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GED 210 Unit #1 & Unit #1 Essay Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. Which of the following would not be considered a specialization within the discipline of
physical anthropology?
a. human anatomy
b. paleopathology
c. primatology
d. phonology
2. The material products of former societies are known as:
a. artifacts.
b. fossils.
c. legacies.
d. antiquaries.
3. Anthropologist, Spencer Wells, is the director of the genoraphic project which is:
a. making significant contributions to the philosophy of archaeology.
b. conducting ethnographic fieldwork among the Vanomamö Indians of Venezuela.
c. helping to illuminate the migrations of humans throughout the world.
d. using computer technology to do cross-cultural comparisons.
4. Kelley Hays-Gilpin, a southwestern U.S. Archaeologist, studied:
a. Brazil.
b. gender approaches to the archaeological record.
c. tropical rainforests.
d. East Africa.
5. The people known as classical archaeologists conduct research on:
a. ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome.
b. the evolution of prehistoric stone tools.
c. societies of the more recent past.
d. ancestors of contemporary Native Americans.
6. Research on artifacts found in the remains of slave quarters at an 18th century tobacco
plantation in Virginia would be an example of:
a. historical archaeology.
b. forensic anthropology.
c. applied anthropology.
d. classical archaeology.
Unit 1 Examination
39
GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
7. One of the most important tool types invented by homo erectus was the:
a. Mousterian hammerstone.
b. Clovis projectile point.
c. Neolithic grinding stone.
d. Acheulian hand axe.
8. The stone tool industry associated with Neanderthal populations was called the:
a. Oldowan complex.
b. Mousterian tradition.
c. Acheulian technology.
d. Chopper tool system.
e. Composite tool tradition.
9. The climate characteristic of environments occupied by Neanderthals was:
a. hot.
b. warm.
c. temperate.
d. cold.
10. Fossil and archaeological evidence suggests that the first hominids to practice intentional
burial of their dead were:
a. modern upper Paleolithic homo sapiens.
b. Homo erectus.
c. neanderthals.
d. Homo habilis.
11. The remains of four individuals, one of whom appears to have been surrounded by a bed of
flowers, represent the first evidence of intentional burial. They were found at an archaeological
site in:
a. England.
b. Mexico.
c. China.
d. Iraq.
12. Evidence suggesting that there were religious beliefs among Neanderthals includes:
a. cave paintings of supernatural beings.
b. small chambers in the far recesses of caves that contained “religious objects,”
primarily clay figures of gods and goddesses.
c. stone-lined rectangular pits containing dozens of cave bear skulls.
d. burial sites.
Unit 1 Examination
40
GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
13. The earliest traces of material culture are:
a. fossil teeth of the species australopithecus.
b. words like “ma” to indicate mother.
c. simple stone tools, like choppers and scrapers.
d. forms of social organization among different primates.
14. Which of the following would not be considered a form of material culture?
a. igloos
b. cufflinks
c. lullabies
d. forks
15. The term “ideology” refers to:
a. signs and symbols used to communicate particular ideas.
b. beliefs and values supporting the interests of a group.
c. specific expressions of material culture.
d. a faulty or misguided world view.
16. One example of an ideology would be:
a. Capitalism.
b. Egyptian hieroglyphs.
c. Navajo sand paintings.
d. the Big Bang theory.
17. __________ may occur when one dominant group in a complex society imposes its cultural
beliefs on subordinate ethnic groups. For example, the dominant ethnic group in the U.S.
during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (the white, Anglo-Saxon Protestants) was able
to impose its language, cultural beliefs, and practices on other minority groups in U.S. society.
a. Cultural hegemony
b. Cultural chaos
c. Multiculturalism
d. Ethnic superiority
18. Norms are:
a. prohibitions against a particular kind of behavior.
b. values that are accepted by every human society.
c. a given society’s rules for right and wrong behavior.
d. individuals who look like the majority of people.
Unit 1 Examination
41
GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
19. In her classic work Patterns of Culture (1934), Ruth Benedict used the terms “apollonian” and
“dionysian” to describe:
a. cultural “personalities” of pueblo and plains Indians.
b. religious cults of northern and southern Greece.
c. rituals of warfare and celebration in the South Pacific.
d. contrasting models of cultural diffusion.
20. Margaret Mead got most of her information on the behavior of adolescents in Samoa from:
a. accounts of travelers and missionaries.
b. newspaper accounts and government reports.
c. watching ethnographic films.
d. interviewing young women.
21. The central object of Mead’s study, Coming of Age in Samoa (1928), was to determine whether
or not:
a. kinship patterns in Samoa could be attributed to diffusion from China.
b. the events of World War II had an effect on traditional family structure in Samoa.
c. the transition from adolescence into adulthood was stressful in all societies.
d. maturation rates of Samoan teenagers were directly related to race and heredity.
22. After spending nine months in Samoa and working with individuals in three different villages,
Margaret Mead concluded that:
a. Samoan society differed little from that of the U.S. in the 1920s.
b. many key elements of Samoan culture had diffused from Thailand.
c. Franz Boas’ theories of cultural relativism had serious flaws.
d. becoming an adult was less stressful in Samoa than in the U.S.
