Expert answer:Literature Review
Expert answer:Introduction (9-12 well-developed sentences/approximately 350 words) The following components must be included in the introduction (in the following order) Sentence 1: Introduce the general topic Sentence 2: Pro side (general) Sentence 3: Con side (general) Sentence 4: Narrow the scope (1) Sentence 5: Examples of the narrowed topic Sentence 6: Narrow the scope (2) Sentence 7: Specific controversy Sentence 8: Pro side (specific) Sentence 9: Con side (specific) Sentence 10: The thesis Literature Review (800-900 words) Literature review preface: This paragraph acts as a guide to what the reader can expect in the literature review. Literature review body: This section includes three to four body paragraphs that discuss the history, terminology, and both sides of the controversy (pro and con). Literature review conclusion: The conclusion signals that the literature review is ending, but it also acts as a kind of preface for the body of the paper by restating the thesis statement and establishing your argument once again. Demonstrate how to summarize and paraphrase source materials. Demonstrate the avoidance of plagiarism through proper use of APA citations and references for all paraphrased and quoted material.
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Running Head: ANALYSIS OF EFFECTS OF JIM CROW LAWS
Analysis of Effects of Jim Crow Laws
Alvin Hayes
Ann Schwalboski
Columbia Southern University
November 27,2017
1
ANALYSIS OF EFFECTS OF JIM CROW LAWS
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The Topic
Effects of Jim Crow Laws
Was the Law Fair?
Jim Crow Law was legislation that supported racial segregation in the South in the 19th
century. This law was passed in the southern parts of the United States between the end of the
Reconstruction in the late-19th century and the beginning of the civil rights movement in mid20th century. Since the late-19th century, southern state laws, no longer regulated by freedmen,
passed legislation mandating the separation of whites from blacks in schools and public
transportation. The Jim Crow law depicted a formal codified framework of racial apartheid that
ruled the southern part of America for almost one century. This legislation impacted almost
every facet of daily life, authorizing segregation of parks, schools, taverns, libraries, trains, and
restrooms among others. In fact, ‘colored’ and ‘Whites Only’ signs were relentless reminders of
the imposed racial order (Alexander, 2012).
The Controversy
Racial segregation and discrimination were rampant in the United States particularly in
the 19th century through mid of the 20th century. During this period, blacks were mistreated and
were regarded, second-class citizens (Tischauser, 2012). Local government officials supported
the Jim Crow legislation and promoted conducts of terror conducted by Vigilantes. This
legislation was controversial in the sense that whites supported it arguing that they were not
equal to blacks and therefore should be treated differently. The opponents of the Jim Crow laws
were blacks who were subjected to discrimination and prejudice based on the color of their skin.
ANALYSIS OF EFFECTS OF JIM CROW LAWS
3
African-Americans wanted to be treated as equals as the whites. These arguments resulted in
animosity between the blacks and the whites (Bennett, 2016).
Pro Side of the Controversy
Proponents of the Jim Crow legislation asserted that this law only separated them, but the
treatment was similar. In legal perspective, African-Americans received ‘separate but equal’
treatment under the decree (Pilgrim, 2000). During the Reconstruction period, blacks started to
gain a significant amount of power in the political arena and were able to vote. Since Democrats
started to regain power in the southern parts of the US, Jim Crow laws were passed to restrict the
capacity of African-Americans to hold public offices and vote. The legislation also began to
create ‘separate but equal’ social, educational, and economic policies. In other words, the
primary objective of the Jim Crow laws was to create a society where whites and blacks received
separate but equal treatment that aligned with their differing socio-cultural traditions, norms, and
beliefs (Klarman, 2004).
Con Side of the Controversy
Although from a legal perspective the Jim Crow laws were intended to create a ‘separate
but equal’ framework, in the real sense, it was intended to segregate ‘people of color’ from
whites. With this legislation, whites would discriminate, abuse, and violate blacks’ fundamental
rights. Traveling and working in the segregated southern parts of America was not only
humiliating but also degrading. The fact that there were separate accommodations and amenities
in the South meant that African Americans were inferior and subhuman since they cannot use the
same facilities as the whites. With the establishment of this law, whites could get a reason to
demean blacks and publicly humiliate them. It’s for this reason that black people fought for equal
ANALYSIS OF EFFECTS OF JIM CROW LAWS
4
treatment and end of racial segregation hence the inception of civil rights movement (Katagiri,
2014).
