Expert answer:final assignent research proposal 5 double spaces
Solved by verified expert:Research Proposal 6 double space pagesthe finalassignment should be about EATING BEHAVIOUR IN STUDENTS i will attach the two previous assigments i wrote on week 1 and week 3 so the week 5 assign is about that two previous assigments,Final Paper: Research ProposalReview the Example Research Proposal provided in the course materials. Design a research study on the topic of the study selected in Week One and critiqued in Week Three. Your design should seek to resolve the limitations you identified in the study you critiqued. Your paper must address all of the components required in the “Methods” section of a research proposal:State the research question and/or hypothesis.Specify the approach (qualitative or quantitative), research design, sampling strategy, data collection procedures, and data analysis techniques to be used.If the design is quantitative, also describe the variables, measures, and statistical tests you would use.Analyze ethical issues that may arise and explain how you would handle these issues.Your Final Paper must be six to eight pages in length (excluding title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Utilize a minimum of six peer-reviewed sources that were published within the last 10 years, in addition to the textbook, that are documented in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. The sources should consist of the following:One source should be the article you critiqued in the Week Three assignment.At least two sources should be about the research methodology you have chosen for your study.At least one source should be on ethical issues in research.The remaining sources may be about anything pertinent to your study.In accordance with APA style, all references listed must be cited in the body of the paper.Required Sections and Subsections (use these headings in your paper)Introduction – Introduce the research topic, explain why it is important, and present your research question and/or hypothesis.Literature Review – Summarize the current state of knowledge on your topic, making reference to the findings of previous research studies (including the one you critiqued in Week Three). Briefly analyze and critique these studies and mention the research methods that have previously been used to study the topic. State whether your proposed study is a replication of a previous study or a new approach using methods that have not been used before. Be sure to properly cite all of your sources in APA style.Methods
Design – Indicate whether your proposed study is qualitative or quantitative in approach. Identify the specific research design, using one of the designs we have studied in Weeks Three through Five, and indicate whether it is experimental or non-experimental. Evaluate your chosen design and explain why you believe this design is appropriate for the topic and how it will provide the information you need to answer the research question. Cite sources on research methodology to support your choices.Participants – Identify and describe the sampling strategy you would use to recruit participants for your study. Estimate the number of participants you would need and explain why your sampling method is appropriate for your research design and approach.Procedure/Measures – Apply the scientific method by describing the steps you would use in carrying out your study. Indicate whether you will use any kind of test, questionnaire, or measurement instrument. If using an existing published instrument, provide a brief description and cite your source. If you are creating a questionnaire, survey, or test, describe the types of information you will gather and explain how you would establish the validity and reliability. If you are not using such an instrument, describe how you would collect the data.Data Analysis – Describe the statistical techniques (if quantitative) or the analysis procedure (if qualitative) you plan to use to analyze the data. Cite at least one source on the chosen analysis technique (from your Week Two assignment).Ethical Issues – Analyze the impact of ethical concerns on your proposed study, such as confidentiality, deception, informed consent, potential harm to participants, conflict of interest, IRB approval, etc. After analyzing the ethical issues that apply to your research proposal, indicate what you would do to handle these concerns.Conclusion – Briefly summarize the major points from your paper and reiterate why your proposed study is needed.Writing the Final PaperThe Final Paper:Must be six to eight double-spaced pages in length, and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.Must include a title page with the following:Title of paperStudent’s nameCourse name and numberInstructor’s nameDate submittedMust begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement.Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.Must use at least six peer-reviewed sources that were published within the last 10 years, in addition to the textbook.Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
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Running head: PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS
Psychology Research Methods
PSY 326
Psychology Research Methods
October 5, 2017
Week 1 Assignment
1
PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS
2
Deliens, T., Clarys, P., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Deforche, B. (2014).Determinants of eating
behaviour in university students: A qualitative study using focus group discussions. BMC
Public Health, 14(1), 53. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-53
The above article is founded on the premise that university students do not practice
healthy eating habits. In order to be able to proof the foundation of the article, the researcher
interview the students in groups in an attempt to understand the effect of the changes they
experience once they become enrolled to the higher education institution and how it affects their
meal choices (Deliens et al 2014). Additionally, the article offers clear cut recommendations on
how to develop effective and student tailored healthy diet programs that fall well within their
budgets and social environment.
The hypothesis of the article is that university student’s practice unhealthy eating choices
that are a product of their social environment and available finances. The main questions that the
article seeks to address include; what the students consider being a healthy diet, this is because
they might be ignorant of what different foods are required in their daily bodily functions and
consequently, consume the unhealthy foods more than the healthy.
