Expert answer:Creating a Logic Model (4-5 page paper)
Answer & Explanation:Logic Models
For this assignment, you will create a logic model for a health-related program. Create a fictitious program “from scratch” for your model. Your logic model must be unique, created by you specifically for this assignment, and may not be based on an already-existing logic model for a program. Note that there is no one “correct” format for a logic model. The readings provide various templates and examples of what a logic model can look like. Consider using the exercises in the W.K. Kellogg Foundation Logic Model Development Guide (2006) to inform your own process. Your logic model must contain at least the three basic components of logic models (inputs, outputs, and outcomes, but should also incorporate as many additional components as necessary to fully describe the logic of your program.
In a four to five double-spaced paper:
•Describe the health-related program for which you are creating the logic model
•Create a logic model for your selected health-related program
•Specify which program components are included in each section of the model
•Outline the forward logic (moving forward from the activities) and reverse logic (moving backwards from the effects) of your model
•Justify the logic and order of each component included in the model
The Logic Model assignment
•Must be four to five double-spaced pages in length (not including title and reference pages)
•Must include the actual logic model diagram.
•Must be formatted according to APA style
•Must include a separate title page
•Must include a clear and succinct introduction introducing the topic and a conclusion that summarizes the main points of the paper.
•Must document all sources in APA style
•Must include a separate reference page that is formatted according to APA stylelogicmodel.pdflogicmodel.pdf
logicmodel.pdf
logicmodel.pdf
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W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Logic Model Development Guide
Using Logic Models to Bring Together Planning, Evaluation, and Action
Logic Model Development Guide
To help people help themselves through the practical
application of knowledge and resources to improve
their quality of life and that of future generations.
Updated January 2004
W.K. Kellogg Foundation
One East Michigan Avenue East
Battle Creek, Michigan 49017-4012
www.wkkf.org
Copyright © 1998 by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation
All rights reserved. This publication may be freely utilized by the general public for educational,
charitable, nonprofit, and/or other non-commercial purposes. Such use does not require prior or
written permission. Such use should include acknowledgement that it is “with the permission of
the W.K. Kellogg Foundation”. Any other use is prohibited without the prior written permission of
the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. For permission requests, please contact the Communications
Department at communications@wkkf.org or 269-969-2079.
Contents
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………….III
Chapter 1
Introduction to Logic Models …………………………………………………………………………….1
The What and Why of the Logic Model ………………………………………………………………1
Logic Model Definition ………………………………………………………………………………..1
Logic Model Purpose ……………………………………………………………………………………3
Trip Planning Logic Model Example………………………………………………………………..3
Why Use a Logic Model?……………………………………………………………………………………5
Program Success …………………………………………………………………………………………….5
Program Investments ……………………………………………………………………………………..6
Simple Logic Model Basics ………………………………………………………………………………..7
Logic Model Development………………………………………………………………………………7
Reading a Logic Model ………………………………………………………………………………….7
Other Logic Model Examples …………………………………………………………………………….8
Theory Model …………………………………………………………………………………………….10
Outcomes Model …………………………………………………………………………………………11
Activities Model …………………………………………………………………………………………..12
Chapter 2
Developing a Basic Logic Model for Your Program ………………………………………………15
Demonstrating Progress Toward Change …………………………………………………………….16
Exercise 1 – Describing Results …………………………………………………………………………16
Exercise 1 Checklist…………………………………………………………………………………………20
Exercise 2 – Describing Actions…………………………………………………………………………21
Exercise 2 Checklist…………………………………………………………………………………………23
Program Implementation Template – Exercise 1 & 2 …………………………………………..25
Chapter 3
Developing a Theory-of-Change Logic Model for Your Program…………………………….27
Exercise 3 – Constructing a Program Theory ……………………………………………………….28
Program Planning …………………………………………………………………………………………28
Exercise 3 Checklist……………………………………………………………………………………….33
Program Planning Template – Exercise 3…………………………………………………………..34
Page I
Logic Model Development Guide
Chapter 4
Using Your Logic Model to Plan for Evaluation ………………………………………………….35
Exercise 4 – Posing Evaluation Questions …………………………………………………………..35
Formative/Summative Evaluation Questions ……………………………………………………35
Evaluation Vantage Points Context, Implementation, Outcomes …………………………36
Focus Areas, Audiences, Questions, Information Use …………………………………………38
Audiences and Evaluation………………………………………………………………………………42
Exercise 4 Checklist ……………………………………………………………………………………..43
Evaluation Planning Template – Exercise 4 …………………………………………………………44
Exercise 5 – Establishing Indicators ……………………………………………………………………45
Indicators of Success……………………………………………………………………………………..45
Exercise 5 Checklist ……………………………………………………………………………………..47
Indicators Development Template – Exercise 5 ………………………………………………..48
Resource Appendix …………………………………………………………………………….49
Forms Appendix ……………………………………………………………………………………53
Page II
Logic Model Development Guide
Introduction
If you don’t know where you’re going, how are you gonna’ know when you get there?
