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Assignment 3 Please answer the questions in complete sentences (about a paragraph per answer).
Be the First to Practice Domestication: An Archaeology-based Simulation
You are members of a group of some 100 people, from newborns to elderly folk, who live in Southwest Asia
about 10,000 years ago. You hunt deer and gazelles (which can run 50 miles per hour, are very easily panicked,
and can jump over 25 feet) when the herds are in your territory. You also get some wild goats, cattle, pigs, hares,
small rodents, birds, and fish. You range considerable distances from home base to collect some 60 different
species of plant foods, including berries, acorns, seeds, and nuts. The bulk of this food is wild wheat and barley,
which you harvest with flint-toothed bone sickles from the patches where they are usually found at various
distances from your settlement. You can collect about 3 to 4 pounds of their seed in an hour, not counting the time
to get to and from the fields. Lentils take more work; you must pull up the entire plant and then remove the pods.
A pound of wheat or barley seed provides about 1,200 calories, about half the daily requirement for an adult. This
is about 10 percent more calories than in a pound of beef and 50 percent more than in a pound of goat meat. While
cereals’ protein content is about 30 percent less than that of meat, lentils are higher in both calories and protein
content than either cereals or meat.
Unwanted seeds of the many weeds that grow along with the cereals are mixed with the harvested seeds. Also,
many cereal seeds are lost, dropping to the ground because on wild cereals they are only loosely attached to the
stalk. Year to year, some cereal stands disappear because they are rooted up, trampled, eaten by animals, or
shaded out by weeds. Therefore, your group has to scout new stands. Some years, weather conditions result in
much smaller stands of cereals.
Your band lives in round huts having a single room and dimensions of about 20 feet across and 3 feet into the
ground. They have stone foundations, mud-brick walls, and roofs of reeds and clay supported by wooden posts.
The floors are smoothed with a layer of clay.
Inside the houses are stone-lined hearths; flat, hollowed-out grindstones and mortars with cylindrical pestles; bone
and stone tools, including picks and stone bowls; small figurines of hoofed animals and a few human figurines, as
well as jewelry made with animal teeth and shells from 120 miles away. Bone tools, often decorated, are used to
work animal hides and to make baskets. Some of the flint tools and arrowheads have been heat-treated for finer
flaking. Cooking is done with heated stones. Some houses have storage bins inside. Outside are several 3-foot
deep pits. In some, humans and simple grave-goods are buried.
The information above is based on reports of archaeological excavations at Mallaha (occupied between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago), Abu Hureyra
(occupied between 13,000 and 9,000 years ago), Jericho (occupied between 11,000 and 9,300 years ago), Mureybet (occupied between 10,500 and 9,300
years ago), Beidha (occupied between 10,500 and 8,200 years ago) and Netiv Hagdud (occupied between 10,300 and 9,300 years ago), which span the
period during which domestication occurred. (Modified from http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu)
Questions:
1) What factors might induce you and your group to shift from foraging to food production?
2) If you do make this shift, what effects will it have on other aspects of your life? In other words, what will your
group need to change or develop to make the switch?
3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of keeping animals such as goats, sheep, or cattle as domestic
animals rather than hunting them?
4) What are some of the costs and benefits of sedentism? (Think about the chain of positive and negative
consequences of living in permanent settlements vs. a more mobile lifestyle – the last part of Chapter 12 may
help you answer this question.)
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