Expert answer:Counterargument Paper
Solved by verified expert:you helped with this already so i figured i would ask to get help again. Counterargument PaperThis paper assignment expands upon your Week One Assignment and prepares you for the Final Paper. The expansion is to learn to improve one’s argument after investigating and fairly representing the opposite point of view. The main new tasks are to revise your previous argument created in Week One, to present a counterargument (an argument for a contrary conclusion), and to develop an objection to your original argument.Here are the steps to prepare to write the counterargument paper:Begin reviewing your previous paper paying particular attention to suggestions for improvement made by your instructor.Revise your argument, improving it as much as possible, accounting for any suggestions and in light of further material you have learned in the course. If your argument is inductive, make sure that it is strong. If your argument is deductive, make sure that it is valid.Construct what you take to be the strongest possible argument for a conclusion contrary to the one you argued for in your Week One paper. This is your counterargument. This should be based on careful thought and appropriate research.Consider the primary points of disagreement between the point of view of your original argument and that of the counterargument.Think about what you take to be the strongest objection to your original argument and how you might answer the objection while being fair to both sides. Search in the Ashford University Library for quality academic sources that support some aspect of your argument or counterargument.In your paper,Present a revised argument in standard form, with each premise and the conclusion on a separate line.Present a counterargument in standard form, with each premise and the conclusion on a separate line.Provide support for each premise of your counterargument. Clarify the meaning of the premise and supporting evidence for the premise.Pay special attention to those premises that could be seen as controversial. Evidence may include academic research sources, supporting arguments, or other ways of demonstrating the truth of the premise (for more ideas about how to support the truth of premises take a look at the instructor guidance for this week). This section should include at least one scholarly research source. For guidance about how to develop a conclusion see the Ashford Writing Center’s Introductions and Conclusions (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..Explain how the conclusion of the counterargument follows from its premises. [One paragraph]Discuss the primary points of disagreement between sincere and intelligent proponents of both sides. [One to two paragraphs]For example, you might list any premises or background assumptions on which you think such proponents would disagree and briefly state what you see as the source of the disagreement, you could give a brief explanation of any reasoning that you think each side would find objectionable, or you could do a combination of these.Present the best objection to your original argument. Clearly indicate what part of the argument your objection is aimed at, and provide a paragraph of supporting evidence for the objection. Reference at least one scholarly research source. [One to two paragraphs]See the “Practicing Effective Criticism” section of Chapter 9 of your primary textbook for more information about how to present an objection.References to use Hardy, J., Foster, C., & Zúñiga y Postigo, G. (2015). With good reason: A guide to critical thinking [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/For further instruction on how to create arguments, see the How to Construct a Valid Main Argument (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. and Tips for Creating an Inductively Strong Argument (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. documents as well as the video Constructing Valid Arguments (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..Chapter 5: Inductive ReasoningChapter 6: Deduction and Induction: Putting It All Togetherhttps://ashford.instructure.com/courses/12383/external_tools/retrieve?display=borderless&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.ashford.edu%2Flti%3Fbookcode%3DAUPHI103.15.2s
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Running Head: ROLE OF WHISTLEBLOWERS
1
Role of Whistleblowers
Milagro Connie Caballero
PHI 103 Informal Logic
Instructor: Kurt Mosser
November 6, 2017
[no notes on this page]
-1-
ROLE OF WHISTLEBLOWERS
2
Does one have an obligation to report wrongdoing by one’s employer, even when doing so
will result in the loss of one’s job? Are whistleblower laws effective and necessary?
Premise 1: the employee has the responsibility to report wrongdoings
1
Premise 2: whistleblowers law helps in preventing wrongdoings in the workplace
Premise 3: if the employee blows the whistle, they should not lose their job
Premise 4: it is the responsibility of everyone in the organization to report fraud regardless of its
effect on the employer.
Conclusion: employees must report any fraud committed by their employer without any form of
2
victimization.