–Yogi Berra
In line with its core mission – To help people help themselves through the practical application of knowledge
and resources to improve their quality of life and that of future generations – the W.K. Kellogg Foundation has
made program evaluation a priority. As our staff and grantees work on a spectrum of social improvement programs, the need for shaping and contributing to the body of knowledge regarding evaluation
becomes increasingly clear. Our first guide, the W.K. Kellogg Foundation Evaluation Handbook, was published in 1998, and has been made available to nearly 7,500 people.The Evaluation Handbook is a practical, step-by-step manual for conducting evaluations.With the Handbook, we introduced the concept
of the program logic model and the ways in which applying this concept has added value to our
own work.
The program logic model is defined as a picture of how your organization does its work – the theory and
assumptions underlying the program.A program logic model links outcomes (both short- and long-term)
with program activities/processes and the theoretical assumptions/principles of the program.
The W.K. Kellogg Foundation Logic Model Development Guide, a companion publication to the Evaluation
Handbook, focuses on the development and use of the program logic model.We have found the logic
model and its processes facilitate thinking, planning, and communications about program objectives and
actual accomplishments.Through this guide, we hope to provide an orientation to the underlying principles and language of the program logic model so it can be effectively used in program planning,
implementation, and dissemination of results.
The premise behind this guide – and our view of the role of evaluation in programming – is simple:
Good evaluation reflects clear thinking and responsible program management. Over the years, our
experience in using logic models in initiatives such as the Kellogg Youth Initiative Partnerships,
Devolution, ENLACE (Engaging Latino Communities for Education), and the Native American
Higher Education Initiative, to name just a few, has provided ample evidence of the effectiveness of
these methods.
Learning and using tools like logic models can serve to increase the practitioner’s voice in the domains
of planning, design, implementation, analysis, and knowledge generation.The process of developing the
model is an opportunity to chart the course. It is a conscious process that creates an explicit understanding of the challenges ahead, the resources available, and the timetable in which to hit the target. In
addition, it helps keep a balanced focus on the big picture as well as the component parts.
In general, logic modeling can greatly enhance the participatory role and usefulness of evaluation as a
management and learning tool. Developing and using logic models is an important step in building
community capacity and strengthening community voice.The ability to identify outcomes and anticipate ways to measure them provides all program participants with a clear map of the road ahead. Map
in hand, participants are more confident of their place in the scheme of things, and hence, more likely
to actively engage and less likely to stray from the course – and when they do, to do so consciously
and intentionally. Because it is particularly amenable to visual depictions, program logic modeling can
be a strong tool in communicating with diverse audiences – those who have varying world views and
different levels of experience with program development and evaluation.
Page III
Logic Model Development Guide
Introduction
The Logic Model Development Guide contains four chapters and two comprehensive appendices.
Chapter 1 presents a basic introduction to the logic model as an action-oriented tool for program
planning and evaluation. It also offers an array of sample logic models.
Chapter 2 consists of exercises and examples focused on the development of a simple program logic
model. Exercises include practical examples, checklists for reviewing content quality, and a template
for developing a logic model.
