Expert answer:ENG1020 Columbia Southern University Literature Re
Expert answer:Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is to revise the introduction and literature review of your academic argumentative
research paper, which you created a draft of in Unit IV.
Description: In this assignment, you will revise the introduction and literature review that you wrote for the Unit IV
assignment. Revisions must be substantive and should be made in accordance with the professor’s instructions. The
following parts of the assignment must be revised:
Introduction (9-12 well-developed sentences/approximately 350 words): For more details about what is expected for each
of the following sentences, please see “Lesson 4: The Introduction.” You may also want to review the “Example
Introduction and Literature Review (with comments).” The following components must be included in the introduction (in
the following order).
Sentence 1: Introduce the general topic
Sentence 2: Pro side (general)
Sentence 3: Con side (general)
Sentence 4: Narrow the scope (1)
Sentence 5: Examples of the narrowed topic
Sentence 6: Narrow the scope (2)
Sentence 7: Specific controversy
Sentence 8: Pro side (specific)
Sentence 9: Con side (specific)
Sentence 10: The thesis
Literature Review (800-900 words): For details about the structure of the literature review, you will want to review
“Lesson 3: The Literature Review: The Process.” You may also want to review the “Example Introduction and Literature
Review (with comments).” The link is below.
Literature review preface: This paragraph acts as a guide to what the reader can expect in the literature review.
Literature review body: This section includes three to four body paragraphs that discuss the history, terminology, and
both sides of the controversy (pro and con).
Literature review conclusion: The conclusion signals that the literature review is ending, but it also acts as a kind of
preface for the body of the paper by restating the thesis statement and establishing your argument once again.
Demonstrate the avoidance of plagiarism through proper use of APA citations and references for all paraphrased and
quoted material.
Implement techniques of editing and revising
literature_reviewnotesforrevision.docx
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LITERATURE REVIEW
2
Introduction
The Jim Crow legislation entailed racial segregation where people of color were not
allowed to interact and associate with the white people. These laws were local and state
legislation that enforced racial segregation and prejudice in the southern parts of the
United States. Passed by white Democratic-controlled state administrations in the late
19th century after the end of the Reconstruction era, this legislation continued to be
enforced until the mid-20th century when the civil rights movement protested against
these laws. Although the Jim Crow laws were controversial, there were those individuals
and parties that supported them whereas there were some who opposed those laws.
Proponents of this legislation argued that the Jin Crow laws supported ‘separate but
equal’ economic, social, and political systems. Nonetheless, opponents claimed that
these laws backed discrimination and prejudice against African-Americans and all
people of color. This legislation depicted a formal codified framework of racial apartheid
that ruled the American South. The laws influenced almost every facet of daily life,
requiring segregation of libraries, parks, schools, washrooms, trains, and business
among other public places. Jim Crow was a mocking dialect term for people of color. It
came to mean any local legislation enacted in the South that created different
regulations for whites and blacks. Jim Crow laws were founded on the perspective of
white supremacy and were a result of Reconstruction. In the depression-plagued late19th century, racism fascinated whites who feared to lose their assets, jobs, and
properties to blacks. Furthermore, political leaders abused African-Americans to win
votes of whites.
Newspapers and other print media fed the prejudice of white audience by making or
playing up black crimes. In late 1800, despite its 16 African-Americans members, the
Louisiana General
Assembly enacted legislation to prevent white and black individuals from riding together
on trains.
Plessy v. Ferguson, a court case opposing the legislation, reached the US Supreme
Court in the
Well-stated
Italicize all court cases
LITERATURE REVIEW
3
late 1890s. Protecting the legislation, the court held that public facilities for whites and
blacks could be ‘separate but equal.’ Immediately, in the South, the blacks had to be
separated from whites. The Jin Crow laws were fair to others but unfair to some sect of
the society particularly
African Americans.
Literature Review Preface
Several authors have written a number of scholarly journals and peer-reviewed articles
regarding the Jim Crow laws. These authors have provided a background to the
legislation, its effects on affected parties-both whites and blacks, and how it prompted
conflicts and clashes between whites and blacks. Authors have based their articles on
previous works of scholars and philosophers in the 19th, 20th, and even 21st century.
This section will incorporate the various aspects and perspectives of authors regarding
the Jim Crow laws and their controversies as far as the opponents and proponents of
these laws are concerned.
Literature Review
According to Bennett (2016), immediately after the end of the Civil War and
implementation of the 13th Amendment, many states of the former Confederacy
enacted Black Codes, legislation designed by former slaves. This legislation was
planned to restrict the new independence of liberated blacks by limiting their movement
and by coercing them into a labor economy grounded on low income and debt. The
Black Codes annoyed public opinion in the North and prompted the Congress to put the
former Confederate states under Army protection during Reconstruction. Nonetheless,
many laws limiting the liberation of blacks were still implemented. Typically, the Black
Codes established the basis for the frameworks of customs and laws backing a
framework of white supremacy that would be called Jim Crow to (Bennett, 2016).
