Expert answer:Write a paper about an ethical dilemma

Answer & Explanation:Week 2_Values and theories.pptx For paper, you will identify an ethical dilemma—either something that you have
recently faced in  something that you
read or hear about on the news.
You will
then write one/two paragraph in which you briefly describe the event and all
relevant ethical issues, and the rest of your paper you will apply more then one theories from class to analyze the dilemma and form a recommendation for how the dilemma should be resolved.
You will need to turn in of these short papers
(3 pages, DOUBLE spaced) 
For theories see attachment.
week_2_values_and_theories.pptx

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Business Ethics
Week 2
Values & Theories
JOE’S DILEMMA
Joe is a fourteen-year-old boy who wanted to go to
camp very much. His father promised him he could
go if he saved up the money for it himself. So Joe
worked hard at his paper route and saved up the
$500 it cost to go to camp, and a little more besides.
But just before camp was going to start, his father
changed his mind. Some of his friends decided to go
on a special fishing trip, and Joe’s father was short of
the money it would cost. So he told Joe to give him
the money he had saved from the paper route. Joe
didn’t want to give up going to camp, so he thinks of
refusing to give his father the money.
JOE’S DILEMMA
Should Joe refuse to give his father
the money?
Why or why not?
A runaway trolley is headed for five people who
will be killed if it proceeds on its present
course. The only way to save them is to flip a
switch that will turn the trolley onto an
alternate set of tracks where it will kill one
person instead of five. Should you redirect the
trolley?
A runaway trolley again threatens to kill five people. You are
standing next to a large stranger on a footbridge that spans
the tracks between the oncoming trolley and the five people.
If you push the stranger off the bridge onto the tracks below
he will die, but his large body will stop the trolley from
reaching the others (you cannot jump because you are not big
enough to stop the train and he won’t jump himself). Should
you push the stranger?
Agenda

Introduction to Ethics

Ethical Theories
◦ Pros & Cons?

Theory Review

How to resolve ethical dilemmas

Case analysis
◦ Movie Ticket
◦ Parable of the Sadhu

Time for team project
Week 2:Values & Theories
Purpose: Provide a personal look at ethics
and morality
 Personal Credo: “To thine own self be true.”

◦ Who are you?
 Abilities
 Talents
 Characteristics that define you
◦ Make a list
 Things I would never do to be successful
 Things I would never do to make money
What are ethics?

Generally accepted rules of conduct that
govern society
◦ Higher standard than law
◦ “You know it when you see it”
 Unfair
 Dishonest
 Unjust

Purpose of ethical theories: Move beyond
“I think…”
Theories of Ethics
Divine Command Theory
 Ethical Egoism Theory
 Utilitarian Theory*
 Categorical Imperative (Deontology)*
 Rights Theory (Entitlement Theory)
 Moral Relativism
 Theory of Moral Development

Divine Command Theory

Decisions are made based on guidance
from a divine being
◦ E.g., Ten Commandments, U.S. Constitution,
natural law
Joe’s Dilemma, Revisited
Using Divine Command Theory, make the
argument that:

Joe should keep the money
◦ Thou shall not steal

Joe should give the money to his father
◦ Honor thy father and thy mother
Divine Command Theory

Pros?
◦ Can be simple
◦ Wide buy-in in homogenous groups

Cons?
◦ Creates conflict in heterogeneous groups
◦ Conflicting principles
Ethical Egoism Theory

Everything is determined by self-interest
◦ We should limit our judgment to our own
ethical egos and not interfere with judgment
of others
◦ Laws are needed to maintain order

Adherents
◦ Ayn Rand, Thomas Hobbes
 there is a positive harmony of interests among free,
rational humans, such that no moral agent can
rationally coerce another person consistently with
his own long-term self-interest
◦ Adam Smith
Joe’s Dilemma, Revisited
Using Ethical Egoism Theory, make the
argument that:

Joe should keep the money
◦ He wants to go to camp!