23. One of the principal criticisms of the culture-and-personality school is that:
a. there is no evidence for a biological link between culture and personality.
b. it tends to assume greater uniformity in personality than actually exists in society.
c. the investigation of personality should be done by psychologists, not anthropologists.
d. individual behavior is more important than the behavior of a whole society.
24. Functionalist anthropologists have suggested that incest taboos originated in order to:
a. encourage alliances and cooperation between descent groups.
b. avoid the serious consequences of genetic interbreeding.
c. strengthen the role of patrilineal descent groups.
d. regulate and limit sexual behavior within small communities.
25. Research on the “childhood familiarity hypothesis” supports the notion that:
a. unrelated children raised together make good marriage partners.
b. children who have grown up in the same household share sexual attractions.
c. children living in close association with one another develop mutual sexual aversion.
d. unrelated adolescents who live together are likely to become erotically involved.
Unit 1 Examination
42
GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Writing Assignment for Unit One
• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page
of your writing assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).
• Begin each writing assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by
the actual question itself (in bold type).
• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e., an introduction, middle
paragraphs and conclusion).
• Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a
standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size.
Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to writing assignments. However,
students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit writing
assignments
that fall in the following ranges:
Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages.
Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages.
Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.
Plagiarism
All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply
cut
and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to
refer to
the course syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.
Please answer ONE of the following:
1. Discuss the overlap of the disciplines of anthropology and history. What can the various
subdisciplines of anthropology contribute to our understanding of history?
2. Describe the specific changes in chipped stone tools that characterized the evolution of
technology from the Oldowan to the Acheulian, Mousterian, and Upper Paleolithic periods.
3. Define Freud’s concepts of the id, ego, and superego. Do you agree with his ideas about
unconscious human thought? Why or why not?
You Can Do
GED 210 Unit #2 & Unit #2 Essay Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. One goal of anthropological linguistics is to determine the number of phonemes (phonetic
structure) that exist in different languages. This goal is accomplished by employing the use of:
a. minimal pairs
b. phone taps
c. maximal differences
d. syntax units
2. The word “lower” contains:
a. two bound morphemes
b. two bound phonemes
c. two free morphemes
d. one bound morpheme and one free morpheme
3. The words “boy” and “girl” are:
a. bound phonemes
b. bound morphemes
c. free morphemes
d. bound phones
4. An example of a bound morpheme in English is:
a. the phrase “boys will be boys”
b. the word “boys”
c. the word “boy”
d. the “s” in the word “boys”
5. How many morphemes are there in the English word “antidisestablishmentarianism”?
a. 1
b. 6
c. 28
d. 0
6. The goal of ethnosemantics is to understand:
a. that reality is inherently unorganized and can be perceived in any way; thus, color
naming, plant classification, and time categories are completely arbitrary
b. the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences and how members of other societies use
language to organize things, events, and behaviors
c. that languages and behavior are the same
d. that classification systems in all societies are random
Unit 2 Examination
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
7. Linguistic anthropologists find that people who are forced to abandon their native language and
culture:
a. begin to lose their self-esteem
b. all speak English
c. are better off socially and economically
d. easily regain both in 100 years
8. The concept of ____________ maintains that societal change occurs when societies borrow
cultural traits from one another.
a. functionalism
b. structuralism
c. evolutionary dispersal
d. diffusionism
9. The body of anthropological theory concerned with the spread of technology, religion, economic
systems, art forms, and other expressions of culture is known as:
a. idealism
b. particularism
c. functionalism
d. diffusionism
10. Grafton Eliot Smith and William Perry, major figures associated with the school of British
diffusionism in the early 20th century, proposed that:
a. each culture has a key personality type
b. a culture can only be interpreted in the context of its own historical development
c. culture’s principal function is establishing institutions to guide behavior
d. all aspects of civilization are derived from the culture of ancient Egypt
11. In order for diffusionism to work as envisioned by the British and German schools, adherents
had to assume or maintain all of the following ideas except:
a. some peoples were not sufficiently innovative to develop their own cultural traits
b. inherent inferiority of different non-western peoples was assumed
c. cultural traits that were diffused were part of the technological dimension of the society
d. cultural traits in the same geographical region would inevitably spread from one society
to another
12. One of boas’ principal criticisms of nineteenth century anthropologists was that:
a. they failed to make use of archaeological evidence for pre-literate societies
b. their theories were based on “armchair anthropology” and not their own fieldwork
c. there was too much cultural relativism in their interpretations
d. they failed to assign adequate importance to biological effects on culture
Unit 2 Examination
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
13. According to Franz Boas, in order to conduct a historical particularist study of a society, one
must adopt the notion of ___________, or the belief that each society should be understood in
terms of its own cultural practices and values.
a. particular evolution
b. cultural relativism
c. lagged diffusionism
d. functionalism
14. During your lifetime you will probably be a member of two families, the family of orientation
(the family into which you were born and enculturated) and the family of __________
(the family in which you will have or adopt children).
