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African American Civil Rights Movement
Alowais,Mohammad
Prof. Andrew Diemer
TSEM 102
Monday, November 23, 2015
Introduction
Equality is an ethical issue in the American society which most people ranging
from social and civil activists have been trying to achieve to ensure that the black man
just like the white man is treated with respect and receives the same protection under the
law. Today the African American people still fight for equality despite the mass civil war
right movement, which fought for equal protection under the law. Even after civil war
people of different color, beliefs, race and creed still fight for equality. The rights of the
African American people have been abused from various cases of harassment by the
police through unfair arrest and treatment and in serious cases the victim ends up being
shot dead and they claim that he was in possession of a weapon and did not submit to the
cops.
African American during the reconstruction
After the victory of the union back in the 19th century, more than four million
slaves were freed from their masters and had their freedom and could enjoys their right as
Americans. The reconstruction period or process which was dated around the year 1865
to 1877 saw many rules and regulations being put in place to ensure that the blacks were
working on their own will, rather than the control which their masters had over them in
the past (Cole, and Guy-Sheftall, 2009). In this era some of the black people started to
have courage and from the knowledge they had they had a chance speak to the
government officers which were in place at that time thereby expressing their views and
how they felt towards slavery which was such a hot issue at that moment.
The reconstruction period can be divided into various stages which will focus on
the following: The first stage was the emancipation and the reconstruction stage where
many black people marched across the south and with the help of Abraham Lincoln’s
followers they were able to convince other leaders that emancipation just like any other
issue was important and was to be addressed as soon as possible. From this move more
than three million blacks were released from slavery and had the chance to enjoy their
rights as free men and most of the black men were enrolled in the army whose number
was approximately one hundred and eighty thousand soldiers (Rubio, 2010). Abraham
Lincoln fought for the rights of the black people and he pushed harder to ensure that they
were free and this led to his assassination when he claimed that they had the right to vote
just like any other American. The reconstruction process was to be pushed harder by the
successors of this man after his demise.
The next stage in this period is the presidential reconstruction which was enacted
by the then President Andrew Johnson through his public declaration and stand that he
would pave way for reconstruction through which he would ensure that the states’ rights
were observed and respected for all. In this period, the southerners were able to enact
laws and regulations which were known as black codes which would be limiting the
blacks from the activities which they were involved in as free men and once again they
were to be available for labor and other services to the white man.
There were disagreements with people from the northern side where they would
not see each other eye to eye especially in the congress and in the year 1866 there were
bills known as the Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights Bills which were presented to the
president for approval and both bills were good news to the black man where the first one
was to ensure that all the blacks were assisted to get their freedom and the second one
was to ensure that all the people who were born in American soil would enjoy the same
rights regardless of their color or race (Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania,
1993). Signing of the bills made some of the southerners angry and with time they had
the president impeached and in the year 1868 the Civil Rights Act became the first bill to
be enacted as a law.
The next stage in this period was radical construction which began after the
impeachment of president Johnson and in the previous period under his leadership the
congress had passed the Reconstruction Act in the year 1967 and the law at this time had
the southerners ensure that they respected the rights of the blacks by letting them enjoy
their freedom as citizens of America. In this period around the year 1970 the blacks were
awarded the rights to vote where the law required that all people could vote regardless of
their race, color or their state in the past as slaves.
This stage can be termed as the most successful in the fight against slavery and
equality among the people regardless of their race and color and surprisingly the black
men won the elections which were conducted and there were new services to be enjoyed
by this people ranging from education, fair taxes, rules and protection laws which were
against discrimination of any kind especially in public means of transport the blacks were
now involved in various economic activities which were to steer development.
After this stage some of the whites in the south were not pleased by these changes
and violence erupted and in this movement there was development of various groups
which were against reconstruction and examples of these groups include the Ku Klux
Klan and white supremacist organizations which started targeting and assassinating
leaders and others who were against the white man’s rule. There were federal actions
against these clans although there were many cases of racism and the whites could not
accept mingling with the blacks as free people. The reconstruction process came to an
end in the year 1876 but that did not mark the end of the fight against slavery in the south
and the fight continued and would be later experienced as the civil right s movement in
the 20th century around the year 1960 where African Americans were in a revolution to
ensure that they fought for equality in terms of economic, social and political benefits.
Remembering the civil war during the civil rights movement
The civil rights movement was dated around the year 1954 to the year 1968 and
just like the reconstruction period which took place one century before that, the
movement was all about equality and protection against discrimination which was so
common in those days (Kimbrough, 2007). The movement was to commence and the
various methods in which it took place can be described as follows: it was a non-violence
movement, voter’s boycott; there was civil resistance and education to the society
regarding various changes which were to be made. The movement took place in the
United States especially in the south and from it most African Americans were able to
enjoy the benefits which they received after the various acts which were enacted in this
period.
The main aim of this movement was to ensure that racial discrimination which
prevailed in the American society was eliminated and the African American people could
enjoy the same rights as the white man and their rights as citizens respected and observed
under the law. Quite different from the reconstruction period, this movement was
spearheaded by African American leaders with the help of various religious bodies and
some of the white allies who supported this movement. This period saw many campaigns
to ensure that equality was observed for all people regardless of their race and most
people who supported this movement were involved in various acts which were not
violent where they protested and were involved in various dialogues with the then
government through their representatives mainly the black leaders.
