Expert answer:This question was very confusing
Answer & Explanation:3. Radel
and colleagues (2011) conducted a study of how feeling overly controlled makes
you desire—even unconsciously—more freedom. In their study, 52 Canadian
undergraduates played a video game in a laboratory and were randomly assigned
to either:
a. An
autonomy deprivation condition, in which they were told to follow instructions
precisely, constantly given instructions over a loudspeaker, and carefully
observed on everything they did.
b. A
neutral condition, which was much more laid back.
After this activity, they were
asked to do a “lexical decision task” (a standard approach for measuring
unconscious responses) in which they were shown a series of words and non-words
in random order and had to press “C” if it was a real word or “N” if not. Half
of the real words were related to autonomy (e.g., freedom, choice) and half
were neutral (e.g., whisper, hammer). The key focus of the study was on how
long it took people to press the button *(“response latency”) for each kind of
real word, averaged over the many words of each type. The table below shows the
mean and standard deviation across the participants of these four categories of
results. Thus, for example, 782 milliseconds (thousandths of a second) is the
average time it took participants in the autonomy-deprived condition to respond
to the autonomy-related words, and 211 is the standard deviation across the 26
participants’ average response time in that condition. Explain the numbers in
this table to a person who has never had a course in statistics. (Be sure to
explain some specific numbers, as well as the general principle of the mean and
standard deviation.) For your interest, the pattern of results shown here
supported the researchers’ hypothesis: “Relative to a neutral instructional
climate, a controlling climate thwarting the need for autonomy…enhanced
accessibility for autonomy-related words.” (p.924).
Mean Latencies (in Milliseconds) in the
Lexical Task Assessing Accessibility for Autonomy-Related Constructs
(Experiment 1)
Condition
Autonomy Deprivation
Neutral
Construct
M
SD
M
SD
Autonomy-related words
782
211
857
243
Neutral words
835
258
841
301
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