Thesis? Too weak. Try: The Jim Crow laws should never have been enacted
because…
Take a stronger stance! This will help you later argue in those body paragraphs!
Good! Meets goals as stated on your
Syllabus
ADD: Sub-heading: Historical Overview of Jim Crow Laws?
LITERATURE REVIEW
4
Katagiri (2014) claims that majority of local and state governments enacted the ‘Jim
Crow’ laws that required ‘separate but equal’ position for blacks. Jim Crow legislation
was ordinances and doctrines developed between the 1870s and 1960s to segregate
black and white races in the
Southern party of the United States. Theoretically, this legislation established ‘separate
but equal’ treatment. However, in practice, this legislation subjected African Americans
to prejudice and considered them second-class citizens who are inferior. Public facilities
like restaurants and parks were segregated as was education. In other words, the Jim
Crow laws resulted in accommodations and treatment that were inferior to those offered
to the whites. The most significant Jim Crow laws mandated the public facilities and
schools have distinct facilities for people of color and blacks. This legislation meant that
people of color were legally mandated to attend different schools and religious
institutions, sit in the rear end of a public transport means, use restrooms marked ‘for
colored only’ and eat in a separate segment of a restaurant. In other words, the Jim
Crow laws supported discrimination against African Americans and encouraged
prejudice and racism in the southern parts of the United States (Katagiri, 2014).
Klarman (2004) states that indeed the Jim Crow laws supported racial segregation.
However, according to him, racial segregation did not mean discrimination or prejudice.
Instead, the Jim Crow legislation supported the ‘separate but equal’ policy. Most
African-Americans during the late 19th century were free as slavery was abolished
earlier. Therefore, they were free and allowed to work as well as own properties.
Nonetheless, due to socio-cultural, political, and economic differences and their differing
perspectives and viewpoints, it was only reasonable that they should be allowed to
interact amongst themselves. Furthermore, most of these freed slaves held grudges
against whites who had enslaved them and were their masters. As a result, the
politicians and other political and economic leaders assumed that these grudges and
perceptions
ADD: Sub-heading: Opposition of Jim Crow Laws?
ADD: Sub-heading: Support for Jim Crow Laws
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
held by people of color against whites could result in conflicts and unnecessary clashes.
Therefore, the enactment of the Jim Crow laws prevented such conflicts and ensured
that black and white people interact with people they could easily relate to and identify
with (Klarman, 2004). Tischauser (2012) claims that the Jim Crow laws marked the
beginning of the end of racial segregation in America. Essentially, this legislation
promoted racial discrimination and prejudice and was largely opposed by the people of
color. However, because politicians and administrators in the South ignored the outcry
of the blacks, the people of color decided to take things in their hands and started the
civil rights movement and other campaigns that criticized and opposed racial
segregation in the United States. In 1955, for instance, Rosa Louise Parks declined to
obey the demand of a bus driver that she surrender her seat to a white person. She was
later arrested and imprisoned (Tischauser, 2012).
When Parks accepted to have her case challenged, it became a cause célèbre in the
conquest against Jim Crow legislation. Her hearing for this conduct of civil defiance
prompted the Montgomery Bus Boycott, one of the most effective mass campaigns
against racial segregation in the history of United States, and initiated Martin Luther
King to the lead of the civil rights movement that steered peaceful demonstrations
against Jim Crow legislation (Tischauser, 2012).
Conclusion
In conclusion, Jim Crow laws were not only supported by political and economic leaders
but also religious leaders. In addition to segregating people of color from whites in
public facilities such as trains, buses, and restrooms, segregation was also witnessed in
churches and other religious systems. For instance, African Americans were required to
sit in different rows from whites.
Furthermore, religious leaders would teach their congregation that God loves white
people since
Effect of Jim Crow Laws? (New section?)
No new information in the conclusion. Focus on summarizing and restating thesis
LITERATURE REVIEW
6
they are superior to blacks. Certainly, the Jim Crow legislation was controversial since it
promoted
racial segregation and discrimination in the United States.
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
References
Bennett, J. B. (2016). Religion and the Rise of Jim Crow in New Orleans. Princeton
University
Press.
Katagiri, Y. (2014). Black Freedom, White Resistance, and Red Menace: Civil Rights
and
Anticommunism in the Jim Crow South. Louisiana State University Press.
Klarman, M. J. (2004). From Jim Crow to civil rights: The Supreme Court and the
struggle for
racial equality. Oxford University Press.
Tischauser, L. V. (2012). Jim Crow Laws. ABC-CLIO.
…
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