Tentative Thesis Statement
Racial inequality and discrimination was a major social issue during the 19th and mid20th century. With Jim Crow laws, blacks were considered inferior and subhuman. This
treatment was not only inhumane but also unethical since all people are equal and thus should be
treated equally irrespective of their race, color, gender, and other factors that make people be
different and diverse.
ANALYSIS OF EFFECTS OF JIM CROW LAWS
5
References
Alexander, M. (2012). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. The
New Press.
Bennett, J. B. (2016). Religion and the Rise of Jim Crow in New Orleans. Princeton University
Press.
Katagiri, Y. (2014). Black Freedom, White Resistance, and Red Menace: Civil Rights and
Anticommunism in the Jim Crow South. Louisiana State University Press.
Klarman, M. J. (2004). From Jim Crow to civil rights: The Supreme Court and the struggle for
racial equality. Oxford University Press.
Pilgrim, D. (2000). What Was Jim Crow?. Ferris State University, 16, 2007.
Tischauser, L. V. (2012). Jim Crow Laws. ABC-CLIO.
Running Head: EFFECTS OF JIM CROW
Effects of Jim Crow
Alvin Hayes
Ann Schwalboski
Columbia Southern University
November 21,2017
1
JIM CROW
2
Alexander, M. (2012). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. The
New Press.
From the late 19th century, the term Jim Crow came to mean the legal and social
segregation of blacks from whites. After Reconstruction and the Civil War, whites marginalized
African Americans through literacy test and the poll tax. During this era, white people would
subject African Americans to low-paying jobs and poorly furnished public schools for their kids.
In this manner, whites in the Jim Crow South established a bitter network of social, economic,
and political barriers to limit the abilities and expressions of blacks completely. However, Rosa
Parks was not the first individual to challenge and criticize the Jim Crow laws. In the late-19th
century, a black man called Homer Plessy from New Orleans challenged segregation in trains.
Although the Jim Crow laws ended in the 1950s, there is a new Jim Crow. The new era of Jim
Crow is witnessed today in the mass incarceration of black people. In addition to extensively
covering the topic, the author has effectively linked the 19th century Jim Crow and the 21st
century Jim Crow.
Bennett, J. B. (2016). Religion and the Rise of Jim Crow in New Orleans. Princeton University
Press.
‘Jim Crow’ was a judgmental expression meaning ‘Negro.’ Typically, Jim Crow laws
directed the segregation of public places, public schools, and public restaurants and
transportation. By the late 19th century, Reconstruction era was ending. In the pretense of
healing the country and stopping the feud between the South and the North, most white political
leaders left the cause of protecting the black people. In the former Confederacy and neighboring
counties, state governments developed a legal system intended for re-creating a society founded
JIM CROW
3
on white supremacy. This legal framework prohibited African Americans from voting. The law
was called Jim Crow legislation, and it segregated people of color from whites in housing,
schools, public places, and jobs. Denying African Americans their rights to vote via legal
steering was the first phase in taking away their fundamental civil rights. The Jim Crow
legislation proved to be very effective as the number of registered black voters plunged by early
20th century. The information provided by the author is well-researched and valid and is
supported by credible sources.
Katagiri, Y. (2014). Black Freedom, White Resistance, and Red Menace: Civil Rights and
Anticommunism in the Jim Crow South. Louisiana State University Press.
In the mid-20th century, the Supreme Court illegalized racial segregation in public
schools in the Brown v. Board of Education case. Immediately after the ruling, anti-Communists
from the North regarded the South as a promising new region where they can expand their cause.
As a result, southern segregationists supported the help provided by the Yankee collaborators. In
the subsequent years, southerners adopted the ‘northern messiahs’ in implementing a huge
resistance to the Supreme Court’s ruling and the civil rights movement as a whole. White leaders
in the South framed African Americans’ civil rights campaigners for human dignity and social
justice as an alien scheme planned by despicable outside protesters. This article describes how a
southern form of McCarthyism becomes part of the famous civil rights campaigns. In a nutshell,
the northerners’ anti-Communists steered the southerners in implementing racial segregation.
The author of the article provides the first scholarly work to depict a critical but significant facet
of civil rights history. The author has incorporated a range of scholarly works from other credible
authors.
JIM CROW
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Klarman, M. J. (2004). From Jim Crow to civil rights: The Supreme Court and the struggle for
racial equality. Oxford University Press.
