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GED 216 Sociology Unit #1/Unit #1 Essay
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. Because there is more social isolation in rural areas of the United States than in urban areas,
we would expect suicide rates to be
a. higher in urban areas.
b. higher in rural areas.
c. high in both urban and rural areas.
d. low in both urban and rural areas.
2. Sociologists use the term “social marginality” to refer to
a. people who have little understanding of sociology.
b. people who have special social skills.
c. people who are defined by others as an “outsider.”
d. people who are especially sensitive about their family background.
3. If social marginality encourages sociological thinking, we would expect people in which
category listed below to make the most use of the sociological perspective?
a. the wealthy
b. disabled persons or people who are a racial minority
c. politicians
d. the middle class
4. Following the thinking of C. Wright Mills, we would expect the sociological imagination to be
more widespread in a population
a. during times of peace and prosperity.
b. among the very rich.
c. among very religious people.
d. during times of social crisis.
5. Wright Mills claimed that the “sociological imagination” transformed
a. common sense into laws of society.
b. people into supporters of the status quo.
c. personal problems into public issues.
d. scientific research into common sense.
Unit 1 Examination
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GED 216 Sociology
6. The United States falls within which category of the world’s nations?
a. low-income nations
b. middle-income nations
c. high-income nations
d. socially marginalized nations
7. Countries in which average people’s income is typical for the world as a whole and in which
people are as likely to live in a rural area as in an urban area are categorized as
a. low-income nations.
b. middle-income nations.
c. high-income nations.
d. socially marginalized nations.
8. The nations of Western Europe, Israel, Japan, and Australia fall into which category of
countries?
a. low-income nations
b. middle-income nations
c. high-income nations
d. socially marginalized nations
9. It is difficult to establish all the cause-and-effect relationships in a social situation because
a. most patterns of behavior have a single cause.
b. most patterns of behavior are random and have no cause at all.
c. most patterns of behavior are caused by many factors.
d. sociologists are not able to reach conclusions about cause and effect.
10. The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher must
a. not personally care about the topic being studied.
b. try to adopt a stance of personal neutrality toward the outcome of the research.
c. study issues that have no value to society as a whole.
d. carry out research that will encourage desirable social change.
Unit 1 Examination
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GED 216 Sociology
11. The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be “value-free” in the conduct of their research
was
a. Karl Marx.
b. Emile Durkheim.
c. Herbert Spencer.
d. Max Weber.
12. Imagine that you are repeating research done by someone else in order to assess the accuracy.
You are doing which of the following?
a. replication
b. objectification
c. reliability
d. scientific control
13. Sociologists cannot precisely predict any person’s behavior because
a. human behavior is highly complex and has many causes.
b. the discipline of sociology is too new.
c. there are too many competing sociological approaches.
d. sociology is not scientific.
14. Positivist sociology
a. focuses on the meaning people attach to behavior.
b. seeks to bring about desirable social change.
c. favors qualitative data.
d. favors quantitative data.
15. Interpretive sociology refers to sociology that
a. focuses on action.
b. sees an objective reality “out there.”
c. focuses on the meaning people attach to their social world.
d. seeks to bring about change.
Unit 1 Examination
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GED 216 Sociology
16. Which German word meaning “understanding” was used by Max Weber to describe his
approach to sociological research?
a. Gemeinschaft
b. Gesellschaft
c. Verstehen
d. Verboten
17. Critical sociology
a. focuses on the meaning people attach to behavior.
b. seeks to bring about desirable social change.
c. endorses the principle of being value-free.
d. is based on Weber’s principle of verstehen.
18. Critical sociology can best be described as a(n) ________ approach.
a. activist
b. scientific
c. qualitative
d. value-free
19. The Sapir-Whorf thesis states that
a. language involves attaching labels to the real world.
b. people see the world through the cultural lens of their language.
c. most words have the same meaning if spoken in different languages.
d. every word exists in all known languages.
20. Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are
called
a. folkways.
b. norms.
c. mores.
d. values.
21. The dominant values of U.S. culture include
a. a deep respect for the traditions of the past.
b. a belief in equality of condition for all.
c. a belief in individuality.
d. a belief in intuition over science.
Unit 1 Examination
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GED 216 Sociology
22. According to sociologist Robin Williams Jr.j one value of U.S. culture is
a. equality of condition.
b. unequal opportunity
c. material comfort.
d. belief in tradition.
23. Key values of U.S. culture
a. always fit together easily.
b. change quickly, even from year to year.
c. are shared by absolutely everyone in a society.
d. are sometimes in conflict with one another.
24. An emerging value in our society is
a. “What was good enough for my parents is good enough for me.”
b. “The present is better than the past.”
c. “Work is important, but I want more time for leisure and personal growth.”
d. “It’s good to be free.”
25. Low-income countries have cultures that value
a. economic survival.
b. equal standing for women and men.
c. self-expression.
d. individualism.