a. acculturation
b. deculturation
c. procreation
d. life
15. Which of the following is not a function of the family?
a. nurture and enculturation of children
b. regulation of sexual activity
c. protection and support for members
d. regulation of statuses, roles, and gender
16. A typical ____________ family consists of two parents and their immediate biological offspring
or adopted children.
a. basic
b. atomic
c. extended
d. nuclear
17. Marriage within the same social group or category is __________, while __________ is
marriage between people from different social categories or groups.
a. incest; outcest
b. endogamy; exogamy
c. in-marriage; out-marriage
d. monogamy; polygamy
Unit 2 Examination
84
GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
18. From a female perspective, you will be a daughter and possibly a mother and wife. As such,
you assume what are called __________ roles that correspond to these different status
positions.
a. family
b. social
c. gender
d. temporary
19. The relationship between age and status is an anthropologically interesting subject. Which of
the following statements concerning age and status is correct?
a. Since age is biologically determined, the statuses attached to each age category are the
same in every culture around the world.
b. The elderly occupy a high level of status in all societies.
c. Anthropologists doing cross-cultural research have found that age does not influence
status; statuses are either ascribed at birth or earned during one’s lifetime, and they do
not change even if one ages.
d. Anthropologists have found that age stratification varies in accordance with the level of
technological development; the elderly have relatively high status in many preindustrial
societies, but experience a loss of status in most industrial societies.
20. “Fission” and “fusion” in hunting and gathering societies refer to:
a. hazards of contacts with the industrialized world
b. cyclical change in population density relative to resources
c. decision-making processes used by tribal leaders
d. the dynamics of wild plant resources
21. Hunting and gathering societies will sometimes resort to infanticide in order to:
a. engage in more frequent intercourse
b. supplement scarce hunting resources
c. reduce the effects of anticipated food shortages
d. make sacrifices to tribal gods
22. Which of the following would not have the effect of lowering fertility?
a. marriage at an older age
b. weaning babies at an older age
c. practicing infanticide
d. an earlier onset of menarche
Unit 2 Examination
85
GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
23. The most likely reason why hunter-gatherer technology is limited to simple tools made of stone,
wood, and bone is because foraging peoples:
a. lack the basic intelligence necessary to make anything more complex
b. are too busy looking for food to spend time on more advanced tools
c. have not acquired knowledge of more sophisticated technologies
d. substitute profound knowledge of their environment for complex tools
24. The principal technology used for obtaining plant foods by tropical foragers is the:
a. boomerang
b. blowgun and darts
c. polished stone axe
d. digging stick
25. The _________ produced the most extensive material culture found among hunting and
gathering societies.
a. Kung San
b. Eskimo
c. Shoshone
d. Mbuti
Unit 2 Examination
86
GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Writing Assignment for Unit Two
• Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a
standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size.
Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to writing assignments. However,
students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit writing
assignments
that fall in the following ranges:
Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages.
Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages.
Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.
Plagiarism
All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply
cut
and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to
refer to
the course syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.
Please answer ONE of the following:
• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page
of your writing assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).
• Begin each writing assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by
the actual question itself (in bold type).
• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e., an introduction, middle
paragraphs and conclusion).
1. Compare and contrast the perspectives of the neo-evolutionists, cultural ecologists, cultural
materialists, and Marxists. Are these theoretical views similar in any manner, or are they
mutually exclusive and contradictory in nature?
2. How does enculturation influence male and female gender roles? Is there a universal division of
labor based on sex? Are gender roles static entities within each society? Are gender roles
changing in the United States?
3. How are the elderly treated in foraging societies? Is there any variation, or are the old
considered to be useless entities that cannot hunt or gather? How are the elderly treated in the
society you grew up in?
GED 210 Unit #3 & Unit #3 Essay Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. The most important belief underlying the practice of having a widow marry one of her brothersin-law
is that:
a. her family should not have to return the bride price
b. the rights of the deceased husband must be preserved
c. all men should have more than one wife
d. widows should never have to live alone
2. The most common form of polyandry is ________, in which brothers share a wife.
a. risk taking
b. sibling polyandry
c. fraternal polyandry
d. levirate
3. When a married couple goes to live in the house of the brother of the husband’s mother, the
post-marital residence pattern is referred to as:
a. avunculocal
b. matrilocal
c. patrilocal
d. fratrilocal
4. In most tribal societies, rules of descent, marriage, and residence are:
a. flexible and often subject to lengthy discussion and negotiations
b. strictly enforced and rarely changed
c. known only to village elders, who are consulted whenever a decision must be made
d. unconscious, and therefore defined mostly by outsiders (such as ethnographers)
5. In general, divorces are most common among societies that are:
a. patrilineal and patrilocal
b. matrilineal and matrilocal
c. organized into bilateral descent groups
d. polyandrous and avunculocal
Unit 3 Examination
126
GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
6. Deborah Gewertz, who has re …
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