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Gao 1
Spectator Sports and Social Cohesion
Sports have always been linked to an essential flaw of everyone’s social life. The elites
are always eager and desperate to separate themselves from the rest of the crowd even in today’s
professional sports. However, watching sports fills the deeply felt human need for community
and bids individuals together in positive ways. In this word of uncertainty, isolation, and
fragmentation, sports fandom offers us clear losers and winners, connections to friends and
family and most importantly, the assurance of being number one. Tarver, in his article “College
Football Is Here; But What Are We Really Cheering?” discusses racial politics that surround
spectator sports. Cohn in “Divided the stands” argues that sports spectatorship might link people
of different backgrounds through rooting for specific teams but might not heal racial wounds.
Barash’s “The roar of the crowd” also claims that cheering of players of colour by the white
sports fans is simply for identification and a sense of belonging. Therefore, the “we” community
that is supposedly forged by the spectator sports is not genuine and fully inclusive.
People gather during sports festival or any activities that relate to sports. These are the
opportunities that different people from different races, social class, and places can showcase
their physical abilities and strengths. People in different places come together to witness such
events. Although this mere sports spectatorship might connect the classes and races through
rooting for a particular team, the gap between them still exists. At the same time, most white
people and the rich are increasingly willing to put themselves at “a safe distance” (Cohn).
Barash, Cohn, and Tarver agree that the very experience of watching a particular team in sports
would and actually do build cohesion among diverse economic, racial, and ethnic groups.
However, nobody is looking at this in the contemporary society.
Gao 2
Barash and Tarver observe that sports fans get identification from their sports frenzy and
they also get the “experience of seeing themselves in the exploits of the other”. Barash agrees
with Tarver that most sports fans use their sports fandom to serve as a means to tell who they are.
This has made “sports fandom a practice of subjectivization whereby individuals subject
themselves into a set of behavioural regulations” (Tarver). By doing so, sports fans acquire the
sense of personal identities that they tend to seek in sports. Cohn supports Tarver’s claim that
sports fandom can bring diverse populations together, as well as encourage fans to cheer up
players from diverse backgrounds who do not look like themselves. The white sports spectators
can, for example, cheer the majority-black team’s success.
However, the supposedly forged “we” community might not be genuine and fully
inclusive. The willingness of the white sports fans to support and cheer black players is not an
assurance of genuine acceptance of racial equality plus inclusion into the supposed “we” No. 1
(Barash, Cohn, and Tarver). Cohn argues that the present-day stadiums offer a forum where
people from all backgrounds gather together to celebrate sports. All of these people go away
feeling good about their local teams, as well as their towns and countries. The blacks, Hispanics,
and Whites sit side by side and get connected for a brief moment by a shared enthusiasm for their
teams. Yet, such connections might not renew the lost compassion or heal the racial wounds of
the cities.
Since in America and the rest of the world sports teams embody various cities or
countries, people support teams from the place they live. Perhaps, as Barash and Tarver argue,
many cheering of coloured players from the white sports fans is due to the passion of
identification and the yearning to become part of a group. This is because spectator sports will
offer them with an easy and quick entrance into an instant community. They do not need to join
Gao 3
the team or make one, but simply buy a T-shirt, ticket, or turn on a radio, or television. So, even
though sports players are merchandized and sold, creating mixtures of teams of players from
around the country and the globe, fans still cheer “we”.
The roar of the crowd is not actually a wonderful sign of our unified humanity but a
frightening sign of our terrible human nature. This is because many white sports fans are
contented with only identifying themselves with a black player provided that he or she is useful
in the field and makes them happy. However, the white quickly discard as well as denigrate the
black players once they do not play as expected and bring joy to the fans. Regardless of how
much the white sports fans like the black players in the field and how loudly they cheered them,
they would not tolerate them in the communities or even schools. Therefore, the above suggests
that the most accurate first person plural for their relation is not “we” so much as “ours”, relating
to a commodity rather than a community. So, the roar of the crowd is not genuine and should be
feared since there is little reason to be optimistic about its general transferability into the
communities. It is apparent that most sports fans do not care where those players they cheer
come from because of it is not about the players but their country or region having the best team
ever. They use “we” when the team wins believing that doing so will enhance one’s image to the
public.
While sports do exhibit positive aspects, they are also associated with negative aspects
such as aggression. Aggressive behaviours are observed in both players and spectators in athletic
events and can either be classified as physical, verbal or psychological. These different types of
aggression can be hostile or instrumental in that hostile aggressions are fueled by anger and
meant to cause harm while instrumental have a purpose other than harming the opponent in that
the harm caused may have advantageous results to the perpetrator. It is important to, therefore,
Gao 4
review different factors that influence aggression level in athletes, spectators and the parents at
youth sporting events.
Heat factor influences players in that research have shown that temperature rise causes
tempers to flare and baseball batters evidently get hit more by pitchers on hot days than in cold
temperatures. Aggression also rises as the gap between scores rises, with the winning team
becoming more aggressive while the losing team reduces its aggression levels. The position of a
team in the overall level is also a determining factor concerning aggression levels. Teams that are
higher in the league position exhibit fewer levels of aggression than the frustrated teams at the
lower levels. The frustration from teams in lower position leads to more aggression (Wann).
For spectators, the aggression determinants include team identification. Team
identification describes the levels at which spectators identify with their teams. High degrees of
team identification cause an increase in aggression and the types of aggression include hostile,
instrumental and fan rioting. When instrumental aggression is positive, it does not directly help
the team succeed rather restores their psychological health. Fans with low team identification
mostly keep safe distances from their team which helps them maintain their mental health while
those with high identification cannot dissociate from the team since it determines who they are
personally. This can lead to aggression which is mostly directed to players and fans of the
opposing team as well as officials.
Research has also stated that about eighty percent of parents have either witnessed
aggressive behaviours from another spectator or have been targeted. Heat and Alcohol have been
named as some of the situational factors affecting parent aggression. Parents have also been
known to become more aggressive when trying to get some advantageous positions for their
children such as a college scholarship. Team identification has however been named the primary
Gao 5
factor affecting parents aggression since they are attached to the players at the closest levels
(Wann).
Gao 6
Works Cited
Barash, D. P. The Roar of the Crowd, (2009)
Cohn S. J. Divided the Stands. Washington Monthly, (Dec 1991)
Tarver, E. C. College Football Is Here. But What Are We Really Cheering? The New York
Times, (2017)
Wann, L. D. Agression in Sport. The Lancet, (Dec 2005)
…
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