Expert answer:MGT575 Quantitative research analysis

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MGT575 – Handout 5 (Fig. 11.9)
Criteria for Evaluating the Quality of a Study’s Qualitative Data Analysis and Report of Results
Use the following criteria to evaluate the quality of a qualitative study’s data analysis and results as
specified within a research report. For each evaluation item, indicate the following ratings:
+
You rate the item as “high quality” for the study.
✓
You rate the item as “ok quality” for the study.
You rate the item as “low quality” for the study.
In addition to your rating, make notes about each element when you apply these criteria to an actual
published study.
Study:
In a high-quality qualitative research
report, the author . . .
1. Analyzes the data to respond to
each research question.
2. Discusses preparing the data,
including transcribing the data
verbatim so an accurate record is
available for analysis.
3. Uses a software program to
facilitate the analysis of all the
collected data.
4. Uses multiple stages of analysis
(reading, memoing, coding,
theme and description
development, and relating
themes).
5. Uses at least three strategies to
validate his/her findings.
6. Discusses how his/her role
influenced the interpretation of
the findings.
7. Reports 5-7 themes and builds
multiple perspectives,
subthemes, and quotes into the
theme descriptions.
Your Rating
Application to a Published Study:
Your Notes
8. Includes a rich description of
people, places, or events in a
setting so you feel like you have
met the people or are in the
setting.
The Performance of Female Entrepreneurs:
Credit, Training and the Moderating Effect of
Attitude towards Risk-Taking
Ekpe, Isidore; Razak, Razil Che; Mat, Norsiah Binti . International Journal of Management ; Poole
Vol. 30, Iss. 3, (Sep 2013): 10-22.
ProQuest document link
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to examine the moderating effect of attitude towards risk-taking on the relationship
between credit and training, and women entrepreneurs’ performance. Entrepreneurship performance is considered
a vital link to an overall economic growth of a nation through its positive impact on economic development in
terms of job creation and innovations especially at the grassroots. However, despite their crucial role in the
economy, entrepreneurs especially women lack micro-finance services such as credit and training for their
businesses due to their low income, low educational attainment, societal discriminations and lack of government’s
support, mostly in developing countries. Important as credit and training may be to entrepreneurial performance,
the attitude of the business entrepreneur towards risk-taking plays a vital role in the utilization of the acquired
resources for business performance. A quantitative research method (survey) was used to solicit responses from
women entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation and
hierarchical regression analyses. The results indicated that training had significant influence on women
entrepreneurs ‘performance in Nigeria. Attitude towards risk-taking (ability to expand) moderated the relationship
between training and women entrepreneurs ‘ performance. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
FULL TEXT
Headnote
The objective of this study was to examine the moderating effect of attitude towards risk-taking on the relationship
between credit and training, and women entrepreneurs’ performance. Entrepreneurship performance is considered
a vital link to an overall economic growth of a nation through its positive impact on economic development in
terms of job creation and innovations especially at the grassroots. However, despite their crucial role in the
economy, entrepreneurs especially women lack micro-finance services such as credit and training for their
businesses due to their low income, low educational attainment, societal discriminations and lack of government’s
support, mostly in developing countries. Important as credit and training may be to entrepreneurial performance,
the attitude of the business entrepreneur towards risk-taking plays a vital role in the utilization of the acquired
resources for business performance. A quantitative research method (survey) was used to solicit responses from
women entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation and
hierarchical regression analyses. The results indicated that training had significant influence on women
entrepreneurs ‘performance in Nigeria. Attitude towards risk-taking (ability to expand) moderated the relationship
between training and women entrepreneurs ‘ performance.
Introduction
Women entrepreneurs face peculiar challenges in an attempt to achieve success (Hatcher, Teijesen and Planck,
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2007) and women entrepreneurs in less developed countries face much more barriers to formal economic
participation than those in advanced economies (Allen, Elam, Langowitz and Dean, 2008). Such barriers include
lack of education and training, limited access to capital and limited choice of industry. In Nigeria especially, most
women entrepreneurs do not have adequate formal education, basic literacy skills or training, and market
knowledge for successful business performance (Akanji, 2006; Ibru, 2009).