There were various boycotts and civil disobedience where the leaders always
emphasized that these movements were free from violence and only ideas and views were
to be expressed. This movement was successful through dialogue and it is in this period
that some of the laws which are still used today were enacted. The first Act which was
established in this period was the Civil Rights Act of the year 1964 through which the
public was warned against any form of discrimination based on the color, race, gender,
origin or religion that a given person belonged to. Employment opportunities were to be
offered to all based on the qualifications and the Act saw many people get the chance to
vote.
Many black people now had the chance to access quality education just like any
other white person. It is in this season that another Act was put in place and this is the
Voting Rights Act in the year 1965 and this was mainly put in place to ensure that all
citizens had the right to vote and be voted in government positions and various
administrative offices. In the same year there was another Act which was put in place and
this is the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 which made it possible for
people of all races to move in to the united states as opposed to the past where only
European were allowed into the nation (Sitkoff, 2008).
There was another Act, Fair Housing Act, which was fought for and enacted in
the year 1968 and it saw many people access rental housing without any form of
discrimination provided you had the means to pay for your accommodation. By now most
Africans had entered into politics and based on the education which they were getting
most of them could stand on their own and ensure that their rights were respect and
equality observed in all areas. The movement saw various amendments made which
include the 13th Amendment in 1965 and it is through this the people were able to see the
end of any form of slavery.
The 14th Amendment which saw the African Americans were able to gain their
citizenship and the last one was the 15th Amendment which saw the African American
get the chance to vote as it was only the males who were allowed to vote at that period.
The civil war saw the end of the Naturalization Act of 1790 which stated that only the
white could become the citizens of the United States and by the year 1970 there were
over four million black American citizens. It is through this movement that many African
American people are able to express themselves today and have their rights respected as
fellow citizens in the united states.
How churches fought against slavery
The church had started and implemented various strategies to end slave trade back
in the 18th century and an example of this is the case in 1784 where Methodists were not
to accept any member of the congregation who was involved in this trade. There was a
case in Virginia where Baptist members washed their hands and were not be involved in
any acts of slave trade and this was around the year 1789 and one of the Baptist
Associations tried to abolish the trade but found it hard and with time they dropped the
issue and around the year 1972 most Presbyterian in New York agreed that the inhuman
act was to be abolished but their efforts were not successful. In the early 19th century the
church declared that the trade was not in line with the Gospel which required all people to
be treated fairly because they were all equal in the eyes of God.
There were many organizations which were developed by the church with the aim
of abolishing this trade and the movement by the church was concentrated around the 19th
century when many associations against this trade were created. Various church leaders
such as Theodore Dwight Weld and William Lloyd Garrison were on the fore front to
fight this inhuman act (Kluger, 2004). The church emphasized and preached to the
society that the act was against the teachings of God and by trading fellow human beings
they were all sinning and God would eventually punish them for the evil deeds. Most
traders were part of the church members and were influenced by these preaching and
relevant lessons. The church also contributed to the movement in the south to see the end
of slave trade.
How African American leaders remember the civil war and their opinion
Civil war was spearheaded by African American leaders such as Martin Luther
King Malcolm X who fought for the rights of black Americans and the end of
discrimination based on various elements such as color, race and origin. Although they
may have had differences before where Luther King was against violence and
emphasized on protests without violence, Malcolm at the beginning has a slogan which
stated that freedom was to be achieved in any way possible and emphasized on violence
but with time he was able to settle at nonviolent protests and dialogues. Despite their own
views on how to achieve equality and end of discrimination the leaders had one common
goal and this was to see the people of their race treated equally and respected as the other
Americans. They used the power they had to influence the whites plus their people and
with time they were able to succeed and that is why most African Americans can enjoy
the rights and freedoms under the American constitution today. Civil rights movement
was successful and brought changes in the lives of many people who were oppressed
before and it was all because of such leaders who called out for equality.
Conclusion
It is true to say that up to date most African American people still have problems
related to discrimination and as they are victims of various racist acts and more is still to
be done so that the bullies and racists can understand all about the need for equality. This
will make Americans and even the world at large able to live as brothers and sisters in
one society without any form of disputes and discrimination based on color, race or
origin because we are all equal in the eyes of God as the church leaders and members
emphasized in the fight against slavery.
References
Cole, J. B., & Guy-Sheftall, B. (2009). Gender talk: The struggle for women’s equality in
African
American communities. New York: Random House Publishing Group.
Rubio, P. F. (2010). There’s always work at the post office: African American postal
workers and
the fight for jobs, justice, and equality. Chapel Hill: University of North
Carolina Press.
Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania. (1993). Beyond adversity: African
Americans’
struggle for equality in western Pennsylvania, 1750-1990. Pittsburgh, PA:
Museum
Programs Division, Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania.
Kimbrough, N. (2007). Equality or discrimination: African Americans in the U.S.
military
during the Vietnam war. Lanham, Md. [u.a.: Univ. Press of America.
Sitkoff, H. (2008). The struggle for Black equality. New York: Hill and Wang.
Kluger, R. (2004). Simple justice: The history of Brown v. Board of Education and Black
America’s struggle for equality. New York: Vintage Books.
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