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Graded Assignment
ENG402A: British and World Literature | Unit 5 | Lesson 1: Draft a Research Paper, Session 1
Name: Chris Campbell
Date: 26/08/2015
Teacher Name:
School Name:
Graded Assignment
Research Paper First Draft
Type your name, the date, your teacher’s name, and your school name at the top of this page. Type or paste your
draft into this document. Be sure that your draft is double-spaced and in 12 point, Times New Roman font. Save
the file as:
ENG402A_S1_5.1_Research Paper First Draft_FirstInitial_LastName.doc
Example: ENG402A_S1_5.1_Research Paper First Draft_M_Smith.doc
(200 points)
Type your draft here.
What could Romanticism be? Could it be same as ‘Romantic’ which when mentioned today
implies love and sentimentality? Well, a pretty intriguing relationship exists in the meaning of the two
words, but the meaning of Romanticism is much wider, covering a range of developments in art,
literature, music and philosophy. In the late 18th and 19th Centuries, there emerged a quite interesting
movement in Europe, Romanticism. This period drew the attention of Europeans due to the fact that, for
the first time in European history, literature and art, to a great extent, influenced philosophy, politics and
generally the culture of Europeans (Reiman & Powers, 1977). From the mid 17th century until the close
of the 18th century, Europe had been largely dominated by the Enlightenment ideology. The proponents
of enlightenment period maintained that logic, reason, and rationality drove the society, and did not
allow any room for anything artistic. The Romantic period came by as a reaction against the ideology of
enlightenment, putting emotion, passion, and individuality in the forefront of European political,
philosophical and social realms. To elaborate further, Romanticism was a philosophical revolt against
Rationalism, a philosophical theory that maintains that reason alone, without any need for experience,
can be relied upon to define life and the world at large.
The aims of the Romantics include the following:
1. Bringing back the need of being natural and believing in the goodness of humanity.
2. Highly prizing art, and hero-worshipping the artist as an individual creator and a genius.
3. Getting back the greatly lost nationalistic pride.
4. Beginning to exalt senses and emotions over reason and intellect.
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Graded Assignment
ENG402A: British and World Literature | Unit 5 | Lesson 1: Draft a Research Paper, Session 1
5. Prizing individual achievement quite highly, a notion that applies both to real people (writers, artists
explores, etc.) and also to fictional characters.
6. A belief among the Romantic writers that all people, regardless of wealth or social standing, should be
in a position to appreciate art and literature, and the art or literature created by artists should be
accessible to everyone.
For rationalists, what one feels about an event, idea or experience does not hold water when it comes to
defining important aspects in life. What matters is one’s reasoning and intellect concerning phenomena.
The Romantics totally disagree with this notion that they claim makes one too much mechanical,
impersonal and artificial. The values of Romanticism greatly manifested themselves in literature in
many interesting forms including in visual arts, music and in literature. Chris Baldick, one of the famous
Romantic writers puts it pretty explicit: “Rejecting the ordered rationality of the Enlightened as
mechanical, impersonal, and artificial, the Romantics turned to the emotional directness of personal
experience and to the boundlessness of individual imagination and aspiration” (222-3).This paper aims
at drawing the attention of the lovers of literature to the important era spanning the history of Europe
during which artists got a chance to express views that were taken seriously in the political,
philosophical, and social dimensions. This is a way of proving to the literature lovers that art can be
pretty influential.
The paper provides insight into the Romanticism ideology in European literature, especially in poetry. It
also delves into the extent to which European artists use the ideas of Romanticism to influence various
realms among Europeans in the late 18th and in 19th centuries.
Famous Romantic Writers
During the era, a good number of European poets make their meaningful contribution in incorporating
the Romantic ideology in their poetry. This functions to bring a new dawn in Europe, a revolution. Poets
who leave iconic legacy in form of Romantic verse include William Blake (1757-1827), William
Wordsworth (1770-1850), Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834), George Gordon, 6th Lord Byron
(1788-1824, Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), and John Keats ( 1795-1821).Engulfed by a feeling that
they are ‘the chosen few’ mandated to give guidance to Europeans through the tempestuous period of
urgent and necessary revolution, they compose poems geared towards this.
