QuestionAnswered step-by-stepDescribe how need legacy would
QuestionAnswered step-by-stepDescribe how need legacy would should be altered to deal with…Describe how need legacy would should be altered to deal with peruser author locks. [2 marks] (iii) Priority reversal can likewise emerge between two strings associated with process synchronization – for instance, when one string utilizes a semaphore to flag finishing of work NFSv3 executes what is named “near open consistency” for record information reserving: assuming client C1 keeps in touch with a document, shuts the document, and client C2 currently opens the document for read, then it should see the consequences of all composes gave by C1 before close. Be that as it may, in the event that C2 opens the record before C1 has shut it, C2 might see some, all, or none of the composes gave by C1 (and in inconsistent request). Near open consistency is accomplished through cautious utilization of coordinated RPC semantics, joined with document timestamp data piggybacked onto server answers on all RPCs that work on records. Make sense of how near open consistency permits execution to be gotten to the next level. Make sense of your decision. [4 marks] (b) The conveyance of online courses has turned into an enormous achievement – yet this has prompted a huge expansion in network costs for the University. You should choose one of the choices above to limit load on the servers. Analyze the activity of every choice ancd legitimize a determination that gives the best granularity of command over burden to the substance servers and a choice that will serve every client from the nearest CDN server. [12 marks] (c) You have looked into the IP address of your number one internet searcher on the University organization and saw the response is not quite the same as that given to your companion when he did the query in Newfoundland, Canada. Faor every choice above, show why it may, or could not, be utilized by your number one internet searcher to further develop website page execution. [4 marks] 6 CST.2013.5.7 6 Computer Networking (a) Considering either TCP/IP or UDP/IP, compose a depiction of how server-port, client-port, source-port and objective port connect with one another. You might wish to give models and use graphs as fitting. [4 marks] (b) What is a directing circle? Remember a chart for your response. [4 marks] (c) Describe an instrument that forestalls directing circles in Ethernet organizations. [4 marks] (d) (I) Describe and, with the guide of a model, represent the IP Time-To-Live (TTL) instrument for limiting the effect of steering circles. [2 marks] (ii) Assuming, to some degree (d)(i), an ideal execution, portray an impediment of the methodology including the side effects that may be knowledgeable about an organization subject to this burden, and a test that might distinguish the issue. [2 marks] (e) Explain the specialized and compositional contention behind the choice in IPv6 to hold header TTL however not a header checksum. [2 marks] (f ) Explain why there is uncertainty about taking care of parcels with TTL upsides of 1 and give a useful arrangement. [2 marks] 7 (TURN OVER) CST.2013.5.8 7 Concurrent and Distributed Systems (a) Deadlock is an exemplary issue in simultaneous frameworks. (I) What are the four essential circumstances for stop? [4 marks] (ii) Deadlock is many times made sense of utilizing the Dining Philosopher’s Problem. In this pseudo-code, each fork is addressed by a lock: Lock forks[] = new Lock[5];//Code for every scholar (I) while (valid) { think(); lock(fork[i]); lock(fork[(i + 1) % 5]); eat(); unlock(fork[i]); unlock(fork[(i + 1) % 5]); } Partial requesting is a typical halt anticipation plot. Depict adjustments to the above code, changing just exhibit files, with the end goal that rationalists can be taken care of securely, yet in addition halt free, utilizing a halfway request. [4 marks] (b) Priority reversal can happen when strings of varying needs synchronize on admittance to normal assets – strings of more prominent need might wind up looking