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The Community College of Baltimore County
School of Business, Criminal Justice and Law
Criminalistics
CRJU 112.WD1
Module 02: Physical Evidence and the Legal System
Module Introduction
This module summarizes the key types and uses of physical evidence, how evidence is produced by different
actions or activities, and how evidence can be individualized to a particular source. Reconstruction and the legal
standards used to admit scientific and technical evidence in a court of law are also included in this module.
Learning Objectives
1. Describe how physical evidence is created during an incident at a crime scene.
2. Summarize the nature of impressions, imprints, indentation, and striations.
3. Explain how physical evidence can be used during the course of criminal investigations.
4. Summarize admissibility of evidence versus its weight in a legal context.
5. Understand the legal concept of the admissibility of scientific evidence in a court of law (Frye and Daubert
cases).
6. Define expert witness.
7. Recognize the legal requirements for entering and processing crime scenes.
Learning Activities
Complete the following assignments for Module 2:
•
•
•
Read Chapter 2 (pp. 33 – 54).
Review the Power Points for Chapter 2.
Complete the following writing assignments:
Part A.) Answer the following review questions – short answer (Page 55) (worth up to 10
points): 1, 3, 6, 9, and 10*
*Hint for answering Q. 10: Provide a brief summary explaining how the Frye and Daubert
cases set the standards for the admissibility of forensic (scientific) evidence in a court of
law. For example, what did the Court rule in the Frye case and later in the Daubert case.
Besides your text book, key word searches on the Internet will help to address this
question.
See cases:
– Frye v. United States, 1923
– Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1993
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Part B.) Answer the following fill-in-the-blank & multiple choice questions (Page 55) (worth up to
5 points): 1 through 5.
Part C.) Read the following cases and article (found under Course Content in a folder titled Course
Documents and Court Cases and answer the questions below (worth up to 15 points):
Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385 (1978)
Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499 (1978)
Additional source
Berlin, M. (2011). Crime Scene Searches and the Fourth Amendment. Investigative Services
Journal 3 (2), 4-22.
Questions:
1. What are the legal requirements pursuant to the Fourth Amendment (Bill of Rights) on CSIs
when investigating and processing crime scenes? Explain.
Hint: The articles will help to answer these questions. I am not looking for you to
discuss the specific legal requirements in arson investigation or the constitutional issues
in regard to custodial interrogation. I am looking for you to analyze what the Supreme
Court justices stated and ruled in the cases in regard to crime scene investigators entering
and processing crime scenes.
Moreover, ask yourself (after reading the two cases and the M. Berlin article), do crime
scene investigators (CSIs) have carte blanche (or not) in entering and searching crime
scenes and seizing evidence.
Another Hint: Reiterating the contents of the 4th Amendment will not answer this
question. It is not required for these questions. We already know what is in the 4th
Amendment. What you need to do is explain how the 4th Amendment applies (or does
not apply) to CSIs in entering a crime scene to seize and collect evidence.
2. Are there any exceptions to the Fourth Amendment in crime scene investigation? If so, what
are the exceptions? Explain.
Hint: As noted above, the articles will help you address this question. Keep in mind that
this question is focusing on crime scene investigation (CSIs entering a crime scene and
searching for and seizing evidence). If there are exceptions, explain how each applies.
3. If there are legal restrictions, what options are available for crime scene investigators to
legally enter and process a crime scene for evidence? Explain.
Hint: Think crime scene investigation. If you are the supervisor in charge of a serious
crime scene, you will have to decide if the area or premises to be searched and processed
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for evidence is constitutionally protected, and if so, what options do you have to conduct
your crime scene investigation.
The articles mentioned above will be the most help; however, some key word searching on the
Internet may also help.
Part D.) AFTER THE DUE DATE AND TIME HAS EXPIRED FOR THIS MODULE,
POST YOUR PART C WORK TO THE DISCUSSION BOARD (a thread will be created that
will open as soon as the due date and time expires for the above assignments). For an additional
five points, respond to at least two other students and their responses. (ONLY POST YOUR
PART C WORK TO THE DISCUSSION BOARD.) (Worth up to 10 points).
SUBMISSION INSTRUCTIONS: Save your work on your computer using a file name that
you will remember for the work associated with this module (for example, Module 2). Once you
have saved your work to your computer, click on “Assignments” (menu on the left side of the
screen), and click on the module to be submitted. REMEMBER: Submit your work for
Module 2 assignments, Parts A, B, and C in a single attachment. In posting your work to
the discussion board, post only your Part C responses.
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