Revolution
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Graded Assignment
ENG402A: British and World Literature | Unit 5 | Lesson 1: Draft a Research Paper, Session 1
As parts of Europe experience intense violence and rebellion, the artists turn out to be supporting the
French Revolution. Their hope is that it will bring about some political change. However, they end up
greatly disappointed when their views do not yield fruits. Actually, as a young man, William
Wordsworth is drafted to the Republican course, making him disenchanted with the Revolutionaries.
Romantic poets as prophet ‘figures’
In addition to their contribution in revolution, the Romantics also term themselves ‘prophetic figures’
capable of interpreting reality. This imagination, to them, has some a healing power of some sort as it
assist people transcend their problems and circumstances. In A Defense of Poetry (1821), Shelley says
this about poets: ‘They measure the circumference and sound the depths of human nature with a
comprehensive and all-penetrating spirit…’He declares that ‘Poets are the unacknowledged legislators
of the world’. Although this might sound somehow exaggerated, it portrays the Romantics’ belief in the
power of their poetry.
The Marginalized and Oppressed
Again, they speak on behalf of the marginalized and oppressed. Wordsworth accuses earlier poets of
elitism; writing in highbrow language not relevant to the ordinary people. He also criticizes their subject
matter that he claims is not applicable to the common man. According to him, poetry should be
democratic in composition; composed in ‘the language really spoken by men’ (Preface to Lyrical
Ballads [1802]).In this preface, Wordsworth writes that he has ‘taken as much pains to avoid poetic
diction as others ordinarily take to produce it,’ striving instead to ‘bring his language as near as it is
possible to the language of men.’ By doing this, he fights for the marginalized and oppressed in the
society: the poor in the rural; the discharged soldiers; ‘fallen’ women; the insane; and children.
Preface to Lyrical Ballads
William Wordsworth (1800)
…the principal object, then, proposed in these poems was to choose incidents and situations from
common life, and to relate or describe them, throughout, as far as was possible in a selection of
language really used by men, and, at the same time, to throw over them a certain colouring of
imagination, whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual aspect; and,
further, and above all, to make these incidents and situations interesting by tracing in them, truly
though not ostentatiously, the primary laws of our nature…
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Graded Assignment
ENG402A: British and World Literature | Unit 5 | Lesson 1: Draft a Research Paper, Session 1
…with the revolutions of the seasons, with cold and heat, with loss of friends and kindred, with injuries
and resentments, gratitude and hope, with fear and sorrow…
Blake’s poetry is also characterized by strong radicalization his political views. He often tackles social
issues and gives his input on the monarchy and the church. In one of his most celebrated poems,
‘London’ he handles the plight of chimney-sweeps, soldiers and prostitutes.
London
I wander thro’ each charter’d street,…
And mark in every face I meet
Marks of weakness, marks of woe…
How the Chimney-sweepers cry…
How the youthful Harlots curse
Blasts the new-born Infants tear
And blights with plagues the Marriage hearse…
Children, Nature and the Sublime
Romantics further focus on children, nature and the sublime. The claim that for people to be able to
regenerate the world, they ought to start all over again taking everything with a childlike perspective.
This, they support by the belief that children are innocent and not corrupted by the world. Thus unlike
adults, children enjoy a precious affinity with nature. Romantic poetry highly reveres the natural world.
In ‘Frost at Midnight’ (1798) Coleridge hails nature as the ‘Great universal Teacher!’