out for strings of lesser need, prompting bothersome realtime properties. (I) Describe how this issue can be settled for mutexes utilizing need legacy. [2 marks] (ii) . For what reason could carrying out need reversal be more troublesome with process synchronization than with shared rejection? [4 marks] (iv) What might we at some point do to tackle the issue in (b)(iii)? [4 marks] 8 CST.2013.5.9 8 Concurrent and Distributed Systems (a) The ACID properties are frequently used to characterize conditional semantics. (I) Define “atomicity” as utilized in the ACID setting. [1 mark] (ii) Define “solidness” as utilized in the ACID setting. [1 mark] (b) Write-ahead logging is a normally utilized plan to achieve value-based semantics while putting away a data set on a square stockpiling gadget, like a hard circle. (I) Under what conditions, during compose ahead log recuperation, might an exchange in the UNDO at any point list be moved to the REDO list? [2 marks] (ii) Synchronously flushing commit records to circle is costly. How might we securely lessen coordinated I/O procedure on a high-throughput framework without forfeiting ACID properties? [2 marks] (iii) Describe two execution changes that could emerge from utilizing your answer for part (b)(ii). [2 marks] (c) (I) Transaction records in a compose ahead logging plan contain five fields: hTransactionID, ObjID, Operation, OldValue, NewValuei, yet putting away the total old and new qualities can consume critical measures of room. One methodology that may be utilized, for reversible activities being applied to certain information like XOR by a consistent, is to store just the steady contentions, instead of the full when information. What issues could happen because of this plan decision? [4 marks] (ii) Write-ahead logging frameworks should know the genuine on-circle area size for the compose ahead log to accurately act. A wayward circle seller chooses to rebrand its 512-byte area plates as 2K-area plates, and changes the worth announced back to the information base framework. How should this influence information base trustworthiness? [4 marks] (iii) Explain how an information base merchant who knows about the issue portrayed to some degree (c)(ii) alleviate this issue in programming, and what restrictions could there be to this methodology. [4 marks] 9 (TURN OVER) CST.2013.5.10 9 Concurrent and Distributed Systems Sun’s Network File System (NFS) is the standard dispersed document framework utilized with UNIX, and has gone through a movement of adaptations (2, 3, 4) that have step by step better execution and semantics. (a) Remote strategy call (RPC) (I) Explain how Sun RPC handle byte request (endianness). [2 marks] (ii) This approach might bring about pointless work. State when this happens and how should this be kept away from. [2 marks] (b) Network File System adaptation 2 (NFSv2) and variant 3 (NFSv3) (I) A key plan premise for NFS was that the server be “stateless” as for the client. State how this affects disseminated record securing in NFSv2 and NFSv3. [2 marks] (ii) Another key plan premise for NFSv2 was the “idempotence” of RPCs; what’s the significance here? [2 marks] (iii) One critical improvement in NFSv3 was the expansion of the READDIRPLUS RPC. Make sense of for what reason did this helps execution. [4 marks] (iv) [4 marks] (v) NFSv3 adds another RPC, ACCESS, permitting the client to appoint access control checks at document open opportunity to the server, as opposed to performing them on the client. This permits client and server security models to contrast#define RTE_IS_IPV4_MCAST ( x ) ((x) >= RTE_IPV4_MIN_MCAST && (x) <= RTE_IPV4_MAX_MCAST)check if IPv4 address is multicastExamples:examples/ipv4_multicast/main.c.Definition at line 124 of file rte_ip.h.? RTE_IPV6_MIN_MTU#define RTE_IPV6_MIN_MTU 1280Minimum MTU for IPv6, see RFC 8200.Definition at line 549 of file rte_ip.h.? RTE_IPV6_EHDR_MF_SHIFT#define RTE_IPV6_EHDR_MF_SHIFT 0IPv6 fragment extension header.Definition at line 763 of file rte_ip.h.Function Documentation? rte_ipv4_hdr_len()static uint8_t