Joe should give the money to his father
◦ He will suffer if he disobeys his father
Ethical Egoism Theory

Pros?
◦ Realistic (?)
◦ Unethical behavior can be constrained
 Government (Hobbes)
 Free market (Smith and Rand)

Cons?
◦ Inaccurate?
What makes people happy?
Spending on Self or Others
N = 632: Nationally representative
American sample
 DV: General happiness

◦ “Do you feel happy, in general?”
 Yes, Most of the time, Sometimes, Rarely, No

IV’s
◦ Personal spending (M = $1,714 / mo.)
 Bills, expenses, gifts for self
◦ Prosocial spending (M = $146 / mo.)
 Gifts for others, donations to charity
◦ Income
What Makes People Happy?
Persona l
S pending
P rosocia l
S pending
What Makes People Happy?
Persona l
S pending
P rosocia l
S pending
Incom e
Experimental Windfalls

Windfall size
◦ $50

Spending instructions: Spend the money by
5pm that day
◦ Personal: Told to spend the money on a bill, expense,
or gift for self
 Examples: Earrings, DVD, food/drinks for self
◦ Prosocial: Gift for someone else or charitable
donation
 Examples: Toys for siblings, donations to the homeless,
food/drinks for friends

Pre & Post (called participants after 5pm)
Happiness
Experimental Windfalls
Utilitarian Theory

Objective: Create the greatest possible
well-being
◦ Greatest Happiness Principle (Mill): The
greatest good for the greatest number

Adherents
◦ Jeremy Bentham
◦ John Stuart Mill

Consequentialist view: an action is good if it
has good consequences (regardless of
motives behind action) for well-being
What Would Mills Do?
What Would Mills Do?
The Utilitarian Algorithm
1.
2.
3.
4.
Specify the range of possible actions
Identify all who are affected by the
action(s)
Estimate the aggregate consequences of
the actions for their utilities
Choose the action with the greatest
utility sum
Joe’s Dilemma, Revisited
Using Utilitarian Theory, make the argument
that:

Joe should keep the money

Joe should give the money to his father
Utilitarian Theory

Pros?
◦ Fair
◦ Rational
◦ Easily applied

Cons?
◦ Who decides? What is “good”?
◦ Costs/benefits of nonmonetary outcomes?
◦ No consideration of justice or rights
Deontology

We can’t know the results prior to an action, so
what is ethical is determined by principles of
individual rights & justice
◦ People are duty-bound or morally obligated to
respect individual rights
◦ Actions are inherently ethical or unethical
independent of the consequences

Categorical Imperative
◦ Immanuel Kant
◦ Principles
 Principle of Humanity
 Principle of Universal Law
Principle of Humanity

Treat others always as an ends in
themselves and never merely as means

This principle gives rise to conceptions of
intrinsic rights and correlative duties
◦ If I lie to you, you are not being considered as
an equally important end. Because of this, you
have a right not to be lied to, and I have a duty
to tell the truth.
Principle of Universal Law

Act only according to that maxim
whereby you can at the same time believe
that it should become a universal law
◦ Would I want this act performed on me
rather than by me (the principle of
reversibility)
◦ Only actions stemming from maxims that pass
universalibility test are permissible
Joe’s Dilemma, Revisited
Using Deontology, make the argument that:

Joe should keep the money
◦ He has a right to keep what he earned.
◦ Joe’s father would not like it if Joe took
money from him

Joe should give the money to his father
◦ Joe should show loyalty to his father
◦ Joe should repay his father for past kindness
Deontological Theory

Pros?
◦ Fair
◦ Simple

Cons?
◦ Principles are vague
◦ Hard to resolve conflicts of interest
Contrasting Deontology and
Utilitarianism
Deontologists
Actions have only
Intrinsic Value
M OT IV E S
ACT IONS
CONS E QU E NCE S
Utilitarians
Actions have only
Extrinsic Value
Rights Theory (Entitlement Theory)

Main contributor: Robert Nozick

Two principles
1. Everyone has a set of rights
2. It’s up to the government to protect those
rights

Issue: Government made up of utilitarians,
deontologists, etc.
Moral Relativism

Time and place ethics

No absolute rules

The situation dictates (and justifies) the
action taken
Stages of Moral Development

Lawrence Kohlberg

Three levels of Moral Development
◦ Level 1: Pre-Conventional
◦ Level 2: Conventional
◦ Level 3: Post-Conventional

Two stages per level
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
Pre-Conventional Level

Stage 1: What are the consequences?
◦ Joe should give his dad the money so his dad doesn’t get
mad.
◦ Joe should keep the money so he won’t miss the
camping trip.

