Expert answer:HY1110 Columbia Southern Unit 2 Salem Witch Trials

Solved by verified expert:Please beware that this is a 3 page paper that has to be cited with the CSU articles I am providing you and also has to be written in APA style as well. I have attached the Unit 2 study guide and have provided 2 sources also that or from the CSU Library that must be cited and used to help you write the essay. Also, MUST pass the CSU checker for Plagiarism. Thank you and just make sure you read all the materiel I have provided you. Unit II Scholarly ActivityAfter reading the lecture and required readings for this unit, use the knowledge you have learned to write a three page essay on one of the topics below: Bacon’s revolt on Jamestown, Va.; The Pueblo Revolt; and Salem witch trialsIn order to support your discussion, you will need to select at least one outside source from the CSU Library. Your essay must address, but are not limited to, the following items listed below: Introduce the event. This may include what happened, the reason, setting, location, timeline, outcome, and casualties. Describe how characteristics of the region of Colonial America impacted your chosen conflict. Discuss the American ideals or philosophies that may have caused this event to occur. How have these ideals and philosophies changed to the way we live today? Discuss your perspective on the event, including, but not limited to, what was inevitable or avoidable, and what was beneficial or costly.Again, be sure to review the required reading about what to look for in a scholarly resource, and if you have trouble locating an article, contact a librarian to assist you. Your assignment, which should be three pages total, will not be accepted if your source(s) are not available in CSU’s Online Library, and the article you choose must be completely cited and referenced.Source:Early American Studies, An Interdisciplinary Journal. Summer2017, Vol. 15 Issue 3, p442-473. 32p.
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UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
1600-1760
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
3. Describe the characteristics of the divided regions of Colonial America.
8. Discuss the evolution of American philosophies or ideals.
Reading Assignment
Click here for the Unit II Journal Assignment reading.
Chaney, T., Cohen, K., & Cotton, L. P. (2012). The Virginia Company of London. Retrieved from
http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/the-virginia-company-of-london.htm
Poe, E. (1849, April 21). Eldorado. Retrieved from http://www.online-literature.com/poe/577/
Virtual Jamestown. (n.d.). John Rolfe (1585-1622). Retrieved from http://www.virtualjamestown.org/jrolfe.html
The articles cited in the unit lesson are required reading. You may be tested on your knowledge
and understanding of that material as well as the information presented in the unit lesson.
Unit Lesson
Pre-1600 colonization of the Americas, in short, would be at first inspired by a desire to find quicker trade
routes to the distant orient, but would unexpectedly lead to the uncovering of a world that was new to the
European mind. Exploration of the land mass in the western Atlantic, dominated by the Spanish, included
explorers, navigators, and conquistadores searching to fulfill the temptations of God, gold, and glory. A brief
recap (set to a familiar TV sea shanty) follows:
The 1500’s tell the tales
That stem from one historic ship
It began with Ferdinand and Isabelle
And the financing of a trip
Columbus was fearless with a plan
His navigation was true and sure
The goal was a new trading route
To the lucrative Asian shore
The lucrative Asian shore
Each month at sea was increasingly tough
His crew was cross and blue
But luck would spot virgin land one day
In 1492
In 1492
Indian lands, the crew was sure of this
Exploration would prove futile
There was no trade
He had missed his mark
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Back in Spain, he was dismayed
His find a farce
He would again sail the seas
Dying on an American isle
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Title
A legacy though was cast that day
Like God’s golden, glorious chime
A brand new world with the best of things
An adventure sure to find
Ponce de Leon, de Soto, too
Vespucci undercut the rest,
Cortés & Pizarro, with disease
Spain’s claim proved the best
Explorers, navigators, conquistadores
in search of luxury
Religion was carried with them
To convert the primitives they seek
Millions died, much society was lost
History records some as vile
The impact of each explorer’s step
marked another Spanish mile
Exploration was not without reason. Europe was fracturing on the grounds of new beliefs challenging the
often oppressive Catholic Church. What started as the publishing of a series of complaints on the door of
Wittenberg in 1517 by devout follower Martin Luther would soon spiral into what is today known as the
Protestant Reformation. Following Luther’s lead, other (and generally more dissatisfied) Protestant leaders
such as Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin, whose followers were called Huguenots, would emerge to spread
their doctrines across Europe and inspire migration to the new world for a chance at worship without
oppression.