rte_ipv4_hdr_len ( const struct rte_ipv4_hdr * ipv4_hdr ) inlinestaticGet the length of an IPv4 header.Parametersipv4_hdr Pointer to the IPv4 header.ReturnsThe length of the IPv4 header (with options if present) in bytes.Examples:examples/l3fwd/l3fwd_em.c.Definition at line 143 of file rte_ip.h.? rte_raw_cksum()static uint16_t rte_raw_cksum ( const void * buf,size_t len ) inlinestaticProcess the non-complemented checksum of a buffer.Parametersbuf Pointer to the buffer.len Length of the buffer.ReturnsThe non-complemented checksum.Definition at line 211 of file rte_ip.h.? rte_raw_cksum_mbuf()static int rte_raw_cksum_mbuf ( const struct rte_mbuf * m,uint32_t off,uint32_t len,uint16_t * cksum ) inlinestaticCompute the raw (non complemented) checksum of a packet.Parametersm The pointer to the mbuf.off The offset in bytes to start the checksum.len The length in bytes of the data to checksum.cksum A pointer to the checksum, filled on success.Returns0 on success, -1 on error (bad length or offset).Definition at line 234 of file rte_ip.h.? rte_ipv4_cksum()static uint16_t rte_ipv4_cksum ( const struct rte_ipv4_hdr * ipv4_hdr ) inlinestaticProcess the IPv4 checksum of an IPv4 header.The checksum field must be set to 0 by the caller.Parametersipv4_hdr The pointer to the contiguous IPv4 header.ReturnsThe complemented checksum to set in the IP packet.Examples:examples/ipsec-secgw/ipsec-secgw.c, and examples/l3fwd-power/main.c.Definition at line 304 of file rte_ip.h.? rte_ipv4_phdr_cksum()static uint16_t rte_ipv4_phdr_cksum ( const struct rte_ipv4_hdr * ipv4_hdr,uint64_t ol_flags ) inlinestaticProcess the pseudo-header checksum of an IPv4 header.The checksum field must be set to 0 by the caller.Depending on the ol_flags, the pseudo-header checksum expected by the drivers is not the same. For instance, when TSO is enabled, the IP payload length must not be included in the packet.When ol_flags is 0, it computes the standard pseudo-header checksum.Parametersipv4_hdr The pointer to the contiguous IPv4 header.ol_flags The ol_flags of the associated mbuf.ReturnsThe non-complemented checksum to set in the L4 header.Examples:examples/vhost/main.c.Definition at line 330 of file rte_ip.h.? rte_ipv4_udptcp_cksum()static uint16_t rte_ipv4_udptcp_cksum ( const struct rte_ipv4_hdr * ipv4_hdr,const void * l4_hdr ) inlinestaticProcess the IPv4 UDP or TCP checksum.The layer 4 checksum must be set to 0 in the L4 header by the caller.Parametersipv4_hdr The pointer to the contiguous IPv4 header.l4_hdr The pointer to the beginning of the L4 header.ReturnsThe complemented checksum to set in the L4 header.Definition at line 394 of file rte_ip.h.? rte_ipv4_udptcp_cksum_mbuf()static __rte_experimental uint16_t rte_ipv4_udptcp_cksum_mbuf ( const struct rte_mbuf * m,const struct rte_ipv4_hdr * ipv4_hdr,uint16_t l4_off ) inlinestaticWarningEXPERIMENTAL: this API may change without prior notice.Compute the IPv4 UDP/TCP checksum of a packet.Parametersm The pointer to the mbuf.ipv4_hdr The pointer to the contiguous IPv4 header.l4_off The offset in bytes to start L4 checksum.ReturnsThe complemented checksum to set in the L4 header.Definition at line 452 of file rte_ip.h.? rte_ipv4_udptcp_cksum_verify()static __rte_experimental int rte_ipv4_udptcp_cksum_verify ( const struct rte_ipv4_hdr * ipv4_hdr,const void * l4_hdr ) inlinestaticValidate the IPv4 UDP or TCP checksum.In case of UDP, the caller must first check if udp_hdr->dgram_cksum is 0 (i.e. no checksum).Parametersipv4_hdr The pointer to the contiguous IPv4 header.l4_hdr The pointer to the beginning of the L4 header.ReturnsReturn 0 if the checksum is correct, else -1.Definition at line 485 of file rte_ip.h.? rte_ipv4_udptcp_cksum_mbuf_verify()static __rte_experimental uint16_t rte_ipv4_udptcp_cksum_mbuf_verify ( const struct rte_mbuf * m,const struct rte_ipv4_hdr * ipv4_hdr,uint16_t l4_off ) inlinestaticWarningEXPERIMENTAL: this API may change without prior notice.Verify the IPv4 UDP/TCP checksum of a packet.In case of UDP, the caller must first check if udp_hdr->dgram_cksum is 0 (i.e. no checksum).Parametersm The