The other question is what some of the barriers to a healthy diet are, as established from
the article finances, accessibility, discipline and peer pressure play a significant role in
preventing a student from consuming a healthy diet (Deliens et al 2014). The question also went
further to seek to understand the barrier that is the most influential of them all and finances and
discipline were top of the list for most of the students. The final question that the article
addressed is some of the recommendations that the students would give to their university
management and the society at large that can help them to embrace a healthier diet.
PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS
3
The main approach used in the research was a qualitative analysis of the social
psychology of university student. The hypothesis was more of a question rather than a statement
and this meant that the conclusion was the answer to the question and the recommendations were
part and parcel of the expectations from the audience (Newman & Eber, 2014). The
operationalization process is very realistic as it states exactly how the hypothesis will be tested;
using focus groups. Here research was easily converted into measurable variables. The
measurement process can also be considered as effective as it was detailed but not complicated.
For instance first year students were not allowed to be part of the research because they may not
have all the relevant information of university life (Deliens et al 2014). Additionally, it captured
all aspects that made up the composition of the student body this includes students of different
ages, weight, BMI and doing different courses and disciplines. Finally, the explanation offered in
depth analysis of the data collected and was equally interpreted in the results, conclusion and
recommendations part of the article.
The research process followed the ethical considerations that it was expected to. For once
participation was voluntary and no one was coerced into becoming part of the process. All
students who wanted to participate were asked in advance and their responses were included in
the data collection process after they gave consent. The most important aspect is that data was
not adjusted in order to fit into the expected results (Newman & Eber, 2014). The conclusion in
this case leads to improvement in the health and general lifestyle of the students as opposed to
putting them in danger.
Conclusion
PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS
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The article narrows down the audience the research aimed for and the data collection
method that was used in order to avoid any confusion and misgivings that might be associated
with the conclusion and recommendations made. Needless to say, it has addressed a very
important aspect of life that all students go through and is thought to be normal. The
recommendations made are very realistic and practical as they are a product of the information
gathered from the student. Finally the ethical considerations in the research are notable from the
information in the article as well as opening the door to more research to be conducted in the
future to address the various barriers stated by the student.
References
PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS
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Deliens, T., Clarys, P., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Deforche, B. (2014).Determinants of eating
behaviour in university students: A qualitative study using focus group discussions. BMC
Public Health, 14(1), 53. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-53
Newman, L. Eber, R. (2014) Social Psychology: A story Telling Approach, Bridge-point
Education Inc, New York
Running Head: EATING BEHAVIOUR IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Eating Behaviour in University Students
PSY 326 Research Methods
Instructor Tara Malec
October 2017
1
EATING BEHAVIOUR IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
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Introduction
This paper investigates how the research journal was written and published by Delians, class,
and Deforche, in 2013 titled “Determinants of eating behaviour in university students. These
were studies that researched to determine the factors that affect students in university with
their habits on eating. A qualitative study using groups that came together in discussions they
are related to eating habits in university students and the stereotype associated with bad
eating habits. In their article, the researchers have shown their intentions to know the factors
that influence the eating behaviour of Ashford University students. They state in their report
that students joining university need to adapt to their new environments adequately.
Methods
They state in their report that students joining university need to adapt to their new
environments adequately. Failure to adjust to their new environment could have a negative
impact on their health status and hence their body and weight of students. It is now estimated
that over one million billion students globally are overweight, about 500 million of them
were obese. This is due to the kind of food they eat. Most of this students find themselves
eating food that they were not used to that leads to obese. Eating practices have been
identified as one of the factors influencing the global overweight and obesity epidemic. These
include an increased consumption of dense energy food that is high in fat and sugar but low
in vitamins. This kind of food are the ones that most students tend to like. Especially students
EATING BEHAVIOUR IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
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who are not of the same environments as compared to others. Authors in their article not how
studies carried out in universities in the US, they state that students fail to eat the suggested
quantities of vegetables and fruits and how they are eating an amount of foods containing a
high level of fats.
Ethical Aspects
Background information was given by authors that a significant decrease on vegetables or
foods that have vitamins to the university but an increase in alcohol and fat, especially with
the first year students. The author speculates this unhealthy eating behaviour to students
increase in weight in US university students as well as students in Europe and Asia. The
authors attribute this unhealthy eating behaviour to students gaining weight in US university
students as well as students in Europe and Asia. The author insists on the need to develop
prevention programs that would guide the students on regulating their eating habits of food
that have weight. This programs would reduce obesity in universities (Delians 2014). To
come up with efficient strategies of preventing obesity, the author highlights the importance
of getting an overview into the factors that influence the eating habits of students. They came
up with theories that were developed by other researchers as a preventative strategy.
