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Solved by verified expert:Discussion 1-Hawaii Annexation Read the article “Hawaii Annexation, Vital to U.S. Interests or Imperialist Action?”” The article is available by clicking on “Discussion Articles” on the navigation tree on the left side of the screen. The article will present two sides of the argument.After you have read the article, create a new thread on this forum in which you state which of the arguments you believe is most convincing. Use specific examples from the article. Your post should be a minimum of 3-4 sentences. Greater detail will earn more points. Your original thread is worth 25 points .Next, post a reply to one of your classmates and comment about what they have written. Be sure to do more than simply agree with your classmate. Again, greater detail will earn more points. Your reply is worth 20 points. Your writing mechanics are worth 5 points. Be sure to use proper grammar, punctuation and capitalization.I will assign your grade after you post both your original thread and your reply.Discussion 2-Prohibition, Is Banning Alcohol a Social Necessity or Restriction of Freedom? Read the article “Prohibition, Is the Banning Alcohol a Social Necessity or Restriction of Freedom?” The article is available by clicking on “Discussion Articles” on the navigation tree on the left side of the screen. The article will present two sides of the argument.After you have read the article, create a new thread on this forum in which you state which of the arguments you believe is most convincing. Use specific examples from the article. Your post should be minimum of 304 sentences. Greater detail will darn more ponts. Your original thread is worth 25 points .Next, post a reply to one of your classmates and comment about what they have written. Be sure to do more tahn simply agree with your classmate. Again, greater decal will earn more ponts. Your reply is worth 20 points. Your writing mechanics are worth 5 points. Be sure to use proper grammar, punctuation and capitalization.I will assign your grade after you post both your original thread and your reply.Discussion 3-McCarthyism, Response to Communist Threat or Political Witch Hunt? Read the article “McCarthyism, Response to Communist Threat or Political Witch Hunt?” The article is available by clicking on “Discussion Articles” on the navigation tree on the left side of the screen. The article will present two sides of the argument.After you have read the article, create a new thread on this forum in which you state which of the arguments you believe is most convincing. Use specific examples from the article. Your post should be a minimum of 3-4 sentences. Greater detail will earn more ponts. Your original thread is worth 25 points .Next, post a reply to one of your classmates and comment about what they have written. Be sure to do more than simply agree with your classmate. Again, greater detail will earn more points. Your reply is worth 20 points. Your writing mechanics are worth 5 points. Be sure to use proper grammar, punctuation and capitalization.I will assign your grade after you post both your original thread and your replyDiscussion 4-Clinton Impeachment, High Crimes and Misdemeanors or Political Witch Hunt? Read the article “Clinton Impeachment, High Crimes and Misdemeanors or Political Witch Hunt?” The article is available by clicking on “Discussion Articles” on the navigation tree on the left side of the screen. The article will present two sides of the argument.After you have read the article, create a new thread on this forum in which you state which of the arguments you believe is most convincing. Use specific examples from the article. Your post should be minimum of 3-4 sentences. Greater detail with earn more points. Your original thread is worth 25 points .Next, post a reply to one of your classmates and comment about what they have written. Be sure to do more than simply agree with your classmate. Again, greater detail with earn more points. Your reply is worth 20 points. Your writing mechanics are worth 5 points. Be sure to use proper grammar, punctuation and capitalization.I will assign your grade after you post both your original thread and your reply..for the replying to the classmate i will need ur assistance so please be communicative with me . Thank you!
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Hawaii Annexation
Vital to U.S. Interests or Imperialist Action?
By Jill Kauffman
The Issue
Library of Congress
The issue: In 1893, a group of white businessmen in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian
monarchy, aided by U.S. troops and the U.S. ambassador in Hawaii. The group installed a
provisional government and then requested that the U.S. annex Hawaii. After a debate
that lasted several years, the U.S. annexed Hawaii in 1898. Was annexation vital to
preserving U.S. interests? Or was it an imperialist act?