Stage 2: What’s in it for me? (Ethical Egoism)
◦ Joe should give his dad the money so his dad will do him
favors in the future.
◦ Joe should keep the money because he wants to go
camping.
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
Conventional Level

Stage 3: Be a good boy (or girl)
◦ Joe should give his dad the money because good sons
obey their fathers.
◦ Joe should keep the money because his dad will respect
him for standing up for himself.

Stage 4: Obey laws and social conventions
◦ Joe should give his dad the money because his father is
his guardian and therefore is legally entitled to it.
◦ Joe should keep the money because he is legally entitled
to the money via the contract with his employer.
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
Post-Conventional Level

Stage 5: Human rights transcend laws
◦ Joe should keep the money because his father
demanded it, rather than asked for it, and free will is an
unalienable human right.

Stage 6: Universal human ethics (Deontology)
◦ Joe should keep the money because his father broke a
promise and promises are sacred.
◦ Joe should give his father the money because the bible
says to obey your mother and father.
Which stage are you at?

Stage 1: What are the consequences?

Stage 2: What’s in it for me?

Stage 3: Be a good boy

Stage 4: Obey laws and social conventions

Stage 5: Human rights transcend laws

Stage 6: Universal human ethics must be
followed
Takeaways
•
Ethical theory deals with the reasoning
behind a decision or action, not with the
decisions or actions themselves
•
In other words, there will never be an ethical
theory that says “pollution is wrong”
•
Instead, theories provide frameworks that
help us objectively evaluate how ethical a
behavior is
Back-to-school Speech
President Obama made a “back-to-school”
speech last Fall
 It was scheduled during the middle of the
day, and principals were encouraged to
allow students to watch
 Parents and politicians raised concerns
about the speech

◦ Taking time from school day
◦ No parental filter
What do you think?

Setting the political issues aside, assess
the ethical issues involved in the
president’s speech

Does the content of the speech matter?

Which ethical theory is most
useful/appropriate in assessing this
situation?
Types of Ethical Dilemmas
Taking things that don’t belong to you
 Saying things that you know are not true
 Giving or allowing false impressions
 Buying influence or engaging in conflict of
interest
 Hiding or divulging information
 Taking unfair advantage

Types of Ethical Dilemmas
Committing acts of personal corruption
 Perpetrating interpersonal abuse
 Permitting organizational abuse
 Violating rules
 Condoning unethical actions
 Balancing ethical dilemmas

Decision Criteria for Ethical Reasoning
Moral reasoning must be logical
Factual evidence cited to support a
person’s judgment should be accurate,
relevant, and complete
Ethical standards used should be
consistent



A simple test:
◦
What is my motivation for choosing a
course of action?
Resolving Ethical Dilemmas

“Above all, do no harm”
◦ Peter Drucker
◦ Google: “Don’t be evil”

Front-page-of-the-newspaper test
◦ How would a 3rd party (a reporter) view your
actions?
◦ Imagine the worst possible headline
Resolving Ethical Dilemmas

Blanchard-Peale Model
1. Is it legal?
2. Is it balanced?
3. How does it make me feel?

Wall Street Journal Model
1. Am I in compliance with the law?
2. What contribution does this action make to
the company, shareholders, etc.?
3. What are the short- and long-term
consequences?
Summary So Far

We face many types of ethical dilemmas

Ethical theories give us a framework to
use to understand these dilemmas and
help to shape our views

Simple (or complex) models can guide us
as we navigate these dilemmas
Case Analysis