One of the theories that they came up with was of Ajzen’s “planned behaviour” theory and
Banduras “social cognitive” theory to develop a preventive strategy. In their article, they
stated that according to Ajzen, a habit can be described through intention and that he plans
are determined approaches towards the habit, subjective or social standards, and apparent
habitual control. The authors also state that according to Bandura, eating habits can be
explained by factors such as the interaction between individual. Social and behavioural
factors.
EATING BEHAVIOUR IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
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Results
This was the findings of the authors that all of this was done due to the relationships that
these students had with each other because of transition. Social influence was done by the use
of media whereby most of this students were not able to access media, but now they can be
able to see the kind of foods that are being advertised. Another finding that these Authors
found was the physical environment. In this, they state that accessibility of these junk food is
always there. They don’t have the self-discipline to control their eating habits in which result
in obesity and other related diseases that come along. These students should look for food
which is beneficial to their body and also the universities should provide vending machines
that produce healthy and tasty food to its students. They should also educate their students on
eating good food and staying healthy. The author also found out that these food that these
students usually eat are not recommended by the university management. This came about
when they visited student residents as one of the ways of eradicating the junk food that new
students eat. The administration now has put measures and cautions on such diet among
students.
Conclusion and discussions
Due to the eating behaviour among students in the university, some of the schools came
together and addressed the issue. In their report, they stated that this was their first study that
examines the eating habits of students. In their release, they noted that it came to their
attention that most students in their institutions were suffering from obesity. They came up
with ideas and sanctions on how to reduce the unhealthy eating among students and healthy
eating intrusions in universities specific setting. In their findings, they came to know where
they start by putting proper measures in residential areas of students. In this, they will
influence the relationship between the interactions of students and the food they eat.
EATING BEHAVIOUR IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
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They should, therefore, be taken into considerations when coming up with efficient designs
on how they were going to tackle the problem. Also, they introduce programs which students
would choose as their course so as they know the importance of eating healthy foods. Even
they came up with campaigns against eating unhealthy food in their institutions. Focus groups
were until many students would join on educating each other on the importance of eating
healthy food. For them to be sure, they made sure that they did not miss any new information
regarding students who eat the unhealthy food. All focus groups came together at the faculty
of Physical education so that they learn its importance and how they can serve the community
and its environs. Students are advised to eat healthy foods when they enter in the universities
nowadays. Also, the institution has taken the initiative whereby they have put posters on their
school boards. Most students visit there to see what is new and they end up learning one thing
or two concerning unhealthy eating. This is one among many campaigns that school initiate
to save the students in the world against obesity. Also, they put lectures which helps the
students who are suffering from this disease, and this has helped. Most of this students are
those for exchanged programs who found themselves with obesity due to peer pressure
among their peers.
EATING BEHAVIOUR IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
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References
Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, Bravata DM, Dai
SF, Ford ES, Fox CS, et al (2012): Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics.
Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM (2010): Prevalence of obesity and trends in body
mass index among US children and adolescents.
Crombie AP, Ilich JZ, Dutton GR, Panton LB, Abood DA (2009): The freshman weight gain
phenomenon revisited.
Vella-Zarb RA, Elgar FJ: The ‘freshman 5’ (2010): a meta-analysis of weight gain in the
freshman year of college. J Am Coll Health.
Racette SB, Deusinger SS, Strube MJ, Highstein GR, Deusinger RH (2008): Changes in
weight and health behaviors from freshman through senior year of college.
EATING BEHAVIOUR IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
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chapter 4
Survey Designs—
Predicting Behavior
Eye Ubiquitous/photolibrary
Chapter Contents
• Introduction to Survey Research
• Questionnaire Design
• Sampling from the Population
• Analyzing Survey Data
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Introduction
CHAPTER 4
I
n a highly influential book published in the 1960s, the sociologist Erving Goffman
(1963) defined stigma as an unusual characteristic that triggers a negative evaluation.
In his words, “the stigmatized person is one who is reduced in our minds from a
whole and usual person to a tainted, discounted one” (1963, p. 3). People’s beliefs about
stigmatized characteristics exist largely in the eye of the beholder but have substantial
influence on social interactions with the stigmatized (see Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid,
1977). A large research tradition in psychology has been devoted to understanding both
the origins of stigma and the consequences of being stigmatized. According to Goffman
and others, the characteristics associated with the greatest degree of stigma have three
features in common, all of which apply to the label of ADHD: they are highly visible, they
are perceived as controllable, and they are misunderstood by the public.