Chapter 3 gives instructions on how to expand a basic logic model to explore and explain the theoryof-change that describes the rationale for your program. A template and checklist are provided.
Chapter 4 offers two exercises that afford the reader with an introduction to how the basic logic
modeling techniques introduced in the previous chapters can be applied to inform thinking about
what should be included in an evaluation plan.Templates and checklists are also provided.
The Resources Appendix provides logic model development resources – references and Web sites worth
visiting.The Forms Appendix includes blank templates to copy when developing your own logic models.
Acknowledgements
This work builds on the experience of many at the W.K. Kellogg Foundation who pioneered the application of logic modeling to their initiatives. For example, logic models were first used with the Kellogg
Youth Initiative Partnerships (KYIP). In this application, the models were instrumental in helping staff
establish program direction, implementation, an evaluation framework, and outcomes across three sites.
In KYIP, logic modeling was used to facilitate and guide the development of the specific assumptions
and processes that ultimately led to the transition of the initiative from a WKKF-operated program to a
community-owned program.WKKF program staff, including Tyrone Baines, Phyllis Meadows, Gerald
Smith, Judy Watson Olson, Steve Peffers, Joyce Brown, and John Seita were instrumental in these efforts.
Our work in developing the Logic Model Development Guide began at the request of Kellogg Foundation
Program Director Blas Santos who expressed a need for user-friendly tools and processes to support the
work of grantees in Latin America and the Caribbean.
The Logic Model Development Guide represents a collaborative effort.We particularly want to acknowledge the efforts of the Kellogg Foundation’s former director of evaluation, Ricardo Millett, and his
team of evaluation managers, including Astrid Hendricks-Smith and Mark Lelle, who have since left
the organization.Their tireless work among staff and grantees continues to promote the use of logic
models to plan, design, and manage initiatives. Dale Hopkins and Karin Ladley were instrumental in
bringing the material to print.We also wish to acknowledge the work of the Kellogg Foundation Vice
Presidents of Programs Rick Foster, Gail McClure, Dan Moore, and Gloria Smith, along with Senior
Vice President of Programs Anne Petersen, who have underscored the importance of evaluation,
embraced the logic model approach, and adopted it as a valued program support tool.
Special thanks are extended to Cynthia Phillips, a primary writer and consultant throughout the
development of this guide, and Work Volk Consultants, LLP, for formatting and editorial assistance.
Thanks, also, to Beverly Parsons of In Sites; Andrew Hahn and the students at the Florence Heller
Graduate School for Advanced Studies in Social Welfare, Brandeis University; Marc Osten, Summit
Consulting Collaborative; Sally Bond,The Program Evaluation Group; Joel Meister and Eva Moya,
University of Arizona; Amy Coates-Madsen and staff at Maryland Association of Nonprofit
Organizations; and Gail Randall, Greater Worchester Community Foundation.
–The Program Staff of the W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Page IV
Logic Model Development Guide
Chapter 1
Introduction to Logic Models
Chapter One defines logic models and explains their usefulness to program stakeholders. You
will learn the relevance of this state-of-the-art tool to program planning, evaluation, and
improvement.
E
A program logic model is a
picture of how your program works – the theory
and assumptions underlying the program. …This
model provides a road map
of your program, highlighting how it is expected
to work, what activities
need to come before others,
and how desired outcomes
are achieved (p. 35).
W.K. Kellogg
Foundation Evaluation
Handbook (1998)
ffective program evaluation does more than collect, analyze, and provide data. It
makes it possible for you – program stakeholders – to gather and use information,
to learn continually about and improve programs that you operate in or fund.
The W.K. Kellogg Foundation believes evaluation – especially program logic model
approaches – is a learning and management tool that can be used throughout a program’s
life – no matter what your stake in the program. Using evaluation and the logic model
results in effective programming and offers greater learning opportunities, better documentation of outcomes, and shared knowledge about what works and why. The logic
model is a beneficial evaluation tool that facilitates effective program planning, implementation, and evaluation.