Put theory into practice

Apply course concepts to real-world
situations

Analyze ethical issues, make
recommendations, gain experience
Case Analysis
1.
2.
3.
Make sure you have a grasp of all of the
facts available. Be sure you are familiar
with all the facts.
List any information you would like to
have but don’t and what assumptions
you would have to make, if any, in
resolving the dilemma.
Take each person involved (primary and
secondary stakeholders) and list any
concerns they face and might have.
Case Analysis
4.
5.
6.
Develop a list of resolutions using
various models.
Evaluate the resolution for costs,
legalities and impact. Try to determine
how each of the parties will react to and
will be affected by each of the proposed
resolutions.
Make a recommendation.
The Movie Ticket
You and your friend have purchased movie
tickets to see Home Alone. After seeing the
movie, you realize as you are walking
down the multiplex hallway that no
theater employees are there and that you
could slip into Home Alone II and see that
at absolutely no cost.Your friend says,
“Why not? Who’s to know? Besides, it
doesn’t hurt anyone. Look at the price of
a movie these days. These people are
making money!”
The Movie Ticket
You find you hesitate just a bit. Should you
take in the extra movie for free?
Make sure you have a grasp of all of the
facts available. Be sure you are familiar
with all the facts.
1.
◦
◦
◦
People involved: You and your friend
You bought a ticket for only the first Home
Alone
No theater employees in sight
The Movie Ticket
You find you hesitate just a bit. Should you
take in the extra movie for free?
List any information you would like to
have but don’t and what assumptions you
would have to make, if any, in resolving
the dilemma.
2.
◦
◦
◦
Is it illegal?
Your friend assumes you won’t get caught
Is it hurting anyone?
The Movie Ticket
You find you hesitate just a bit. Should you
take in the extra movie for free?
Take each person involved (primary and
secondary stakeholders) and list any
concerns they face and might have.
3.
◦
◦
◦
You and your friend
Theater
People associated with second movie
The Movie Ticket
You find you hesitate just a bit. Should you
take in the extra movie for free?
Develop a list of resolutions using
various models.
4.
◦
◦
◦
Golden rule
Above all, do no harm
Blanchard-Peale

◦
Is it legal? Is it balanced? How does it make me
feel?
Front-of-the-newspaper
The Movie Ticket
You find you hesitate just a bit. Should you
take in the extra movie for free?
5.
Evaluate the resolution for costs,
legalities and impact. Try to determine
how each of the parties will react to and
will be affected by each of the proposed
resolutions.
The Movie Ticket
You find you hesitate just a bit. Should you
take in the extra movie for free?
Make a recommendation.
6.
◦
◦
Go for it! Home Alone II is awesome!
No way! I’ll just download (illegally) it later.
The Parable of the Sadhu

What are the facts?

What information are we missing?
Assumptions we need to make?

Who is involved here? What are their
concerns?
The Parable of the Sadhu

Possible resolutions? Which models
should we use?

What are the costs and benefits of each
possible resolution?

Make a recommendation– what should
have happened? How can we influence
future actions in similar situations?
The Parable of the Sadhu

Why do you think no one made sure the
sadhu was going to be fine?

Are the rules of the mountain different
from the rules of our day-to-day lives?
Why or why not?

Do you think the outcome would have
been different if it was an US man or
woman?
Team Project
Presentations will be based on case
studies assigned in Week 3
 All presentations should:

◦ Be around 10-15 minutes
◦ Summarize facts, analyze ethical issues,
provide recommendations

Better presentations will include:
◦ Appropriate PowerPoint slides
◦ Interactive discussion/class activity
◦ Appropriate video clips
Team Projects: Standards of
Participation

What do you, as a team, expect from each
team member?
◦ Regular attendance to take advantage of in-class
work time?
◦ Responsiveness to emails?
◦ Meetings outside of class?
◦ Specific time commitments?
◦ Responsibility for assigned role in team?
Removing a Team Member

What is the procedure for removing a team
member who fails to meet participation
requirements?
◦ 3 strikes?
◦ No second chances?
◦ Anything goes?

How will group decide?
◦ Majority vote?
◦ Violation of procedure = immediate
disqualification?
Assignment
As a team, determine standards of
participation and requirements for
removing team members
 All team members must read and sign
these standards
 Turn in to instructor:

◦ List of team members
◦ Team standards and procedures
◦ **You may decide to create an electronic
version. If so, email this to me
…
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