• Arguments in favor of annexing Hawaii: The Hawaiian Islands were economically
and militarily important to the U.S. The native Hawaiians could not govern the
islands effectively, so the U.S. needed to take control of Hawaii to preserve
American interests. If the U.S. did not take the islands, which were just 2,000
miles from the U.S. West Coast, another nation would. The majority of people in
Hawaii favored annexation, which would benefit the island overall by making it
more civilized and secure.
• Arguments against annexing Hawaii: Annexation was an imperialist action that
violated cherished U.S. principles. The majority of Hawaiians did not want to be
annexed; the movement was led by a small group of white businessmen who were
seeking to protect their own interests, not those of the U.S. Furthermore, because
the islands were 2,000 miles from the U.S., the U.S. would have to expend
valuable resources to protect them militarily.
1
Background
The U.S. became a world power with the defeat of Spain in the Spanish-American War in
August 1898, which resulted in the U.S. acquisition of Guam, Puerto Rico and the
Philippines. However, those were not the first overseas territories the U.S. had acquired
that year. After an intense five-year debate, the U.S. had annexed Hawaii in July. The
Spanish-American War helped remove objections to Hawaii’s annexation, as many
Americans came to believe that Hawaii was crucial to helping the U.S. fight Spain in the
Pacific.
Hawaii is a 1,600-mile-long island chain located in the Pacific Ocean, some 2,400 miles
southwest of California. Most of Hawaii’s islands are uninhabited atolls (islands made of
coral) and almost all of Hawaii’s population is located on eight main islands. Hawaii has
a multicultural population, consisting mainly of native Hawaiians (who are of Polynesian
descent), Asians and whites. That population mix resulted in tension in the 19th century,
as both the native Hawaiians and white businessmen on the islands sought to protect their
rights and interests.
The U.S. become interested in Hawaii in the 1820s after whalers and Protestant
missionaries began traveling to the islands. The missionaries later acquired land, and they
and their descendants established sugar plantations and came to control Hawaii’s sugar
industry.
The U.S. was not the only Western nation interested in Hawaii; Great Britain and France
also had a presence on the islands. Worried that another nation would take control of
Hawaii, and claiming that the U.S. would govern the islands better than the native
Hawaiians, Americans there urged the U.S. to annex Hawaii, making it a U.S. territory.
At the time, however, there was a strong isolationist sentiment in the U.S. Many people
did not want the U.S. to become involved overseas, and they accused supporters of
annexation of being imperialists.
2
Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii State Archives
The drive for annexation peaked in the 1890s. In 1893, Hawaii’s queen, Liliuokalani, was
overthrown. The U.S. government quickly concluded that U.S. officials and troops had
helped white businessmen in Hawaii to depose her. The U.S. ambassador in Hawaii
officially recognized the new provisional government, made up of white businessmen,
that replaced the monarchy.
The provisional government requested that the U.S. annex Hawaii but, as in the past,
there were strong objections. Those objections became particularly fervent after
Americans learned of the U.S. role in the queen’s overthrow. The provisional government
and the U.S. signed a treaty of annexation, but it failed to receive the necessary two-thirds
majority in the Senate required for passage.
The treaty’s failure did not end the annexation movement. Americans in Hawaii
continued to call for annexation, and another treaty was considered later in the decade.
3
However, strong opposition once again blocked its passage in the Senate.
That changed after the U.S. went to war with Spain in April 1898. Although the war
erupted over the Spanish colony of Cuba in the Caribbean, the conflict was also fought in
the colony of the Philippines in the Pacific. Annexationists argued that Hawaii was an
important base and refueling station for the U.S. Navy in the Pacific, and many
Americans previously opposed to annexation agreed.
However, other opponents remained steadfast in their view, and the treaty continued to be
voted down by the Senate. Annexationists then tried a new tact. They introduced a joint
resolution in Congress, which required only a simple majority for passage. Two months
after the outbreak of the war, Congress approved the annexation resolution, and President
William McKinley (R, 1897-1901) signed it in July. Nearly two years later, Hawaii
formally became a U.S. territory.
The debate over annexation was fierce. Was annexation vital to U.S. interests? Or was it
part of an imperialist policy at odds with American ideals?