Limited education invariably provided limited social networks for women entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Availability of
social capital should have provided more access to information and resources for the women. It has been
observed that most women entrepreneurs in Nigeria possess primary and/or secondary school education; yet skill
training and tertiary education has positive relationship with women entrepreneurs’ performance (Kuzilwa, 2005).
Gender-related discriminations in the distribution of social wealth such as education and health could be one of
the causes of low education of women in Nigeria. This is the situation in most developing countries (Porter and
Nagarajan, 2005; Roomi and Parrot, 2008). Aside education and training, another critical issue to women
entrepreneurs in Nigeria is lack of business capital and credit. Competition from bigger firms and unfavourable
external business environment are also a cause of concern for women entrepreneurs in Nigeria (Ojo, 2009; Iheduru,
2002). Lack of capital and credit due to lack of savings (occasioned by unemployment), collaterals and family
demands forces women entrepreneurs into less lucrative ventures such as retailing (Akanji, 2006).
Credit and training are some of the micro-finance factors needed by women entrepreneurs, mostly in developing
countries, for enterprise performance. Micro-finance occupies a central position in the development of microenterprises in any economy; and it has received a world-wide acceptance as one of the leading strategies for
fighting poverty globally (Eversole, 2009) because its impact is much felt in the informal sector as a tool for
grassroots development (Morduch,1999; Roomi and Parrot, 2008; Rushad, 2004). Again, Carter and Shaw (2006)
stated that 70% of the world’s poor are women and 88% of micro-finance institutions’ clients are women; hence the
need for micro-finance to generate entrepreneurship and reduce poverty among women.
People, especially women, embark on entrepreneurial activity so as to tap opportunities in the market; and mostly
out of necessity in most developing economies. It is also to gain satisfaction as business owners, profit to support
families, and to produce goods and services to the society (Harrison and Mason, 2007). However; Hatcher et al.
(2007) had a contrary opinion to the issue of entrepreneurial activity as a necessity. To them, women see their
entrepreneurial activities as opportunities, rather than a necessity, which could be actualized through microfinance.
There is a growing recognition that entrepreneurship could significantly contribute to economic development of
women (Ibru, 2009) as well as improve the economies of developing countries. Thus, it is arguable that promoting
entrepreneurship among women is an effective way to revitalize an ailing economy. Among other types of
business venture, however, women enterprises are a leading sector in contributing to economic and social
development of poor women due to their distinct characteristics (Iheduru, 2002).
Despite the crucial role of women entrepreneurs in economic development of their families and their countries; it
is, however, discovered from the literature that women entrepreneurs do not have adequate credit and training to
pursue their business profits. This led to their low business performance than their male counterparts, for example
in UK and USA (Carter and Shaw, 2006), though they have significantly higher rates of informal economic
participation than their male counterparts (Allen et al., 2008).
Importance of credit and training aside; women entrepreneurs’ ability to achieve good business performance
depends on their attitude towards risk-taking (Shane, 2003). Entrepreneurship theory (Shane, 2003) stated that
entrepreneur’s ability to discover and exploit opportunity for entrepreneurial activity differs between individuals
and depends on individual’s attitude towards risk-taking. For instance, a risk-averse individual is less likely to
exploit entrepreneurial opportunity (Shane, 2003). As such, a person may not search for or discover entrepreneurial
opportunity if he/she has a negative attitude towards risk-taking. In the same vein, an individual may have an
innovative business or service idea, and great likelihood to access micro-finance but may not utilize such
advantage if he/she fears risk. Behavioural theories such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour, specifically the
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Intention Theory (Ajzen, 1991) concluded that attitude towards behaviour leads to intention which eventually leads
to actual behaviour. Other supporting behavioural theorists (e.g Crisp and Turner, 2007) found that attitude and
behavioural intention are positively related.
