Expert answer:Systems Planning.(Systems Analysis and Design)
Solved by verified expert:Chapters 1 through 3:Review the Personal Trainer, Inc. case at the end of each chapter.Complete the Case Assignment questions in each chapter in an APA formatted document.Chapter 1 – Questions 1, 3 and 4Chapter 2 – Questions 1 through 3Chapter 3 – Questions 1 and 2.[post must be two to three substantive paragraphs (250+ words) and include at least two APA-formatted citation/reference, need an unique paper with zero plagarisam in APA format. Make sure the answers/Paper in MS word ]http://160592857366.free.fr/joe/ebooks/ShareData/System%20Analysis%20and%20Design%209e%20-%20Shelly%20Cashman.pdf
chapter_01.pptx
chapter_02.pptx
chapter_03.pptx
chapter_04.pptx
toolkit_a.pptx
Unformatted Attachment Preview
Systems Analysis and Design
9th Edition
Chapter 1
Introduction to Systems Analysis and
Design
Chapter Objectives
• Discuss the impact of information technology on
business strategy and success
• Define an information system and describe its
components
• Explain how profiles and models can represent
business functions and operations
• Explain how the Internet has affected business
strategies and relationships
• Identify various types of information systems and
explain who uses them
2
Chapter Objectives
• Distinguish between structured analysis,
object-oriented analysis, and agile methods
• Compare the traditional waterfall model with
agile methods and models
• Apply five basic guidelines for systems
development
• Discuss the role of the information technology
department and the systems analysts who
work there
3
Introduction
• Companies use
information as a weapon
in the battle to increase
productivity, deliver
quality products and
services, maintain
customer loyalty, and
make sound decisions
• Information technology
can mean the difference
between success and
failure
4
The Impact of Information Technology
• Information Technology (IT)
– Combination of hardware and software products
and services that companies use to manage,
access, communicate, and share information
• The Future
– Three issues that will shape the future
• Changes in world
• Changes in technology
• Changes in client demand
5
The Impact of Information Technology
• Systems Development
– Business information systems are developed by
people who are technically qualified, businessoriented, and highly motivated
– Must be good communicators with strong
analytical and critical thinking skills
6
The Impact of Information Technology
• Systems Analysis and Design
– Systems Analysis and Design
• Step-by-step process for developing high-quality
information systems
– Systems Analyst
• Plan, develop, and maintain information systems
7
The Impact of Information Technology
• Who develops Information Systems?
– In-house applications
– Software packages
– Internet-based application services
– Outsourcing
– Custom solutions
– Enterprise-wide software strategies
– How versus What
8
Information System Components
• A system is a set of related components that
produces specific results
• A Mission-critical system is one that is vital to a
company’s operations
• Data consists of basic facts that are the system’s
raw material
• Information is data that has been transformed
into output that is valuable to users
• Information systems have five key components:
hardware, software, data, processes, and people
9
Information System Components
• Hardware
– Is the physical layer of
the information system
– Moore’s Law
• Software
– System software
– Application software
– Enterprise applications
10
Information System Components
• Software
– Horizontal system
– Vertical system
– Legacy systems
• Data
– Tables store data
– Linked tables work
together to supply
data
11
Information System Components
• Processes
– Describe the tasks and
business functions that
users, managers, and IT
staff members perform
to achieve specific
results
• People
– Stakeholders
– Users, or end users
12
Understanding The Business
• Business Process Modeling
• Business Profile
• Business Models
– Business model
– Business process
– Business process reengineering (BPR)
13
Understanding The Business
• New Kinds of
Companies
–
–
–
–
–
Production-oriented
Service-oriented
Internet-dependent
Dot-com (.com)
Brick-and-mortar
14
Impact of the Internet
• E-Commerce or I-Commerce
• B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
• B2B (Business-to-Business)
– EDI
– Extensible markup language (XML)
– Supply chain management (SCM)
– Supplier relationship management (SRM)
15
Business Information Systems
• In the past, IT managers divided systems into
categories based on the user group the system
served
– Office systems
– Operational systems
– Decision support systems
– Executive information systems
16
Business Information Systems
• Today, identify a system by its functions and
features, rather than by its users
– Enterprise computing systems
– Transaction processing systems
– Business support systems
– Knowledge management systems
– User productivity systems
17
Business Information Systems
• Enterprise computing
systems
– Support company-wide
operations and data
management
requirements
– Enterprise resource
planning (ERP)
– Many hardware and
software vendors target
the enterprise
computing market
18
Business Information Systems
• Transaction processing
systems
– Involve large amounts of
data and are missioncritical systems
– Efficient because they
process a set of
transaction-related
commands as a group
rather than individually
19
Business Information Systems
• Business support systems
– Provide job-related information to users at all
levels of a company
– Management information systems (MIS)
– Radio frequency identification (RFID)
– What-if
20
Business Information Systems
• Knowledge management systems
– Called expert systems
– Simulate human reasoning by combining a
knowledge base and inference rules
– Many knowledge management systems use a
technique called fuzzy logic
21
Business Information Systems
• User productivity systems
– Technology that improves productivity
– Groupware
• Information systems integration
– Most large companies require systems that
combine transaction processing, business support,
knowledge management, and user productivity
features
22
What Information Do Users Need?