Lastly, Spain’s dominance in the Americas would not be exclusive to one area. The series of voyages had
successfully charted a North, South, and Mesoamerica region, and even discovered a successful (though
very dangerous) passage around the locked continents to once again begin the attempt to circumnavigate the
globe and find new trading routes to the Orient.
Colonization Attempts
Spain’s successes with establishing religion, free lands, and riches in the Americas would not go unnoticed,
and soon others would join the claim. England (1576) was among the first in the claiming of American lands,
but with much less initial success than anticipated, including the fate of the ill-fated first Roanoke colony
(1585).
Despite early troubles, myth and legend would continue to inspire English and French exploration for their
crowns. Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh, for example, would embark on his own deliberate attempt to search
for myth to claim the spoils. For Raleigh, his passion would be the legendary City of Gold, El Dorado, which
was thought to exist somewhere in South America’s vast jungles. The legend that had first famously gained
the interest of noted Spanish trailblazer Francisco de Orellana, who coined the name “Amazon River,” failed
to bear fruit in the West. As a result, Raleigh’s expedition for the lost city would take to the East, but that also
would come up empty.
Interestingly, his larger passion—staking England’s claim to the riches of South America—would eventually
be a factor in his execution, as he endangered more than himself raising British colors in Spanish-controlled
seas. This infamous search, though, would also inspire future artistic masters to make this tale an allegory for
other such desperate attempts at riches. These artists included poet Edgar Allan Poe, whose description of
the Gold Rush and desperation of the miner provides a keen, supernatural take on the human’s determined
psyche:
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Eldorado
Gaily bedight,
A gallant knight,
In sunshine and in shadow,
Had journeyed long,
Singing a song,
In search of Eldorado.
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Title
But he grew old This knight so bold And o’er his heart a shadow
Fell as he found
No spot of ground
That looked like Eldorado.
And, as his strength
Failed him at length,
He met a pilgrim shadow “Shadow,” said he,
“Where can it be This land of Eldorado?”
“Over the mountains
Of the Moon,
Down the Valley of the Shadow,
Ride, boldly ride,”
The shade replied “If you seek for Eldorado!”
– Edgar Allan Poe (1849)
Today, El Dorado remains a favorite story and a real-life magnet for those searching for American treasures.
Although the only “proof” is far from convincing, essentially on a par with Plato’s descriptions of the lost city of
Atlantis, this does not deter the explorers still trying to make their name, fortune, or influence in the world.
Permanent Settlement
Entering the seventeenth century, the American continents, North, South, and Mesoamerica, were feeling the
initial effects of European influence. Though the “discovery” of North America by European sailors could have
been considered a mistake, since it resulted from their intended search for trade routes, these lands quickly
became prizes in and of themselves. As Europe’s population continued to grow, its materials, resources, and
opportunities continued to shrink. Also, as European populations became more accepting and knowledgeable
of the New World, those who felt the oppressions of the Old World discovered for themselves the opportunity
that this new land opened for them.
In America, new periods of opportunity and oppression would emerge in the form of frontier conflicts, but
these also occurred within the European settlements themselves. Progressing into this unit, it is imperative to
focus on the changing experiences, expectations, and roles among all those invested in the English colonies,
including women, labor groups, and Native Americans. To adequately cover this change, our focus will, from
this point on, remain on North America, with brief jaunts to the south as prudent.
During this era, the “known” North America could be separated into a few major regions of note (examples
can be seen in the Suggested Readings). The East Coast, ranging from what is now Savannah, Georgia, to
Nova Scotia, and roughly as far west as the Appalachian Mountain range, would become known as English
Colonial America. This was due to the large number of primarily English speaking areas to emerge, even
though not all were strictly under the jurisdiction of the crown. In addition, much of what is now modern
Canada would accept English influence, especially with trade options.
To the west, following the Mississippi and its tributaries to the north, stretching from modern New Orleans,
Louisiana, to the Acadian provinces, would be the French Crescent. This was mostly made up of a series of
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French missions, hunters, foragers, and trappers who engaged in civilized andUNIT
mutually
beneficial
trade with
x STUDY
GUIDE
the Native Americans of those regions. Here, groups such as the Huguenots found
Title a region where they could
freely practice their beliefs, but they did this with respect to the neighboring tribes, as forcing European ideals
often led to negative results. Further out west would be large sections of understood frontier territory. The
area was dominated by Native Americans, and there was little European presence. Those who dared try to
establish a residence were often on their own and at the mercy of neighboring tribes.