Many studies abound on micro-finance and women entrepreneurship growth, success and household income
(Akanji, 2006; Carter and Shaw, 2006; Eversole, 2009; Gatewood et al., 2004; Harrison and Mason, 2007; Ibru, 2009)
but limited studies are available on the effect of credit and training on women entrepreneurs’ performance with
attitude as a moderating variable. For example, Vob and Muller (2009) studied entrepreneurial attitude and
entrepreneurial behaviour. Though Ajzen (1991), Crisp and Turner (2007) measured attitude as a moderating
variable; however their study related to intention and self perception; not between micro-finance and performance.
Hence, there is the need for more research in this area, and this study provides such a research.
Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the effect of credit and training on women entrepreneurs’
performance; moderated by attitude towards risk-taking.
Literature Review
Credit
Women entrepreneurs have limited physical, social and technological capital which forces them into microenterprises and the need for micro-finance (Brana, 2008; Carter and Shaw, 2006). Lack of these resources led them
to start under-funded enterprises which have negative impact on their business performance in the long run
(Brana, 2008; Gatewood, Brush, Carter, Green and Hart, 2004). Women’s lack of capital at the start-up and growth
stages is due to low household income (Allen, 2000) and so they require start-up and working capital from microfinance institutions (Carter and Shaw, 2006). Women clients do not have physical capital as collaterals demanded
by conventional banks (I.F.C, 2007) but could use social capital demanded by micro-finance institutions (Brau and
Woller, 2004). Hence, they need credit for their businesses.
Credit or loan is very necessary for new and growing enterprises. Riding (2006) stated that higher percentage of
enterprises especially in Canada mostly seek external finance than use personal savings. Much dependence on
credit by entrepreneurs, especially women, is due to their inability to raise capital through personal savings (Brana,
2008). The problem is much pronounced in developing countries due to unemployment and gender discrimination
in high-paid jobs (Brana, 2008; Carter and Shaw, 2006). However, Gatewood et al. (2004) contended that women
use more of personal savings than credit, to start and grow their enterprises. Salman (2009) also argued that loan
is not usually good for business start-up but for growing or existing enterprises due to inability of the new business
to pay back the loan at the initial business stage. While Kamani (2007) contended that credit does not lead to
women’s improved welfare rather the government should create jobs for the women. These arguments aside,
numerous evidences abound in the literature that credit has positive impact on enterprise performance. For
instance, previous studies found that credit had positive impact on enterprise profit in Nigeria, Canada, Nicaragua
and Croatia respectively (Ojo, 2009; Wycklam and Wedley, 2003; Martin, 1999; I.F.A.D, 2006). We therefore
hypothesize that:
HI: Credit is positively related to women entrepreneurs’ performance.
Training
This is a vital micro-finance institutions’ service. Education and/or training produce prior experience which leads to
preparedness for entrepreneurial activity (Shane, 2003). But women entrepreneurs, mostly in developing countries,
lack such prior business experience due to lack of former paid employment (Brana, 2008). Literature asserted that
women who were in paid employment were more likely to be engaged in entrepreneurships (Allen et al; 2008;
Carter and Shaw, 2006). However, unemployment in developing countries have hindered most women from
participating in paid employments; hence the need for the provision of training service to entrepreneurs by microfinance institutions. Women have less confidence, less entrepreneurial and management skills (Brana, 2008) and
so require training. It is also reported that few women have ever moved their enterprise into formal sector due to
inappropriate training (Braw and Woller, 2004). There is the need for training because only few micro-finance
institutions provide formal business training to their clients as they assume that all clients are already
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entrepreneurs in business (Ibru, 2009). Arguing for the importance of training as a non-credit aspect of microfinance, Harrison and Mason (2007) advocated for training for women entrepreneurs. Therefore, training is a vital
micro-finance service required by women entrepreneurs especially in developing economies. Training produces the
required skill needed for business start-up or improvement (Kickul et al., 2007; Kuzilwa, 2005) and women
entrepreneurs need to possess adequate skills, acquired through education and training, for entrepreneurial
success (Reavley and Lituchy, 2008). Again, Robinson and Malach (2004) emphasized the importance of practical
business training and education in small businesses in USA; while Ying (2008) emphasized entrepreneurial
education to University students in Malaysia.
