and .200% for the
four trial pits while the fifth trial pit had content of .346% which was the highest. The pH value
for these trial pits was the same for all which was 8.0-8.1. The disturbed sample of bore hole 7
and water sample of bore hole 1 and 3 showed results for these chemical tests. The sulfate and
chlorine content was 2.87 – 3.03 and 7.092 respectively for bh-1 and bh-3. Similarly pH found
was nearly equal to 8.
The core samples of three boreholes showed the UCS of roughly around 2200 kN/m2 while two
boreholes i.e. 4 and 6 showed UCS around 1500 kN/m2 which is a difference but not a big
problem and we can overcome this by putting less amount of load where the respective boreholes
are located.
Foundation recommendation
The type of ground conditions discovered through investigation and different test, which
wasyellowish brown, medium dense to dense, sandy and silty gravelly soil is considered to be
suitable for the construction of a traditional strip or pad foundations because the ground is
supportive enough. To have a better factor of safety against shear failure, the strip foundations
could be up to a depth of 1.5m, as the presence of hard rock strata was encountered after a depth
of 1.5m, from the trial pits. Still the depth of foundation would depend on the load of the
building on the ground or the number of floors that the building would be comprised of.
As we know ground water level is crucial to any foundation so it should be considered carefully
while digging trenches for foundations. The tests for UCS showed that the borehole No.1, No.3,
No.4, No.6 and No.7 gave almost similar values of UCS in average which indicate that there can
be a uniform foundation whatever the types is i.e. strip or pad.
But for the boreholes No.4 and No.6 as they have a less UCS value, the load should be
considerably reduced in respective areas.
Other recommendations:
These types of cements can be used for the resistance of sulfate content of soil but it has some
consequences which are given along:
Super Sulphated Cement (BS4248) This is made from GGBS, gypsum and a small percentage
of OPC. It is highly resistant to sulphates but it is uneconomical.
Type II or Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement:
SRPC Sulphate resisting Portland cement has low C3A (maximum 3.5%) to avoid Sulphate
attack (from sulphates in the ground, the sea etc.) which is primarily on C3Many engineers are
aware that they can specify ASTM C 150 Type II cement for moderate sulfate resistance or Type
V for high sulfate resistance. This seems simple enough, but it may not be. Type II cement has
two specialized properties, moderate sulfate resistance and moderate heat of hydration. The
engineer must specify which of these characteristics is required, since both are optional physical
requirements according to ASTM C 150. Simply ordering Type II cement does not guarantee
that the cement will provide any sulfate resistance at all. A. SRPC however offers poor
protection against chlorides but the chloride content is almost negligible so we would not
consider chlorides resistance.
Water-cement ratio:
Water-cement used should be moderate so that the cement has strength and durability as well as
quick settlement time.
Conclusion:
This report is based on the desk study and lab tests of the soil investigation for the proposed
hostel building of Middle East College. The recommendations given above are based on
following conclusions:
The hard rock layer formation or hard strata was at around somewhat to 1m depth as average
from the top.
No groundwater appeared in trial pits
The ground is suitable for normal techniques no severe approach is required.Excavation of 2m to
3m will be sufficient for double floor building.
Overall, one can say that it was a levelled, balanced and suitable site for any kind of building as
the ground is strong enough to withstand the loads of building and techniques carried out during
construction. Example of some of the boreholes, trial pits and properties table are given in
appendix.
Appendix
References:
•
Guidance report from the site investigation provided by Ms. Siham frag.
•
ASTM standards (for sulfate strength and cement properties)
Contents
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Investigation methods and analysis ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Desk study ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Site description ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Topographic elevation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Map geology………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4
Surface water ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Historical land features …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Environmental land features …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Field work……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
Method of drilling the boreholes ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Geology from the boreholes ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
Static water level………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
Lab work:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
Foundation recommendation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Other recommendations: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Super Sulphated Cement (BS4248) …………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
Type II or Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement: ……………………………………………………………………….. 6
Water-cement ratio: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Conclusion: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Appendix: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8
References: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Introduction
This report is based on the site investigation for the building of a hostel which is the proposed
development at the Middle East College campus. The college campus is located in the
knowledge oasis Oman (KOM), Rusayl, Muscat.
Middle East College’s administration has taken the decision of starting this building recently and
a numberprocedures and tests were carried out to complete the site investigation which was to
determine the land stability, levelling and strength of the ground.
This site investigationfor the building includes several types of tests and studies for example,
field study of the soil condition, testing of samples in the laboratory, drilling, trial pitting, sample
collection.
In this report the brief desk study has been completed and presentedon the fieldworks which are
done through obtaining soil samples by digging boreholes and test pits. The field investigation
included the drilling of seven boreholes and digging out five test pits in total. The depth of the
groundwater and the type of rocks present in that area were known through these fieldworks.
Tests were also done to recognize the chemical composition of soil. Amount of chlorine and
sulfate content was known through these tests. The UCS (ultimate compressive strength) was
also one of the main properties of the field soil which was known by testing the soil.
Investigation methods and analysis
Desk study
Site description
Location of this Middle East College campus is in the knowledge oasis Oman, Rusayl, Muscat.
The site has a soft rocky plane bed and sparse grass on its ground. This site is exactly a little bit
away from the main campus building i.e. to the right of campus if it is seen from the front.
Topographic elevation
The site under study is a leveled land with soft rocky plane bed and sparse grass. Its height
according to the surroundings and topography of this region is normal.
Map geology
The field’s top ground is heavily composed of sedimentary rocks and no ground water is present
near the area, however some unbalanced ground is present in the surroundings. The ground’s soil
can be described as yellowish brown with loose to medium dense, sandy and very silty gravel
with cobbles. Whereas the area is dry and deserted.
Surface water
There is no surface water near the proposed area however in rainy season some amount of water
is collected in the unlevelled ground nearby but it can be overcome or solved by levelling that
part a bit.
Historical land features
As no earlier construction was done before, in this area so it looks quite like it was left barren
and not even cultivation was done here.
Environmental land features
The land is basically dry and deserted. No special land feature was seen or noticed, but if ground
water is considered its level is approximately5-9m of depth from the top surface.
Field work
Method of drilling the boreholes
Rotary core drilling technique was used for the drilling of the boreholes. A truck mounted with
diamond core drilling rig was used. There were seven boreholes drilled at the site.
Geology from the boreholes
The sites surface mainly consistedof yellowish brown soil strata at the top andthe silty and sandy
gravel with cobbles were following it.
In all of the seven boreholes it was found that the strata was mainly consisted of yellowish
brown, medium dense to largely dense, sandy and silty gravel with cobbles. Mostly the gravels
were the angular rock fragments of the limestone. These particular strata remained for a depth
ofup to 1 � …
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