Lastly, sticking primarily to the south and west were Spanish claims, including modern Florida, much of
Texas, and the greater American Southwest and Pacific Coast. Though loosely enforced, compared to the
colonized East, these were heavily protected territories thought to hold vast riches for those who could find
them.
Early attempts at colonization were shaky at best. As previously introduced to the ill-fated Roanoke colony,
and despite the mysterious circumstances therein, the English would again attempt to colonize America’s
Atlantic Coast. This time, however, the colonies would be closely tied to the crown’s economic interests.
While the English would initially travel to the familiar Chesapeake shores, this would come with the support of
private investors, most notably the Virginia Company, who would not trust the colony to its fate again. To read
this article, click the link below:
Chaney, T., Cohen, K., & Cotton, L. P. (2012). The Virginia Company of London. Retrieved from
http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/the-virginia-company-of-london.htm
Though the experience for these particular investors would ultimately prove unsuccessful, this renewed
interest would help to ensure these colonies’ success by drawing the interest of the crown. This caused North
America to develop stronger imperial potential than even what the Spanish had found in South America and
Mesoamerica.
English Colonial America
The English colonies, not including much of modern Canada, are generally divided into four regions based on
commonalities in religion, population, economics, and general culture. We will look at a few of those elements
here.
New England
America’s northernmost colonies, often referred to as New England due to the similarity of their climate and
strong settlements to their ancient namesake, urbanized quicker than other regions. The term is still used
today to describe the cluster of small states. The population of this region, which would retain an
overwhelmingly English ancestry, included the colonies of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts,
Connecticut, and Rhode Island. With the common heritage, so too came a strong effort to ensure the success
of religious communities. Most notable were the Puritans, who were among the earliest settlers of this region.
The Puritans were sometimes criticized for acting overzealously, especially compared to more southern
regions, but they would dominate the religion of this region. Their main disagreement was with the Catholics,
whose traditional views and authority from the Vatican had also been previously driven from the English
mainland.
Soon, however, religious tolerance would be legally enforced, but only in an effort to ensure safety and
opportunities of the masses, not to restrict the religious freedoms that so many colonists came to the New
World demanding. A decree from the crown called for religious tolerance and an end to the aggressive
reactions. Still, the strong Puritan, and growing Quaker, populations of these vastly important colonial regions
would leave an indelible mark on the culture of the American law and endear reverence to a Protestant core.
The familiar conditions and seasons of the New England region provided a sense of comfort for the colonists.
The seasonal change was unlike the rich agricultural regions further south, and there was less chance of
contracting an unknown disease, such as malaria. In the same way, because these colonies had few Spring
and Summer months, produce was greatly limited compared to their southern counterparts. Still, there were
important crops such as gourds and corn, and other trades supplemented the economy—notably fishing,
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whaling, and shipping. This region was perhaps so popular because its climate
was xso
very similar
to
UNIT
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England, where the majority of its population originated.
Title
With this, the city also allowed for the allocation of new professions, such as clothiers, doctors, and dealers of
other such luxuries. Because of population growth, however, farmable land was at a premium. Soon, families
did not have the resources to provide an inheritance for all offspring, and quickly the measure of a family’s
status became more about accumulated wealth than standing in the community. This atmosphere of free
enterprise and entrepreneurism, of course, would only expand interests in American commerce. It would
eventually sow seeds of growing contempt, however, when new regulations, such as the practice of
mercantilism and individual acts levied by the crown, would regulate, threaten, or even steal from these
profits.
Mid-Atlantic
The region immediately south of New England, incorporating the colonies of New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, and Delaware, was commonly known as the Middle Colonies or Mid-Atlantic. It, too, would
benefit from the great population growth, but unlike New England, its populations would come largely from
other prominent European nations, such as the Netherlands, Scotland, Ireland, and Germany. New England
was among the most pure in one heritage, the Mid-Atlantic was just the opposite; this more temperate region
would host a wide collection of creeds, races, and religions.