23
Systems Development Tools
• Modeling
–
–
–
–
–
–
Business model
Requirements model
Data model
Object model
Network model
Process model
24
Systems Development Tools
• Prototyping
– Prototype
– Speeds up the development process significantly
– Important decisions might be made too early,
before business or IT issues are thoroughly
understood
– Can be an extremely valuable tool
25
Systems Development Tools
• Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE)
Tools
– Also called computer-aided software engineering
– CASE tools
– Can generate program code, which speeds the
implementation process
26
Systems Development Methods
• Structured Analysis
– Systems development
life cycle (SDLC)
– Predictive approach
– Uses a set of process
models to describe a
system graphically
– Process-centered
technique
– Waterfall model
27
Systems Development Methods
• Structured Analysis
– Deliverable or end product
– Disadvantage in the built-in structure of the SDLC,
because the waterfall model does not emphasize
interactivity among the phases
– This criticism can be valid if the SDLC phases are
followed too rigidly
– Adjacent phases usually interact
28
Systems Development Methods
• Structured Analysis
– The SDLC model usually includes five steps
•
•
•
•
•
Systems planning
Systems analysis
Systems design
Systems implementation
Systems support and security
29
Systems Development Methods
• Structured Analysis
– Systems Planning
• Systems planning phase
• Systems request – begins the process & describes
problems or desired changes
• Purpose of this phase is to perform a preliminary
investigation
• Key part of preliminary investigation is a feasibility
study
30
Systems Development Methods
• Structured Analysis
– Systems Analysis
• Deliverable is the System requirements document
– Systems Design
• Deliverable is system design specification
• Management and user involvement is critical
31
Systems Development Methods
• Structured Analysis
– Systems Implementation
• New system is constructed
– Systems Support and Security
• A well-designed system must be secure, reliable,
maintainable, and scalable
• Most information systems need to be updated
significantly or replaced after several years of operation
32
Systems Development Methods
• Object-oriented
Analysis
– Combines data &
processes that act on the
data into things called
objects
– Object is a member of a
class
– Objects possess
properties
– Methods change an
object’s properties
33
Systems Development Methods
• Object-Oriented Analysis
– A message requests specific behavior or
information from another object
– Usually follow a series of analysis and design
phases that are similar to the SDLC
– Interactive model
34
Systems Development Methods
• Agile Methods
– Are the newest development
– Emphasize continuous feedback
– Iterative development
– Agile community has published the Agile
Manifesto
– Spiral model
35
Systems Development Methods
• Agile Methods
– Agile process determines the end result
– Other adaptive variations and related methods
exist
– Two examples are Scrum and Extreme
Programming (XP)
– Analysts should understand the pros and cons of
any approach before selecting a development
method
36
Systems Development Methods
• Other Development Methods
– Joint application development (JAD)
– Rapid application development (RAD)
– Might encounter other systems development
techniques
– Rational Unified Process (RUP®)
– Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF)
37
Systems Development Guidelines
• Develop a project plan
• Involve users and listen carefully to them
• Use project management tools to identify
tasks and milestones
• Develop accurate cost and benefit information
• Remain flexible
38
Information Technology Department
39
The Systems Analyst
• Responsibilities
– Translate business requirements into IT projects
• Knowledge, Skills, and Education
• Needs technical knowledge, strong oral and
written communication skills and analytic ability,
an understanding of business operations, and
critical thinking skills
• Certification
– Important credential
40
The Systems Analyst
• Career Opportunities
– Job titles
– Company organization
– Company size
– Corporate culture
– Salary, location, and future growth
41
Chapter Summary
• IT refers to the combination of hardware and
software resources that companies use to
manage, access, communicate, and share
information
• The essential components of an information
system are hardware, software, data, processes,
and people
• Successful companies offer a mix of products,
technical and financial services, consulting, and
customer support
42
Chapter Summary
• Information systems are identified as
enterprise computing systems, transaction
processing systems, business support systems,
knowledge management systems, or user
productivity systems
• Organization structure includes top managers,
middle managers and knowledge workers,
supervisors and team leaders
43
Chapter Summary