The What and Why of the Logic Model
The WHAT: Logic Model Definition
Basically, a logic model is a systematic and visual way to present and share your understanding of the relationships among the resources you have to operate your program, the
activities you plan, and the changes or results you hope to achieve.
Resources/
Inputs
Activities
Outputs
Outcomes
Impact
1
2
3
4
5
Your Planned Work
Your Intended Results
Figure 1. The Basic Logic Model.
The most basic logic model is a picture of how you believe your program will work. It uses
words and/or pictures to describe the sequence of activities thought to bring about change
and how these activities are linked to the results the program is expected to achieve.
Page 1
Logic Model Development Guide
Chapter 1
The Basic Logic Model components shown in Figure 1 above are defined below. These
components illustrate the connection between your planned work and your intended results.
They are depicted numerically by steps 1 through 5.
YOUR PLANNED WORK describes what resources you think you need to implement
your program and what you intend to do.
Most of the value in a logic
model is in the process of
creating, validating, and
modifying the model …
The clarity of thinking
that occurs from building
the model is critical to the
overall success of the program (p. 43).
W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Handbook (1998)
1. Resources include the human, financial, organizational, and community resources a
program has available to direct toward doing the work. Sometimes this component
is referred to as Inputs.
2. Program Activities are what the program does with the resources. Activities are the
processes, tools, events, technology, and actions that are an intentional part of the program
implementation. These interventions are used to bring about the intended program
changes or results.
YOUR INTENDED RESULTS include all of the program’s desired results (outputs, outcomes, and impact).
3. Outputs are the direct products of program activities and may include types, levels and
targets of services to be delivered by the program.
4. Outcomes are the specific changes in program participants’ behavior, knowledge, skills,
status and level of functioning. Short-term outcomes should be attainable within 1 to 3
years, while longer-term outcomes should be achievable within a 4 to 6 year timeframe.
The logical progression from short-term to long-term outcomes should be reflected in
impact occurring within about 7 to 10 years.
5. Impact is the fundamental intended or unintended change occurring in organizations,
communities or systems as a result of program activities within 7 to 10 years. In the current model of WKKF grantmaking and evaluation, impact often occurs after the conclusion of project funding.
The term logic model is frequently used interchangeably with the term program theory in
the evaluation field. Logic models can alternatively be referred to as theory because they
describe how a program works and to what end (definitions for each employed by leading
evaluation experts are included in the Resources Appendix).
The What: How to “Read” a Logic Model
When “read” from left to right, logic models describe program basics over time from
planning through results. Reading a logic model means following the chain of reasoning
or “If…then…” statements which connect the program’s parts. The figure below shows
how the basic logic model is read.
Page 2
Logic Model Development Guide
Sample Factors
influencing the trip:
• Family members’ school
and work schedules
• The holidays
• Winter weather
• Frequent Flier availability
Sample Activities:
• Creating/checking family
schedules
• Gathering holiday flight
and FF information
• Getting airport
transportation
• Notifying Iowa relatives
If you have
access to
them, then you
can use them
to accomplish
your planned
activities
If you
accomplish
your planned
activities, then
you will
hopefully deliver
the amount of
product and/or
service that
you intended
If you
accomplish
your planned
activities to the
extent you
intended, then
your participants
will benefit in
certain ways
If these
benefits to
participants are
achieved, then
certain changes
in organizations,
communities,
or systems
might be
expected to
occur
Resources/
Inputs
Activities
Outputs
Outcomes
Impact
1
2
3
4
5
Certain
resources are
needed to
operate your
program
Your Planned Work
Your Intended Results
Figure 2. How to Read a Logic Model.
The WHY: Logic Model Purpose and Practical Application
The purpose of a logic model is to provide stakeholders with a road map describing the
sequence of related events connecting the need for the planned program with the program’s desired results. Mapping a proposed program helps you visualize and understand
how human and financial investments can contribute to achieving your intended program
goals and can lead to program improvements.
A logic model brings program concepts and dreams to life. It lets …
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