Unit 1 Examination
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GED 216 Sociology
Writing Assignment for Unit One
• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number with your
writing assignment.
• Begin each writing assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by
the actual question itself (in bold type).
• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e., an introduction, middle
paragraphs and conclusion).
• Responses must be typed double-spaced, using a standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12
point type size.
Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to writing assignments. However,
students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit writing
assignments
that fall in the following ranges:
Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages.
Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages.
Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.
Plagiarism
All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply
cut
and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to
refer to
the course syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.
Please answer ONE of the following:
1. What did Max Weber mean by “value-free” research? Do you think researchers can be
value-free? Should they try? Explain.
2. How does ideal culture differ from real culture? Write your essay using three examples of how
ideal and real culture differ in U.S. society.
3. Describe Gerhard Lenski’s model of sociocultural evolution, summarizing several key traits of
each stage. What major technological revolutions have reshaped human societies in the past?
GED 216 Sociology Unit #2/Unit #2 Essay
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. Carol Gilligan’s work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that
a. girls begin with low self-esteem, but it gradually increases as they progress through
adolescence.
b. at all ages, girls have higher self-esteem than boys.
c. at all ages, boys have higher self-esteem than girls.
d. girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go through
adolescence.
2. George Herbert Mead considered the self to be
a. the part of an individual’s personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image.
b. the presence of culture within the individual.
c. basic drives that are self-centered.
d. present in infants at the time of their birth.
3. Mead placed the origin of the self on
a. biological drives.
b. genetics.
c. social experience.
d. the functioning of the brain.
4. According to Mead, social experience involves
a. understanding the world in terms of our senses.
b. the exchange of symbols.
c. a mix of biological instinct and learning.
d. acting but not thinking.
5. By “taking the role of the other,” Mead had in mind
a. imagining a situation in terms of past experience.
b. recognizing that people have different views of most situations.
c. imagining a situation from another person’s point of view.
d. trading self-centeredness for a focus on helping other people.
6. When Cooley used the concept of the “looking-glass self,” he claimed that
a. people are self-centered.
b. people see themselves as they think others see them.
c. people see things only from their own point of view.
d. our actions are a reflection of our values.
Unit 2 Examination
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GED 216 Sociology
7. According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on
important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as
a. role models.
b. looking-glass models.
c. significant others.
d. the generalized other.
8. In Mead’s model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self?
a. imitation, play, game, generalized other
b. imitation, generalized other, play, game
c. imitation, game, play, generalized other
d. imitation, generalized other, game, play
9. Mead used the concept “generalized other” to refer to
a. important individuals in the child’s life.
b. a person who provides complete care for a child.
c. any “significant other.”
d. widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own.
10. Mead would agree that
a. socialization ends with the development of self in childhood.
b. if you won $100 million in a lottery, your self might change.
c. people are puppets with little control over their lives.
d. human behavior reflects both nature and nurture.
11. Erik H. Erikson’s view of socialization states that
a. personality develops over the entire life course.
b. personality involves tensions between the forces of biology and forces of culture.
c. we come to see ourselves as we think others see us.
d. most of our personality development takes place in childhood.
12. Critics of Erikson’s theory of personality development point out that
a. not everyone confronts the stages in the exact order given by Erikson.
b. his theories are difficult to test scientifically.
c. a large percentage of people never reach the last stage of development.
d. his research suffers from a gender bias.
Unit 2 Examination
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GED 216 Sociology
13. Family is important to the socialization process because
a. family members are often what Mead called “generalized others.”
b. families pass along social identity to children in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion.
c. families begin the process of anticipatory socialization.
d. families set the stage for resocialization.
14. Shawna is an excellent artist, but as a mother, she feels that she cannot work and devote
enough time to her family. She is experiencing
a. role conflict.
b. role strain.
c. role ambiguity.
d. role exit.
15. Which concept refers to the tension among roles connected to a single status?
a. role conflict
b. role strain
c. role ambiguity
d. role exit
16. Which concept is involved when a surgeon chooses not to operate on her own son because the
personal involvement of motherhood could impair her professional objectivity as a physician?
a. role conflict
b. role strain
c. role ambiguity
d. role exit
17. Which concept is involved when a plant supervisor wants to be a good friend and confidant to
the workers, but must remain distant in order to rate the workers’ performances?
a. role conflict
b. role strain
c. role ambiguity
d. role exit
Unit 2 Examination
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GED 216 Sociology
18. What is the term for the process by which people disengage from important social roles?
a. role rejection
b. role reversal
c. role loss
d. role exit
19. Rebuilding relationships with people who knew you in an earlier period of life is a common
experience for those who are undergoing
a. role conflict.
b. role strain.
c. role ambiguity.
d. role exit.
20. Which concept is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as
they interact?
a. status interaction
b. social construction of reality
c. interactive reality
d. role reality
21. Flirting is a playful way of seeing if someone is interested in you without risking outright
rejection. From this point of view, flirting illustrates
a. the Thomas theorem.
b. the process of role exit.
c. the social construction of reality.
d. street smarts.