pointer to the mbuf.ipv4_hdr The pointer to the contiguous IPv4 header.l4_off The offset in bytes to start L4 checksum.ReturnsReturn 0 if the checksum is correct, else -1.Definition at line 516 of file rte_ip.h.? rte_ipv6_phdr_cksum()static uint16_t rte_ipv6_phdr_cksum ( const struct rte_ipv6_hdr * ipv6_hdr,uint64_t ol_flags ) inlinestaticProcess the pseudo-header checksum of an IPv6 header.Depending on the ol_flags, the pseudo-header checksum expected by the drivers is not the same. For instance, when TSO is enabled, the IPv6 payload length must not be included in the packet.When ol_flags is 0, it computes the standard pseudo-header checksum.Parametersipv6_hdr The pointer to the contiguous IPv6 header.ol_flags The ol_flags of the associated mbuf.ReturnsThe non-complemented checksum to set in the L4 header.Examples:examples/vhost/main.c.Definition at line 568 of file rte_ip.h.? rte_ipv6_udptcp_cksum()static uint16_t rte_ipv6_udptcp_cksum ( const struct rte_ipv6_hdr * ipv6_hdr,const void * l4_hdr ) inlinestaticProcess the IPv6 UDP or TCP checksum.The IPv6 header must not be followed by extension headers. The layer 4 checksum must be set to 0 in the L4 header by the caller.Parametersipv6_hdr The pointer to the contiguous IPv6 header.l4_hdr The pointer to the beginning of the L4 header.ReturnsThe complemented checksum to set in the L4 header.Definition at line 623 of file rte_ip.h.? rte_ipv6_udptcp_cksum_mbuf()static __rte_experimental uint16_t rte_ipv6_udptcp_cksum_mbuf ( const struct rte_mbuf * m,const struct rte_ipv6_hdr * ipv6_hdr,uint16_t l4_off ) inlinestaticWarningEXPERIMENTAL: this API may change without prior notice.Process the IPv6 UDP or TCP checksum of a packet.The IPv6 header must not be followed by extension headers. The layer 4 checksum must be set to 0 in the L4 header by the caller.Parametersm The pointer to the mbuf.ipv6_hdr The pointer to the contiguous IPv6 header.l4_off The offset in bytes to start L4 checksum.ReturnsThe complemented checksum to set in the L4 header.Definition at line 684 of file rte_ip.h.? rte_ipv6_udptcp_cksum_verify()static __rte_experimental int rte_ipv6_udptcp_cksum_verify ( const struct rte_ipv6_hdr * ipv6_hdr,const void * l4_hdr ) inlinestaticValidate the IPv6 UDP or TCP checksum.In case of UDP, the caller must first check if udp_hdr->dgram_cksum is 0: this is either invalid or means no checksum in some situations. See 8.1 (Upper-Layer Checksums) in RFC 8200.Parametersipv6_hdr The pointer to the contiguous IPv6 header.l4_hdr The pointer to the beginning of the L4 header.ReturnsReturn 0 if the checksum is correct, else -1.Definition at line 718 of file rte_ip.h.? rte_ipv6_udptcp_cksum_mbuf_verify()static __rte_experimental int rte_ipv6_udptcp_cksum_mbuf_verify ( const struct rte_mbuf * m,const struct rte_ipv6_hdr * ipv6_hdr,uint16_t l4_off ) inlinestaticWarningEXPERIMENTAL: this API may change without prior notice.Validate the IPv6 UDP or TCP checksum of a packet.In case of UDP, the caller must first check if udp_hdr->dgram_cksum is 0: this is either invalid or means no checksum in some situations. See 8.1 (Upper-Layer Checksums) in RFC 8200.Parametersm The pointer to the mbuf.ipv6_hdr The pointer to the contiguous IPv6 header.l4_off The offset in bytes to start L4 checksum.ReturnsReturn 0 if the checksum is correct, else -1.Definition at line 750 of file rte_ip.h.? rte_ipv6_get_next_ext()static __rte_experimental int rte_ipv6_get_next_ext ( const uint8_t * p,int proto,size_t * ext_len ) inlinestaticParse next IPv6 header extensionThis function checks if proto number is an IPv6 extensions and parses its data if so, providing information on next header and extension length.Parametersp Pointer to an extension raw data.proto Protocol number extracted from the “next header” field from the IPv6 header or the previous extension.ext_len Extension data length.Returnsnext protocol number if proto is an IPv6 extension, -EINVAL otherwiseExamples:examples/ipsec-secgw/ipsec-secgw.c.Definition at line 805 of file rte_ip.h.Explanation#include
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