There are also suggestions from literature of the need to study credit jointly with training on entrepreneurship
performance (Ibru, 2009; Kuzilwa, 2005; Tazul, 2007) because women entrepreneurs in high-income countries are
better educated than those in low or middle income countries (Ibru, 2009); and skill training and tertiary education
may lead to business opportunities and impact on entrepreneurship (Gatewood et al., 2004). Exploitation of
entrepreneurial opportunity also depends on the entrepreneur’s level of education, skills or knowledge acquired
through training, experience and social network (Shane, 2003). Training was found to have positive impact on
women’s business growth in New Hampshire and Pennsylvania, U.S. A (Kickul et al., 2007), on women’s business
success in Canada (Reavley and Lituchy, 2008) and in Haiti, Kenya, Malawi and Nigeria (UNCDF/UNDP, 2003). We
therefore hypothesize that:
H2: Training is positively related to women entrepreneurs’ performance.
Attitude towards risk-taking
Attitude to risk used in this study is supported by the Entrepreneurship Theory of Shane (2003), and Intention
Theory of Ajzen (1991). For instance, Entrepreneurship Theory states that an entrepreneur’s ability to identify and
tap the opportunity provided by the external environment (financial, economic, legal and socio-cultural) to improve
his/her business differs between individuals and depends on individual’s willingness and ability to engage in risky
activity. The theory consists of opportunity discovery, evaluation of the opportunity and the decision to exploit the
opportunity. Others elements of the theory include entrepreneurship, business operation and performance. The
Theory of Planned behaviour of Ajzen (1991) also discussed entrepreneur’s attitude. Estates that behavioural
intentions are the most vital determinants of behaviour; and that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control
converge to predict behavioural intentions. Attitude was defined as one’s beliefs about the consequences of
performing the behaviour and one’s evaluation of the possible consequences of performing the behaviour. Crisp
and Turner (2007) stated that attitude and behavioural intention are positively related. Attitude towards the
behaviour leads to intention which eventually leads to actual behaviour (Ajzen, 1991). We therefore hypothesize
that:
H3: Attitude towards risk-taking moderates the effect of credit and training on women entrepreneurs’ performance.
Methodology
Survey Procedures
A quantitative research method (survey) was used to collect data from women entrepreneurs. A total of 280
questionnaires were distributed to the clients of three homogenous micro-finance banks in the north, east and
west regions of Nigeria. From the returned questionnaires, 161 were usable after data cleaning. Data were
analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), correlation analysis and hierarchical
regression analysis.
Measures
In line with established literature, credit was measured in terms of loan size, use of loan and loan repayment (e.g
Kuzilwa, 2005; Lakwo, 2007; Peter, 2001). Training was measured in terms of skill acquisition and management
training (e.g Ibru, 2009; Kuzilwa, 2005). Attitude was measured in terms of willingness and ability to engage in risky
activity (e.g. Shane, 2003). While women entrepreneurs’ performance was measured in terms of net profit, output,
investment and number of employees (e.g Kuzilwa, 2005; Reavley and Lituchy, 2008). All the measures were
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tapped on a 7-point scale. The conceptual framework for this study is shown in Figure 1.
The moderator-interaction effects were determined in line with the procedure suggested by Baron and Kenny
(1986). A moderator-interaction effect would occur if a relation is substantially reduced instead of being reversed
(Baron and Kenny, 1986). Again, a moderator hypothesis is supported if the interaction or the product of a
predictor variable and the moderator is significant when the predictor and the moderator were being controlled
(Baron and Kenny, 1986).
Results
Data cleaning
The data used were free from errors. For instance, outliers were detected by comparing the Mahalanobis distance
(D2) or chi-square value of each respondent with the critical or table chi-square value, using the number of
predictor variables as the degrees of freedom, p <0.001 (Hair et al., 2010). Extreme observations in a sufficient number of variables in multivariate and univariate detections were deleted (Hair et al., 2010). Normality was handled through skewness and kurtosis. Observations with Z-score above or below the critical value of 1.96, p = 0.05 were deleted (Hair ... Purchase answer to see full attachment

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