The first premise
1. whistleblowers law helps
Try reading your essay out
loud. This technique can help
you to eliminate awkward
phrasing, repetition, and other
errors. For additional
assistance, use the
Grammarly tool. See this
Writing Center page for help
with using Grammarly:
http://writingcenter.ashford.ed
u/grammarly [Kurt Mosser]
2. without any form of
victimization.
this seems to introduce
something distinct from the
topic mentioned at the
beginning [Kurt Mosser]
The first premise states the role of the employees in facilitating accountability in the
organization. They have the responsibility of reporting any wrongdoings despite being
committed by the employer. Such actions ensure there is accountability for all the activities
undertaken by the business. Such bravery creates positive work ethics in the business thus
3
providing openness in what the company does. The discovery to wrongdoing in the workplace
should be taken as a learning opportunity, and the whistleblowers should not be punished for
such actions. If the employee reports any wrongdoing by the employers, the employer should not
fire the worker (Goel & Nelson, 2014). Whistleblowing only tries to create a conducive business
environment with better moral to enhance its performance. The employer should thus take the
issue positively rather than victimizing the employee.
The second premise
-2-
3. The discovery to
wrongdoing
Try reading your essay out
loud. This technique can help
you to eliminate awkward
phrasing, repetition, and other
errors. For additional
assistance, use the
Grammarly tool. See this
Writing Center page for help
with using Grammarly:
http://writingcenter.ashford.ed
u/grammarly [Kurt Mosser]
ROLE OF WHISTLEBLOWERS
3
The enforcement of whistleblowing laws in the organization help in preventing
1
wrongdoing. It is because neither the employee or employer will want to be exposed to the team.
The regulations also come with punishments which the wrong doers do not wish to face. The
creation of these laws should be done in an objective perspective. The law should provide the
employee with the appropriate steps to take when communicating their ethical concern. Such
1. It is because neither the
employee or employer will
want to be exposed to the
team.
are there more substantial
penalties that may be
involved (e.g. prison)? [Kurt
Mosser]
actions can create confidence in the whistleblowers thus providing the business with crucial
information which can be used to strengthen the institution. Such laws also generate reliance on
the whistleblowers as they feel safe when exposing any unethical activity within the
organization. Effective management of whistleblowing can be enhanced with the creation of such
laws. The whistleblower does not fear that there may be personal reprisals in case internal
channels are used to communicate wrongdoing in the business. Such laws also prevent the
whistleblower from taking the information out of the organization; this prevents any leakage of
crucial business information which might affect its performance (Goel & Nelson, 2014).
The third premise
The third premise states that the employer should protect the whistleblower instead of
2. instead of
2
victimizing. By supporting ethical whistleblowing in the business, accountability gets enhanced.
All the employees can ensure that the operation of the organization’s activities is done ethically.
The importance of this step is the prevention of leaking organization issues to a third party,
which might affect its performance. Just like the other premises, protecting whistleblowers
creates a better working environment for the entire business. An ethical working environment
gets developed as any wrongdoer is held accountable for their actions. Whistleblowers should
not be victimized either by the employer or fellow employee. By protecting them, a conducive
business environment is developed reducing any losses which the organization faces. Protecting
-3-
victimizing.
Taking the time to proofread
your own work will help you
avoid typos. Another strategy
is to read your work out loud
or to a friend. See this Writing
Center page for help with
proofreading:
http://writingcenter.ashford.ed
u/proofreading-editingstrategies [Kurt Mosser]
ROLE OF WHISTLEBLOWERS
4
whistleblowers helps to encourage others so they can also report any cases of wrongdoing within
the firm. Most of the whistleblowers who feel that the employer or the management is not
concerned with their safety to expose such action to outside parties. It affects the reputation of
the organization; it is the role of the employer to ensure that they are not impacted negatively due
to their actions (Goel & Nelson, 2014).
Protecting whistleblowers in the business helps in shaping a future ethical business
environment for the success of the company. If case wrongdoers feel that the employer supports
whistleblowers, they may decrease the activities which will affect the functions of the business in
the long run. By operating in such a business environment, it is easy for the goals and objectives
of the organization to be realized; this is because each employee knows what to do when to do it
and how to do it. Protection of the whistleblower thus saves the business a lot (CHANG, 2017).
The fourth premise
Every employee has the obligation of becoming a whistleblower to facilitate the active
functioning of the business. As in the last premise, the company should ensure that the
employees understand the importance of being a whistleblower; this can be strengthened by
1
creating motivational plans for whistleblowing within the organization. The level of frauds and
intentional irregularities can be decreased by promoting whistleblowing in the business.
Accountability is also enhanced as all the employees understand their role in managing the
business. Also, an ethical business environment is developed thus creating a norm for all the
workers to follow. By supporting whistleblowing by all the employees, wrongdoing also
decreases. It is because the wrongdoer does not know who might report such acts.