Supporters of annexing Hawaii argued that the islands were strategically important to the
U.S., both economically and militarily. Annexation would protect U.S. business interests
in Hawaii by ensuring a stable government there, they said, and it would also give the
U.S. a foothold for expanding trade in the Pacific.
Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands gained added importance with the outbreak of the
Spanish-American War, supporters said. They asserted that the islands were vital as a
fueling station to carry out U.S. operations in the Pacific. Furthermore, they warned that
if the U.S. did not take the islands, some other nation would, establishing a foreign power
just 2,000 miles from the U.S. coast. Supporters insisted that the majority of people in
Hawaii favored annexation, which they said would benefit the island overall by making it
more civilized and secure.
Critics of annexation, on the other hand, claimed it was an imperialist action that went
against cherished U.S. principles. The U.S. simply did not take control of other nations,
they insisted. Critics particularly objected that the U.S. did not try to determine whether
Hawaiians supported annexation, and claimed that the majority of Hawaiians did not
want to be annexed. The annexation movement was led by a small group of white
businessmen in Hawaii pursuing their own selfish interests, critics charged.
The acquisition of Hawaii would also bring a host of other problems to the U.S., critics
warned. For example, because the islands were 2,000 miles from the U.S., they said, the
U.S. would have to build up its navy to defend them. In addition, they pointed out that
most of the population consisted of natives and Asian laborers who worked on the sugar
plantations. The annexation of Hawaii would eventually lead to statehood for the islands,
they said, which would turn many undesirables into U.S. citizens.
4
A sugarcane plantation in Hawaii.
Library of Congress
Early History of Hawaii
The Hawaiian Islands were settled by Polynesians beginning in the 4th century. The first
European contact occurred in January 1778, when British captain James Cook discovered
the islands while searching for a “Northwest Passage” between Alaska and Asia. Cook
named Hawaii the Sandwich Islands after the Earl of Sandwich, who had financed his
voyage. (Some claim that Spaniard Juan Gaetano first discovered the islands in the mid16th century, but according to many historians, Gaetano more likely reached the Caroline
Islands or the Marshall Islands.)
The Hawaiian Islands were initially ruled by individual chieftains, but in 1810, King
Kamehameha I completed a decades-long conquest of the islands, uniting them into the
Kingdom of Hawaii. The united islands were governed as a monarchy, which was later
reshaped into a constitutional monarchy (after Hawaii adopted its first constitution in
1840).
The U.S. became interested in the islands in the 1820s. With the introduction of whaling
in the North Pacific, whalers began using Hawaii as a stop to resupply, and missionaries
also began traveling to the islands. In 1820, Protestant missionaries from New England
traveled to Hawaii, where in addition to converting Hawaiians to Christianity they built
5
churches and schools and helped to create a written form of the Hawaiian language.
However, the U.S. was not the only nation interested in Hawaii. In the 1830s, Hawaii
signed commerce agreements with Britain and France. As Europe became interested in
Hawaii, Americans in Hawaii began warning that the U.S. should annex the islands
before another nation took control of them. In 1842, the U.S. officially recognized
Hawaii as an independent nation. Although President John Tyler (Whig, 1841-45)
warned other nations against trying to take over Hawaii, he did not seek to annex Hawaii
for the U.S.
Foreigners became more involved in Hawaii’s economy after 1850, when the Hawaiian
government signed a bill that for the first time allowed foreigners to buy land. Over the
following decades, the missionaries’ offspring purchased land and established sugarcane
plantations, and sugar became one of Hawaii’s leading exports. Several missionary
families controlled all aspects of the sugar business, from production to exporting. Along
with Europeans on the island, they constituted a powerful white business class referred to
as haole.
Demand for sugar was fueled in the early 1850s by the California gold rush, when people
from all over the world traveled to California to search for gold. As its population
skyrocketed, California began importing Hawaiian sugar. Demand fell after the gold rush
ended but increased again in the 1860s with the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War (186165). The Union in the North was cut off from sugar grown in the Confederate South, and
the North turned to Hawaii for its sugar.