• The IT department develops, maintains and
operates a company’s information systems
• Systems analysts need a combination of
technical and business knowledge, analytical
ability, and communication skills
• Systems analysts need to consider salary,
location, and future growth potential when
making a career decision
44
Chapter Summary
• Chapter 1 complete
45
Systems Analysis and Design
9th Edition
Chapter 2
Analyzing the Business Case
Chapter Objectives
• Explain the concept of a business case and
how a business case affects an IT project
• Describe the strategic planning process and
why it is important to the IT team
• Conduct a SWOT analysis and describe the
four factors involved
2
Chapter Objectives
• Explain the purpose of a mission statement
• Explain how the SDLC serves as a framework
for systems development
• List the reasons for systems projects and
factors that affect such projects
3
Chapter Objectives
• Describe systems requests and the role of the
systems review committee
• Define operational, technical, economic, and
schedule feasibility
• Describe the steps and the end product of a
preliminary investigation
4
Introduction
• The term business case refers to the reasons,
or justification, for a proposal
• A strong business case suggests that the
company should pursue the alternative, above
other options, because it would be in the
firm’s best interest to do so
• Systems development typically starts with a
systems request, followed by a preliminary
investigation, which includes a feasibility study
5
Strategic Planning – A Framework for
IT Systems Development
• Strategic Planning
Overview
– SWOT analysis
6
Strategic Planning – A Framework for
IT Systems Development
• From Strategic Plans to
Business Results
–
–
–
–
Mission statement
Stakeholders
Goals
Objectives
7
Strategic Planning – A Framework for
IT Systems Development
• A CASE Tool Example
– You are a systems analyst
– You research the Visible Analyst CASE tool
– Planning statements can include assumptions,
goals, objectives, and critical success factors, and
many other types of statements
8
Strategic Planning – A Framework for
IT Systems Development
• The Role of the IT Department in Project
Evaluation
– Management leadership and information
technology are linked closely, and remarkable
changes have occurred in both areas
– Today, systems development is much more team
oriented
– Although team-oriented development is the norm,
some companies see the role of the IT department
as a gatekeeper
9
Strategic Planning – A Framework for
IT Systems Development
• The Future
– If you could look into the future, here is what you
might see: new industries, products, and services
emerging from amazing advances in information
technology, customers who expect world-class IT
support, a surge in Internet-based commerce, and
a global business environment that is dynamic and
incredibly challenging
10
What Is a Business Case?
• Should be
comprehensive, yet
easy to understand
• Should describe the
project clearly, provide
the justification to
proceed, and estimate
the project’s financial
impact
11
Information Systems Projects
• Main Reasons for Systems Projects
12
Information Systems Projects
• Factors that Affect Systems Projects
13
Information Systems Projects
• Project Management
– If the project is approved, it can be planned,
scheduled, monitored and controlled, and
reported upon
– Individual analysts or IT staff members often
handle small projects, but companies usually
designate a project manager to coordinate the
overall effort for complex projects
14
Evaluation of Systems Requests
• Systems review committee or a computer
resources committee evaluate systems
requests
• Systems Requests Forms
– A properly designed form streamlines the request
process and ensures consistency
– Occasionally a situation will arise that requires an
immediate response
15
Evaluation of Systems Requests
• Systems Review Committees
– Most large companies use a systems review
committee to evaluate systems requests
– Many smaller companies rely on one person to
evaluate systems requests instead of a committee
– The goal is to evaluate the requests and set
priorities
16
Overview of Feasibility
• A systems request must
pass several tests,
called a feasibility study,
to see whether it is
worthwhile to proceed
further
• Operational Feasibility
– Depends on several vital
issues
17
Overview of Feasibility
• Technical Feasibility
• Economic Feasibility
– Total cost of ownership (TCO)
– Tangible benefits
– Intangible benefits
• Schedule Feasibility
18
Evaluating Feasibility
• The first step in evaluating feasibility is to
identify and weed out systems requests that
are not feasible
• Even if the request is feasible, it might not be
necessary
• Feasibility analysis is an ongoing task that
must be performed throughout the systems
development process
19
Setting Priorities
• Factors that Affect Priority
– Will the proposed system reduce costs? Where?