Creation of an inclusive whistleblowing business environment is thus beneficial for the
business and the employees. The employees can also contribute to the formulation of laws which
-4-
1. The level of frauds
Try reading your essay out
loud. This technique can help
you to eliminate awkward
phrasing, repetition, and other
errors. For additional
assistance, use the
Grammarly tool. See this
Writing Center page for help
with using Grammarly:
http://writingcenter.ashford.ed
u/grammarly [Kurt Mosser]
ROLE OF WHISTLEBLOWERS
5
can improve the level of accountability. The employer, on the other hand, has the responsibility
of protecting the whistleblower in the organization. Any wrongdoing within the business should
be reported without the fear of being victimized. By creating laws which govern whistleblowing,
it encourages all the employees to report any wrongdoing within the organization. Also, it
minimizes the level of unethical practices in the business as the wrongdoers fear being exposed.
Thus, every employee should be encouraged to become a whistleblower for their benefit and the
entire organization (CHANG, 2017).
Conclusion
The employee has the responsibility of reporting any wrongdoing by the employer
without the fear of losing their job or been victimized. The employer should promote
whistleblowing in the workplace to facilitate the creation of an ethical business environment. The
act can be done by creating laws which govern whistleblowing in the business. The regulations
can help in protecting the employees against any form of victimization thus improving their
courage. The rules can also help in motivating more employees to be whistleblowers. The law
can help in defining the channels which the whistleblower can use to communicate the
information. It also assists in preventing the organization’s confidential information from being
exposed to outside parties. The support of employers for whistleblowers helps in creating a
robust ethical working environment. Thus, the conclusion supports the four premises and also
encourages whistleblowing in the business. The employer has the role of creating a conducive
business environment for whistleblowing so that whistleblowers will do not fear the loss of their
1
jobs in the long run.
1. Thus, the conclusion
supports the four premises
and also
encourages whistleblowing
in the business. The
employer has the role of
creating a conducive
business environment for
whistleblowing so that
whistleblowers will do not
fear the loss of their jobs in
the long run.
you should try to write
succinctly, which is a good
skill to develop.
i think you may have been
able to address this issue in a
much shorter, “tighter”
discussion [Kurt Mosser]
-5-
ROLE OF WHISTLEBLOWERS
6
Reference
Goel, R. K., & Nelson, M. A. (2014). Whistleblower Laws and Exposed Corruption in the United
1. Applied
title: italicize or underline
[Kurt Mosser]
1
States. Applied Economics, 46(19-21), 2331-2341.
2
CHANG, M. (2017). What to do when you see criminal behavior in a photonics business. Laser
Focus World, 53(10), 60.
2. Laser
title: italicize or underline
[Kurt Mosser]
3
Hardy, J., Foster, C., & Zúñiga y Postigo, G. (2015). With good reason: A guide to critical
thinking [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/
-6-
3. With
title: italicize or underline
[Kurt Mosser]
Running head: THE ETHICS OF ELEPHANTS IN CIRCUSES
The Ethics of Elephants in Circuses
Dr. Christopher Foster
PHI103: Informal Logic
Ashford University
Annotated example for Week Three Assignment
1
2
THE ETHICS OF ELEPHANTS IN CIRCUSES
Main Argument :
P1: Elephants are highly intelligent animals.
The main argument is
your argument for your
thesis.
P2: Putting elephants in circuses requires them
to live their lives in extreme confinement.
P3: Anything that requires highly intelligent
animals to live their lives in extreme
confinement is wrong unless it serves a purpose
that outweighs the suffering involved.
This is the main argument
in Standard Form.
P4: Putting elephants in circuses does not serve
a purpose that outweighs the suffering
involved.
C: Therefore, putting elephants in circuses is
wrong.
The conclusion of your
main argument is your
thesis statement.
Counterargument:
P1: Circus elephants provide enjoyment for
humans.
P2: The treatment of circus elephants is not
cruel.
P3: It is morally acceptable to use animals for
human enjoyment provided that their
treatment is not cruel.
C: Therefore it is morally acceptable to have
elephants in circuses.
This is the
counterargument in
standard form, as
indicated in the
instructions.
3
THE ETHICS OF ELEPHANTS IN CIRCUSES
The first premise of the counterargument is an obvious
background fact. If people did not find elephants in
circuses enjoyable, there would be no elephants in circuses.
Circuses exist solely for entertainment. Anything not enjoyable
would be dropped, especially something that requires as much
The next three
paragraphs provide
support for each premise
of the counterargument
(as indicated in the
instructions). This would
be added even if the
premise seems obvious.
money and labor as elephants.