This more multicultural collection would be the setting for a drastically different type of inclusive society. The
overwhelming motivation for movement to this region of America was opportunity, and some would seek
religious or political freedoms that were unavailable in their locations of origin. These travelers were
commonly considered middle class, or had limited opportunities available for those not in the upper class, but
could pay their way to America.
Many new cultures emerged in this region, and as part of that, distinctive religions including the first American
synagogue in New York City and a strong Catholic community that would be instrumental in the founding of
the southern border colony, Maryland. This region best exemplified the idea of the “melting pot” of cultures
that would become a prominent nationalistic theme in the nineteenth century.
Economically, there was a wider range of produce able to grow in this climate, and from it would come many
items that would be desired in great quantity in Europe. This set the stage for careful trade laws and moneymaking opportunities for the crown. Though much more common further south, some migrants were forcibly
exposed to years of extreme labor to pay off their debts. In this region, these laborers were called
redemptioners; their services would be returned in a generally livable climate and for less time than some of
their southern servant brethren.
Part of the reason for this limited use of servants was simply the lack of need. The Mid-Atlantic region was too
cold for many of the cash crops that allowed plantations to be successful in the South, and generally
agricultural families were large enough to handle the yearly crop yield on their own. The advantage to having
servants, and less often, slaves, was that the cost would be significantly less than hiring free help, but for the
typical large family, that too was unnecessary. Even in the cities, families would commonly grow to a large
size, which was helpful in ensuring that the father could pass on his trait, shop, or profession, and sometimes
even gain extra income working in factories or shipping plants.
Also significant to consider is the role of status and “superiority” complexes of the time. Many families did not
welcome association with those outside of their social class, either from fear of community pressure or
because of misguided expectations of aggressive/impulsive behaviors by “less civilized” parts of society.
The success of family farms would help to feed these early colonies, much in the same way as the Mid-West
has/does today for the full United States. Some who did not fit in, or who did not adhere to social
expectations, would try their luck outside of society. Regions to the unincorporated west can be called
Backcountry; though officially under colonial legislation, those areas would have little or no political, religious,
or government oversight, which was appealing to some.
This Mid-Atlantic region, too, would have a very specific relationship with philosophy and religion. Whereas
New England was often very specified and cut off, parts of the Mid-Atlantic welcomed a much greater level of
diversity. Especially in the colonies of Pennsylvania and New York, there was a heavy Dutch and German
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influence. Today, the influence that religious freedom in America provided then
can xstill
be seen
in
UNIT
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communities such as the Amish and Mennonite, but the larger presence was that
Titleof the Quakers (Shakers),
who greatly influenced the shaping of the early U.S. government through political leadership and social
teachings. Like the Puritans, though, they too are commonly misunderstood for overzealous practice. The
Quaker codes, including teachings of citizenship, behaviors, and social qualities, made them natural leaders
and diligent professionals.
South Atlantic Coast and Caribbean
The remaining colonies, from Maryland and south, are generally collectively known as “the South,” but within
this region, there is still great geographical and cultural distinction that has led to further division. Generally
the most common terms are “the Chesapeake,” in reference to the Chesapeake Bay region, or upper South,
which included Maryland, Virginia, and parts of North Carolina. The remaining colonies are often known as
the lower South, or “Plantation South,” for the common use of the rich farmlands. These were generally the
least populated regions of Colonial America. In addition to the mainland colonies, this plantation atmosphere
would carry directly into major Caribbean islands, including the modern nations of Haiti, Cuba, and the
Dominican Republic, which were hotbeds for sugarcane.
The main difference between these two southern regions is what the climate allowed the planters to grow.
The Chesapeake had a mild climate that was too hot for European farms, but perfect for one of their most
desired imports: tobacco. Generally there was a high (in comparison) population rate in this region, in addition
to large planter families. There was also a thriving slave population.
Chesapeake
The ideal tobacco growing conditions of Maryland and Virginia would become the first national jewel,
highlighted by the semi-inland port city of Jamestown. Success would not come easy to Jamestown, as the
climate and poor management doomed wave after wave of misguided settlers.
Arguably the greatest success only came from the unlikely hospitality of the neighboring Algonquians, who
received only aggression in return for their aid. In 1624, after three lackluster contracts with the Virginia
Company, James I would finally confiscate the Jamestown settlement and put it directly under the direction of
the crown’s rule as a royal colony. The one major success of the Jamestown settlement would be the almost
unexpected 1612 discover …
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