6
Workers gather sugarcane on a Hawaiian plantation.
Library of Congress
The increased demand for sugar created an increased demand for labor. However, the
native Hawaiian population had been decreasing over several decades, as Hawaiians died
of diseases carried to Hawaii by Americans and Europeans, so the plantation owners had
to look elsewhere for labor. Chinese laborers initially filled the gap, followed by Japanese
and Koreans, creating a diverse population of native Hawaiians, Americans, Europeans
and Asians.
Sugarcane production expanded further after Hawaii and the U.S. agreed to a reciprocity
treaty in 1875. Under the agreement, Hawaiian sugar imported by the U.S. would not be
subject to a tariff; in return, Hawaii agreed to purchase certain items only from the U.S.
When the reciprocity agreement was renewed in 1887, it also gave the U.S. the right to
establish a naval base at Pearl Harbor, on the island of Oahu.
The white businessmen did not believe that the Hawaiians could effectively govern the
island or protect their business interests, and they increasingly called for annexation by
the U.S. In 1887, several American and European businessmen formed a secret
organization, the Hawaiian League, seeking the end of the monarchy.
The same year, white cabinet officials and members of the militia—many of whom were
members of the Hawaiian League—threatened to depose King Kalakaua if he did not
7
approve a new constitution limiting monarchical power. The constitution, which the king
signed on July 6, also greatly increased the minimum income and property ownership
requirements for voting, effectively taking away the right to vote from everybody except
Hawaiian nobles and white businessmen. The native Hawaiians referred to the document
as the “Bayonet Constitution” because the king was forced to sign it.
Kalakaua died in 1891 after suffering a stroke, and was replaced by Queen Liliuokalani.
Native Hawaiians requested that the queen introduce a new constitution that overturned
the 1887 constitution. They sought to restore the monarchy’s power and eliminate the
income and property restrictions for voting, while at the same time restricting voting
rights to naturalized Hawaiian citizens or residents married to Hawaiians.
Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown
On January 14, 1893, Liliuokalani announced her intention to promulgate a new
constitution giving greater rights to native Hawaiians and greater power to the monarchy.
“I have listened to thousands of the voices of my people that have come to me, and I am
prepared to grant their request,” she declared. However, some of her counselors opposed
the new constitution, warning that it would incite the annexationists.
That same day, the Hawaiian League created a 13-member “Committee of Safety,” which
condemned Liliuokalani’s efforts to draft a new constitution. The Committee of Safety
requested the presence of U.S. troops in the capital, Honolulu, warning of an “imminent
threat to American lives and property.” At the request of the U.S. minister, or
ambassador, to Hawaii, John Stevens, more than 150 armed marines and sailors from the
warship USS Boston went ashore in Honolulu on January 16 and occupied positions
throughout the city.
On January 17, the Committee of Safety occupied several government buildings
throughout the city and established a provisional government. In a manifesto issued that
day, the committee declared that the “Hawaiian monarchical system of government is
hereby abrogated,” claiming that its abrogation would be “for the best personal, political,
and property interests of every citizen of the land.”
Liliuokalani requested help from Stevens, but the ambassador supported the new
provisional government. Faced with the threat of force, Liliuokalani yielded the throne
under protest on January 17. The Committee of Safety appointed American lawyer
Sanford Dole (the cousin of James Dole, who later founded the Hawaiian Pineapple
Company) as the leader of the provisional government.
Stevens recognized the provisional government as “the de facto government of the
Hawaiian Islands” without the authority of the U.S. State Department, and the U.S. flag
was raised over Iolani Palace in Honolulu.
8
President Grover Cleveland (D, 1885-89, 1893-97)
Library of Congress
In the final weeks of his term, outgoing president Benjamin Harrison (R, 1889-93), who
had lost the election to Democrat Grover Cleveland the previous November, introduced
an annexation treaty to the Senate. However, Cleveland did not support annexation. Upon
taking office in March, he withdrew the treaty from consideration and established an
investigation, led by former Representative James Blount (D, Georgia), into the U.S. role
in the overthrow.