Clarifying the
meaning of key
terms is often an
important aspect
of defending a
premise.
The second premise hinges on the meaning of the word “cruel”.
To be cruel is to intentionally inflict pain for the primary purpose of
inflicting pain, or to inflict substantially more pain than is required for the
desired result. Giving a vaccination shot to a child is not cruel, because it is
not done for the purpose of inflicting pain and there is not a substantially less
painful way to get the benefit. Similarly, the mere fact that elephants in circuses suffer to some degree
does not mean they are treated cruelly, provided that suffering is not the goal and that they are not
made to suffer more than is necessary for the intended
purpose.
Notice that it is important
to be as fair as possible to
the other side, representing
the counterargument in the
strongest possible light.
The third premise is supported by common practice.
Meat, leather, milk, and other animal products are routinely used despite the fact that they require
animals to suffer some pain. Working animals typically suffer various degrees of discomfort or pain, yet
their use is not generally considered unethical if they are treated as well as possible given the goal. Of
course it would be wrong to use humans in this way, but animals do not generally have the rights that
humans do. Carl Cohen, for example, argues that rights come from an agreement between moral
agents. He concludes that animals do not have rights because they cannot make such agreements
4
THE ETHICS OF ELEPHANTS IN CIRCUSES
It is, of course, good to use
scholarly sources to back up
important points.
(Cohen, 2001). While the suffering of animals is a
consideration, it does not prohibit their use for the enjoyment of
humans. So long as the use does not seek pain and
suffering as part of the goal, and is carried out as humanely
as possible, using animals for human enjoyment is
morally acceptable.
The first
sentence of
each
paragraph
states the
topic of the
paragraph.
This part of your argument
may not agree with your own
position at all, but it is
important to represent the
argument as well as you can
so that you demonstrate an
appreciation of the best
argument on the other side.
This counterargument is deductively valid – if all of the premises
are true, then the conclusion must be as well. The third premise sets two
conditions for the moral acceptability of having elephants in circuses. The first
two premises state that both conditions are
met. It follows absolutely then, that having
elephants in circuses is morally acceptable, which is what the conclusion
says.
This demonstrates
why the conclusion
of the
counterargument
follows from the
premises (as
indicated in the
instructions).
The primary disagreement between the sides will likely rest on
whether the treatment of elephants is cruel and unnecessary. Certainly,
life as a circus elephant can involve pain and suffering, but so can
life as a wild elephant. Furthermore, the intentional infliction of pain
and suffering is not always wrong, for example, giving a medical shot.
However, many would find the suffering inflicted by the confinement of
This paragraph
presents a
reasonable and fair
discussion of the
points of
disagreement
between the two
sides (as indicated
in the instructions).
5
THE ETHICS OF ELEPHANTS IN CIRCUSES
elephants to be an infliction of suffering for a unnecessary purpose that does not justify the degree of
suffering inflicted. These issues represent the main points of disagreement between the two sides.
The best objection to the original argument is probably
aimed at the fourth premise. Posing such an objection would
require looking at how elephants are actually treated and examining
the degree to which elephants’ presence in circuses contributes to a
This objection will be
developed further in
the final paper. A
preview of that
objection is given here
(as indicated in the
instructions).
further purpose.
For example, Ringling Bros. claims that circus elephants are
guaranteed nutritious food, and prompt medical care, that
their training provides a focus for their mental and physical
This paragraph
further develops the
objection, in
preparation for the
final paper.
abilities, and that they are allowed time for play and social
interaction. “A positive, healthy environment is the foundation of training elephants. Therefore, the
cornerstone of all circus elephant training at Ringling Bros. is reinforcement through praise, repetition,
and reward” (elephantcenter, n.d.). If these claims are true, then it
could be argued that their entertainment value to children and
others might be sufficient to outweigh any suffering caused to the
elephants in captivity.
Again, this point may
(or may not) be
antithetical to your
own view. The point of
this second paper is to
develop and be fair to
the strongest
objection you can
provide to your own
argument.
6
THE ETHICS OF ELEPHANTS IN CIRCUSES
References
Cohen, C. (2001). Why animals do not have rights. In The Animal Rights Debate (pp. 27-40). Oxford,
England: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Elephantcenter (n.d.). Pampered performers. Retrieved from http://www.elephantcenter.com/meetour-herd/pampered-performers/
…
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