Frost at Midnight
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
The frost performs its secret ministry,
Unhelped by any wind…
And extreme silentness.Sea, hill, and wood…
Methinks, its motion in this hush of nature
Gives it dim sympathies with me who live,
Making it a companionable form,…
But thou, my babe! Shalt wander like a breeze
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Graded Assignment
ENG402A: British and World Literature | Unit 5 | Lesson 1: Draft a Research Paper, Session 1
By lakes and sandy shores,
Bneath the crags
Of ancient mountain, and beneath the clouds…
He recalls with bitterness how unhappy he had been at Christ’s Hospital School in London, arguing that
he would wish his son, Hartley, to live a better life, enjoying his childhood and appreciating his
surroundings. For the Romantics, one’s environment should greatly inspire them and people should
venture into new territories-taking things both the literal and metaphorical ways. In their verse they
make the world come out as a place full of infinite, unlimited potential. Coleridge takes a solo walkingtour in August 1802, in the Cumbrian Mountains during which he keeps detailed notes of the amazing
landscape and draws rough sketches and maps. These are kept in Notebook No 2, one among 64
notebooks he kept till he died. Romantic poetry also addresses and upholds the concept of sublime. The
term refers to the feelings experienced when one sees awesome landscapes, or gets in extreme situations
eliciting both fear and admiration. For instance, in the poem ‘Mont Blanc’ (1816), Shelley describes
how he personally reacts to stunning, overwhelming scenery.
Female Romantic Writers
Female poets also make their contribution to the Romantic movement. However, the strategies they use
tend to be a bit subtle and less controversial compared to the male counterparts. Among them is Dorothy
Wordsworth (1771-1855) whose writing is to some extent modest. She composes her own poems,
journals and travel narratives which end up inspiring her brother, William. Generally, women are limited
in terms of the topics they write about, with majority confining their work to the domestic sphere;
nevertheless, they do make it to express their concerns. In ‘The Birth-day’, Mary Robinson (1758-1800)
highlights the big discrepancy between the living standards for the rich and the poor. Felicia Hemans
foregrounds gender issues in her ‘Indian Woman’s Death Song’.
European Romantic Novelists
Moreover, European novelists are not left out in the propelling of the Romantic ideology and criticism
of the Enlightenment perception of the world. A good example is reflected in the rise of the Gothic
novel. Ann Radcliffe (1764-1823) specializes in Romance fiction, appealing for the frustrated middleclass woman by writing about heroines who venture into awe-inspiring landscapes.
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Page 5 of 7
Graded Assignment
ENG402A: British and World Literature | Unit 5 | Lesson 1: Draft a Research Paper, Session 1
In conclusion, Romanticism provides a new way of perceiving the world, making imagination a priority
at the expense of reason. However, the Romantic writers at times experience some tension since the
writers strive to face up to the contradictions of life. For instance, Blake writes Songs of Innocence and
of Experience, Shewing the two Contrary States of the Human Soul (1794). Here, there are two different
points of view on religion depicted in ‘The Lamb’ and ‘TheTyger’. As it is implied in the vocabulary
used (The Lamb), God is the generous, loving Good Shepherd. Contrally to this, the creator portrayed in
‘The Tyger’ is a mighty blacksmith figure. The strange, scaring animal stuns the speaker to the extent of
asking, ‘Did he who made the Lamb make thee?’However, in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (17901793) Blake asserts: ‘Without contraries is no progression’ (stanza 8). All in all, the Romantics achieve
in attempting to make the world a better place by advocating for self-expression, emotional intensity,
personal freedom and social concern.
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Page 6 of 7
Graded Assignment
ENG402A: British and World Literature | Unit 5 | Lesson 1: Draft a Research Paper, Session 1
Works Cited
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Shelley’s poetry and prose: authoritative texts, criticisms, ed. By Donald H.
Reiman and Sharon B. Powers (New York;London:Norton,c. 1977), p.485.
Introduction to Romanticism.Uh.edu.Retrieved on 2012-05-17.
Wordworth, William.The Poetical Works of Wordsworth.Oxford University Press.London, 1960.
Your Score
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English | Graded Assignment | Research Paper Final Draft
Name:
Date:
Graded Assignment
Research Paper Final Draft
Type your name and the date at the top of this page. Type or paste your draft into this document. Be sure that
your draft is double-spaced and in 12 point, Times New Roman font. Save the file as:
ENG402A_S1_7.1_ResearchPaperFinalDraft_FirstInitial_LastName.docx
Example: ENG402A_S1_7.1_ResearchPaperFinalDraft_M_Smith.docx
Total score: ____ of 200 points
(Score for Question 1: ___ of 200 points)
Answer:
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