Upon arriving in Honolulu on March 29, Blount ordered that the American flag be
lowered. Several months later he released his report, concluding that the U.S. had played
a role in the overthrow of the monarchy. Stevens was directly involved in the revolt,
Blount said, and had been too quick to recognize the new government without
instructions from the State Department. After receiving Blount’s report, Secretary of State
Walter Gresham reported to the president, “The troops were landed, not to protect
American life and property, but to aid in overthrowing the existing Government. Their
very presence implied coercive measures against it.”
In light of the Blount report, Cleveland ordered the monarchy restored. He expressed his
opposition to annexation in his annual message in December 1893:
After a thorough and exhaustive examination Mr. Blount submitted to me his report,
9
showing beyond all question that the constitutional Government of Hawaii had been
subverted with the active aid of our representative to that Government and through the
intimidation caused by the presence of an armed naval force of the United States, which
was landed for that purpose at the instance of our minister. Upon the facts developed it
seemed to me the only honorable course for our Government to pursue was to undo the
wrong that had been done by those representing us and to restore as far as practicable
the status existing at the time of our forcible intervention.
However, several months after the Blount report was released, a congressional
investigation by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations refuted Blount’s findings.
Submitted to the committee on February 26, 1894, the report concluded that it was
Liliuokalani who had been in rebellion when she tried to promulgate a new constitution.
The report also claimed that most Hawaiians supported annexation.
Dole and the provisional government refused to relinquish power, claiming that the U.S.
had no right to interfere in Hawaiian affairs. On July 4, 1894, the provisional government
proclaimed Hawaii a republic and appointed Dole as president. Rather than resorting to
the use of force to restore the queen, Cleveland officially recognized the Hawaiian
republic.
Native Hawaiians staged their own revolt the following year, seeking to take power and
return Liliuokalani to the throne. The revolt was easily put down, and its leaders and
Liliuokalani were imprisoned, although Liliuokalani was eventually freed. In return for
the pardon of those involved in the revolt, Liliuokalani officially renounced her claim to
the throne.
Fight over Annexation
10
William McKinley (R, 1897-1901)
Library of Congress
Although the U.S. recognized Hawaii as a republic, the Hawaiian businessmen continued
their calls for annexation. They received a boost in 1897 when the anti-annexationist
Cleveland was replaced by William McKinley (R, 1897-1901), who supported
annexation. On June 16, three months after McKinley took office, the U.S. and the
provisional government signed another treaty of annexation. Liliuokalani filed a formal
protest of the treaty with the State Department the following day.
More than a third of the senators were Democrats, most of whom opposed annexation,
and once again the Republicans failed to get enough votes in the Senate to approve the
treaty. However, the fight for annexation was given added importance with the outbreak
of the Spanish-American War in April 1898. In May, U.S. Commodore George Dewey
attacked the Philippines, and many annexationists began to argue that annexation was
necessary to give the U.S. a Pacific base.
Still lacking the required support in the Senate in 1898, supporters decided to pursue
annexation through a joint resolution instead of a treaty. The resolution, written by
Representative Francis Newlands (D, Nevada), would be easier to pass than a treaty,
because it required a simple majority in the House and Senate, rather than the two-thirds
11
vote in the Senate needed to approve a treaty.
The House approved the Newlands resolution on June 15, in a 209-91 vote that was
largely partisan: 179 Republicans and just 18 Democrats approved it (as well as eight
populists and four Fusionists). Likewise, just three Republicans opposed annexation,
compared with 77 Democrats. The Senate approved the bill on July 6, and McKinley
signed it the following day.
The Case in Favor of Annexation
The acquisition of Hawaii was economically important for the U.S., supporters insisted,
pointing out that Americans had a large investment in the islands. Senator James Kyle
(Populist, South Dakota) noted during an 1895 debate that, out of a total of $36 million
invested in Hawaiian plantations and businesses, Americans had invested $21 million.
The Hawaiians could not govern effectively enough to protect U.S. interests, annexation
supporters insisted. Therefore, they said, the U.S. government needed to take control of
the islands. According to the January 1893 ma …
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