Recently, researchers have taken considerable interest in people’s attitudes toward members of the gay and lesbian community. Although these attitudes have become more positive over time, this group still encounters harassment and other forms of discrimination
on a regular basis (see National Gay Task Force, 1984). One of the top recognized experts
on this subject is Gregory Herek, professor of psychology at the University of California at Davis (http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/herek/). In a 1988 article, Herek conducted
a survey of heterosexuals’ attitudes toward both lesbians and gay men, with the goal
of understanding the predictors of negative attitudes. Herek approached this research
question by constructing a scale to measure attitudes toward these groups. In three studies, participants were asked to complete this attitude measure, along with other existing
scales assessing attitudes about gender roles, religion, and traditional ideologies.
Herek’s (1988) research revealed that, as hypothesized, heterosexual males tended to
hold more negative attitudes about gay men and lesbians than heterosexual females.
However, the same psychological mechanisms seemed to explain the prejudice in both
genders. That is, negative attitudes were associated with increased religiosity, more
traditional beliefs about family and gender, and fewer experiences actually interacting
with gay men and lesbians. These associations meant that Herek could predict people’s
attitudes toward gay men and lesbians based on knowing their views about family, gender, and religion, as well as their past interactions with the stigmatized group. Herek’s
primary contribution to the literature in this paper was the insight that reducing stigma
toward gay men and lesbians “may require confronting deeply held, socially reinforced
values” (1988, p. 473). And this insight was only possible because people were asked to
report these values directly.
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Introduction
CHAPTER 4
Research: Making an Impact
Kinsey Reports
Alfred Kinsey’s research on human sexuality is an example of social research that changed the way society thought about the complex issue of sex, affecting how people viewed their own behavior in light of
social norms. Kinsey’s research, particularly two books on male and female sexuality known together
at the Kinsey Reports, illuminated the discrepancies between the assumptions made by a “moral
public” and the actual behavior of individuals. His shift in the approach to studying sex—applying scientific methods and reasoning rather than basing conclusions on medical speculation and dogmatic
opinions—changed the nature of sex research and the general public’s view of sex for decades to
come.
Kinsey’s major contribution was in challenging the prevailing assumptions about sexual activity in the
United States and obtaining descriptive data from both men and women that described their own
sexual practices (Bullough, 1998). By collecting actual data instead of relying on speculation, Kinsey
made the study of sexuality more scientifically based. The results of his surveys revealed a variety
of sexual behaviors that shocked many members of society and redefined the sexual morality of
modern America.
Until Kinsey’s research, the general Victorian viewpoint was that women should not show any interest in sex and should submit to their husband without any sign of pleasure (Davis, 1929). Kinsey’s
data challenged society’s assumption that women were asexual. His studies revealed that 25% of
the women studied had experienced an orgasm by the age of 15 and more than half by the age
of 20 (Kinsey, 1953). Eventually, these results were bundled into the various elements that fueled
the women’s movement of the 1960s and encouraged further examination of female sexuality
(Bullough, 1998).
Kinsey’s data also contributed to the budding gay and lesbian liberation movement. Until the Kinsey
Reports, studies of human sexuality were based on the assumption that homosexuals were mentally
ill (Bullough, 1998). When Kinsey’s data revealed that many males and females practiced homosexuality to some degree, he suggested that sexuality was more of a continuum than a series of categories one fit into. In addition, the Kinsey Reports revealed that the number of extramarital relationships people were having was higher than most expected. Forty percent of married American males
reported having an extramarital relationship (Kinsey, 1953).
These ideas, though controversial, led society to take a realistic look at the actual sexual practices of
its members. The topic of sexuality became less dogmatic as society became more open about sexual
activities and preferences.
Kinsey’s data not only encouraged social change but also revolutionized the way in which scientists
study sexuality. By examining data and studying sex from an unbiased standpoint, Kinsey successfully
made the study of human sexuality into a science. His research not only changed our way of studying
sexual behavior but also allowed society to become less restrictive in their expectations of “normal”
sexual behavior.
In this chapter, we continue our journey along the continuum of control, moving on
to survey research, in which the primary goal is either describing or predicting attitudes and behavior. For our purposes, survey research refers to any method that relies
on people’s reports of their own attitudes, feelings, and behaviors. So, for example, in
Herek’s (1988) study, the participants reported their attitudes toward lesbians and gay
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