22. The Thomas theorem states that
a. a role is as a role does.
b. people rise to their level of incompetence.
c. situations defined as real are real in their consequences.
d. people know the world only through their language.
23. Garfinkel’s research, an approach called ethnomethodology, involves
a. studying the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings.
b. tracking people’s roles over the life course.
c. the study of interaction in terms of theatrical performance.
d. studying unfamiliar cultural systems.
Unit 2 Examination
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GED 216 Sociology
24. An example of a secondary group is
a. a fraternity chapter meeting on campus.
b. a Microsoft Corporation awards banquet.
c. parents meeting with their daughter and her coach.
d. girl scouts at a cookout.
25. In general, we see a(n) _______ as a means to an end; we see a(n) _____ as an end in itself.
a. expressive group; instrumental group
b. crowd; category
c. secondary group; primary group
d. primary group; secondary group
Unit 2 Examination
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GED 216 Sociology
Writing Assignment for Unit Two
• Responses must be typed double-spaced, using a standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12
point type size.
Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to writing assignments. However,
students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit writing
assignments
that fall in the following ranges:
Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages.
Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages.
Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.
Plagiarism
All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply
cut
and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to
refer to
the course syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.
Please answer ONE of the following:
• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number with your
writing assignment.
• Begin each writing assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by
the actual question itself (in bold type).
• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e., an introduction, middle
paragraphs and conclusion).
1. Summarize Freud’s theory of human personality, Piaget’s approach to human development, and
Mead’s view of the development of the self. What do all the theories have in common? What
are the main differences among them?
2. Explain the difference between an ascribed status and an achieved status. Give examples of
statuses that are mostly ascribed and those that are mostly achieved.
3. Apply the three theoretical approaches to the topic of sexuality. What are important insights
provided by the structural-functional, symbolic-interaction, and social-conflict approaches?
GED 216 Sociology Unit #3/Unit #3 Essay
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. Edwin Lemert described “primary deviance” as
a. the most serious episodes of deviance.
b. actions that parents define as deviant.
c. a passing episode of deviance that has little effect on the person’s self-concept.
d. the experience of deviance early in life.
2. His friends begin to criticize Marco as a “juice-head,” pushing him out of their social circle.
Marco begins to drink even more, becomes bitter, and joins a new group of friends who also are
heavy drinkers. According to Lemert, Marco’s situation illustrates
a. the onset of primary deviance.
b. the onset of secondary deviance.
c. the formation of a deviant subculture.
d. the onset of retreatism.
3. What concept did Erving Goffman use to refer to a powerful and negative label that greatly
changes a person’s self-concept and social identity?
a. a deviant ritual
b. a degradation ceremony
c. a secondary identity
d. stigma
4. The concept “retrospective labeling” refers to the process of
a. interpreting someone’s past consistent with present deviance.
b. defining someone as deviant for things done long before.
c. criminal adults encouraging their children to become deviant.
d. predicting someone’s future based on past deviant acts.
5. Thomas Szasz made the controversial assertion that
a. deviance is only what people label as deviant.
b. most people in the United States will become insane for some period during their lives.
c. mental illness is a myth so that “insanity” is only “differences” that bother other people.
d. our society does not do nearly enough to treat the mentally ill.
Unit 3 Examination
128
GED 216 Sociology
6. An example of the “medicalization of deviance” is
a. theft being redefined as a “compulsive stealing.”
b. drinking too much being redefined as a personal failing.
c. promiscuity being redefined as a moral failing.
d. when people steal drugs to self-medicate.
7. Whether people respond to deviance as a moral issue or a medical matter affects
a. whether a person is labeled retrospectively or projectively.
b. whether the person is subject to punishment or treatment.
c. whether the person’s deviance is labeled as primary or secondary.
d. whether or not the person gets the appropriate care.
8. Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory links deviance to
a. how labeling someone as deviant can increase the deviant behavior.
b. the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional
behavior.
c. how well a person can contain deviant impulses.
d. how others respond to the race, ethnicity, gender, and class of the individual.
9. Travis Hirschi’s control theory suggests that the category of people most likely to engage in
deviance is
a. students enrolled in college.
b. teenagers on sports teams with after-school jobs.
c. youngsters who “hang out” waiting for something to happen.
d. young people with respect for their parents.
10. According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on
a. how often the act occurs.
b. the moral foundation of the culture.
c. how harmful the act is to the public as a whole.
d. differences in power between various categories of people.
11. Alexander Liazos speaks for the social-conflict approach when he states that
a. powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant.
b. deviance has both functions and dysfunctions.
c. deviance exists only in the eye of the beholder.
d. society should ignore victimless crime.
Unit 3 Examination
129
GED 216 Sociology
12. Using a Marxist approach, Steven Spitzer claims that prime targets for deviant labeling include
a. people who try to take the property of others.
b. people who work …
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