When? How? How much?
– Will the system increase revenue for the
company? Where? When? How? How much?
20
Setting Priorities
• Factors that Affect Priority
– Will the systems project result in more
information or produce better results? How? Are
the results measurable?
– Will the system serve customers better?
– Will the system serve the organization better?
21
Setting Priorities
• Factors that Affect Priority
– Can the project be implemented in a reasonable
time period? How long will the results last?
– Are the necessary financial, human, and technical
resources available?
– Whenever possible, the analyst should evaluate a
proposed project based on tangible costs and
benefits that represent actual (or approximate)
dollar values
22
Setting Priorities
• Discretionary and Nondiscretionary Projects
– Projects where management has a choice in
implementing them are called discretionary
projects
– Projects where no choice exists are called
nondiscretionary projects
23
Preliminary Investigation Overview
• Preliminary investigation
• Interaction with Managers and Users
– Let people know about the investigation and
explain your role
– Employee attitudes and reactions are important
and must be considered
– Be careful in your use of the word problem
– Question users about additional capability they
would like to have
24
Preliminary Investigation Overview
• Planning the Preliminary Investigation
– During a preliminary investigation, a systems
analyst typically follows a series of steps
– The exact procedure depends on the nature of the
request, the size of the project, and the degree of
urgency
25
Preliminary Investigation Overview
• Step 1: Understand the Problem or
Opportunity
– A popular technique for investigating causes and
effects is called a fishbone diagram, or Ishikawa
diagram
26
Preliminary Investigation Overview
• Step 2: Define the Project Scope and
Constraints
– Project scope
– Project creep
– Constraint
27
Preliminary Investigation Overview
• Step 2: Define the Project Scope and
Constraints
– Present versus future
– Internal versus external
– Mandatory versus desirable
– Regardless of the type, all constraints should be
identified as early as possible to avoid future
problems and surprises
28
Preliminary Investigation Overview
• Step 3: Perform Fact-Finding
– Fact-finding involves various techniques
– Depending on what information is needed to
investigate the systems request, fact-finding might
consume several hours, days, or weeks
– Analyze Organization Charts
• Obtain organization charts to understand how the
department functions and identify individuals you
might want to interview
29
Preliminary Investigation Overview
• Step 3: Perform FactFinding
–
–
–
–
Conduct interviews
Review documentation
Observe operations
Conduct a user survey
30
Preliminary Investigation Overview
• Step 4: Analyze Project Usability, Cost,
Benefit, and Schedule Data
– Before you can evaluate feasibility, you must
analyze this data carefully
– What information must you obtain, and how will
you gather and analyze the information?
– What sources of information will you use, and
what difficulties will you encounter in obtaining
information?
31
Preliminary Investigation Overview
• Step 4: Analyze Project Usability, Cost, Benefit,
and Schedule Data
– Will you conduct interviews? How many people
will you interview, and how much time will you
need to meet with the people and summarize
their responses?
– Will you conduct a survey? Who will be involved?
How much time will it take people to complete it?
How much time will it take to prepare it and
tabulate the results?
32
Preliminary Investigation Overview
• Step 4: Analyze Project Usability, Cost, Benefit,
and Schedule Data
– How much will it cost to analyze the information
gathered and to …
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
How it works
- Paste your instructions in the instructions box. You can also attach an instructions file
- Select the writer category, deadline, education level and review the instructions
- Make a payment for the order to be assignment to a writer
- Download the paper after the writer uploads it
Will the writer plagiarize my essay?
You will get a plagiarism-free paper and you can get an originality report upon request.
Is this service safe?
All the personal information is confidential and we have 100% safe payment methods. We also guarantee good grades