Jim Crows legislation in several states mandated the separation of races in common
places such as theaters, restaurants, and public transportation. The ‘separate but equal’ policy
developed by the Supreme Court in the 1896 case between Plessy and Ferguson provided high
judicial backing to segregation. For instance, a decree in Montgomery, Alabama mandated
African Americans to take seats on municipal buses. During that period, the ‘separate but equal’
doctrine applied, but the real segregation utilized by the Montgomery City Lines was barely
equal. The Jim Crow law that was established in the late 19th century extended to the mid-20th
century. In the 1950s, for instance, a white individual would not stand on a Montgomery bus.
Furthermore, it regularly happened that African Americans boarding the bus were coerced to
stand so that white people could sit. Nevertheless, the Jim Crow legislation was challenged in
1955 by the famous Rosa Parks. This move prompted the Supreme Court to declare the Jim
Crow laws unconstitutional hence the beginning of civil rights movement. The author has
effectively covered a range of facts that are based on factual information. The information in the
paper has been substantiated with valid sources.
Pilgrim, D. (2000). What Was Jim Crow?. Ferris State University, 16, 2007.
Jim Crow refers to the name of the racial segregation framework, which operated
particularly in the south between mid-19th century to mid-20th century.
Jim Crow was
essentially a way of life as opposed to a mere sequence of harsh anti-black legislation. Under this
new legislation, blacks were given the position of second-class citizens and made racists to look
right. In fact, most Christian pastors taught that God chose white people and that blacks were
JIM CROW
5
cursed and were meant to be servants. Furthermore, many teachers and professionals at the
education level backed the notion that African-Americans were culturally and intellectually
inferior to whites. The Jim Crow framework was grounded on the following notions: whites were
superior to African Americans in all significant manners, entailing morality, intelligence, and
behaviors. The Jim Crow laws promoted racisms, racial segregation, and social injustices. The
information in the article appears to be well-researched and valid and it supported by credible
evidence.
Tischauser, L. V. (2012). Jim Crow Laws. ABC-CLIO.
After the end of the Civil War, three critical elements of legislation were introduced,
which allegedly meant that African Americans were free. These elements were the 13th, 14th,
and 15th amendment to the constitution. As a result of these amendments states that previously
supported slavery started establishing legislation to limit the rights of blacks. These legislations
were known as ‘black codes.’ Between the late 19th century and the mid-20th century, there was
342 state legislation that allowed Southern states to disregard the law, meaning black people
continued to be subjected to racial discrimination and were regarded as second-class citizens,
hence the Jim Crow legislation. Typically, this legislation enforced segregation between the
whites and the blacks. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court ruling of Plessy vs. Ferguson was
responsible for the conception of this law. The Southern states used the Jim Crow laws to exploit
and humiliate African-Americans. The author has utilized both primary and secondary sources to
back his facts.
Upchurch, T. A. (2015). Legislating Racism: The Billion Dollar Congress and the Birth of Jim
Crow. University Press of Kentucky.
JIM CROW
6
The Jim Crow legislation was a depiction of racial segregation. Typically, Jim Crow
segregation entailed a framework of anti-black regulations and race-discriminated cultural
activities. The Jim Crow South was the period where state and local legislation imposed the legal
segregation of black and white people from the late-19th century into the mid-20th century.
Under this legislation, it was illegal for black people to ride in public transportation facilities and
eat in restaurants that were intended for the white people. Furthermore, there was also an
understated, social facet of Jim Crow laws that mandated blacks to show inferiority and
subservience to white people all the time. In fact, most whites from the South would interpret
any allegation of pride or parity by blacks as an insult. The term Jim Crow stemmed from the
name of a black character (white man in a black mask) in the 19th-century American theater. The
author has extensively covered the topic and has incorporated a range of viewpoints from other
authors.
JIM CROW
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References
Alexander, M. (2012). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. The
New Press.
Bennett, J. B. (2016). Religion and the Rise of Jim Crow in New Orleans. Princeton University
Press.
Katagiri, Y. (2014). Black Freedom, White Resistance, and Red Menace: Civil Rights and
Anticommunism in the Jim Crow South. Louisiana State University Press.
Klarman, M. J. (2004). From Jim Crow to civil rights: The Supreme Court and the struggle for
racial equality. Oxford University Press.
Pilgrim, D. (2000). What Was Jim Crow?. Ferris State University, 16, 2007.
Tischauser, L. V. (2012). Jim Crow Laws. ABC-CLIO.
Upchurch, T. A. (2015). Legislating Racism: The Billion Dollar Congress and the Birth of Jim
Crow. University Press of Kentucky.
…
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