Expert answer:Critical Reflection Paper 2-3 page paper on health
Answer & Explanation:critically
appraise the readings from Chapter 1 and 2, read
the article, 2-3-page
paper reflecting your understanding and ability to apply the readings to your
Health Care Setting. Each paper must be typewritten with 12-point font and
double-spaced with standard margins. Follow APA format when referring to the
selected articles and include a reference pagefinal_local_ms_week_1.pdfhealth_policies_chapter_1.pdfhealth_policies_chapter_2.pdf
final_local_ms_week_1.pdf
health_policies_chapter_1.pdf
health_policies_chapter_2.pdf
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Local Public Health System
Performance Assessment
Version 2.0
Model Standards
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
THE NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH PERFORMANCE STANDARDS PROGRAM
Local Public Health System Performance
Assessment – Model Standards
Version 2.0
Program Partner Organizations
American Public Health Association
www.apha.org
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials
www.astho.org
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
www.cdc.gov
National Association of County and City Health Officials
www.naccho.org
National Association of Local Boards of Health
www.nalboh.org
National Network of Public Health Institutes
www.nnphi.org
Public Health Foundation
www.phf.org
Local
Table of Contents
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….iv
Crosswalk of Model Standards …………………………………………………………………………… viii
Local Public Health System Model Standards
• Essential Service 1
Monitor Health Status to Identify Community Health Problems ………………………………. 2
• Essential Service 2
Diagnose and Investigate Health Problems and Health Hazards in the Community…….. 4
• Essential Service 3
Inform, Educate, and Empower Individuals and Communities about Health Issues ……… 6
• Essential Service 4
Mobilize Community Partnerships to Identify and Solve Health Problems …………………. 8
• Essential Service 5
Develop Policies and Plans that Support Individual and Community Health Efforts ….. 10
• Essential Service 6
Enforce Laws and Regulations that Protect Health and Ensure Safety …………………. 14
• Essential Service 7
Link People to Needed Personal Health Services and Assure the Provision of Health
Care when Otherwise Unavailable …………………………………………………………………… 16
• Essential Service 8
Assure a Competent Public and Personal Health Care Workforce…………………………. 18
• Essential Service 9
Evaluate Effectiveness, Accessibility, and Quality of Personal and Population-Based
Health Services …………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
• Essential Service 10
Research for New Insights and Innovative Solutions to Health Problems ……………….. 24
Local Public Health System Performance Standards
iii
Local
National Public Health Performance Standards Program
An Introduction to the Local Public Health System Performance Assessment
Instrument
The National Public Health Performance Standards Program (NPHPSP) assessments are
intended to help users answer questions such as “What are the activities and capacities of our
public health system?” and “How well are we providing the Essential Public Health Services in
our jurisdiction?” The dialogue that occurs in answering these questions can help to identify
strengths and weaknesses and determine opportunities for improvement.
The NPHPSP is a partnership effort to improve the practice of public health and the performance
of public health systems. The NPHPSP assessment instruments guide state and local
jurisdictions in evaluating their current performance against a set of optimal standards.
Three assessment instruments have been designed to assist state and local partners in assessing
and improving their public health systems or boards of health. These instruments are the:
•
•
•
State Public Health System Performance Assessment Instrument,
Local Public Health System Performance Assessment Instrument, and
Local Public Health Governance Performance Assessment Instrument.
The three instruments were
first released in 2002 after a
comprehensive development
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Chief of Public
and testing process. Since
Health Practice (CDC/ OCPHP)
the NPHPSP began, 21 states
• American Public Health Association (APHA)
and almost 1,000 localities
• Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO)
(over 750 local jurisdictions
• National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO)
and almost 200 boards
of health) have used the
• National Association of Local Boards of Health (NALBOH)
instruments and submitted
• National Network of Public Health Institutes (NNPHI)
data. One or more of the
• Public Health Foundation (PHF)
NPHPSP instruments have
been applied in 30 states.
In late 2005, the NPHPSP partnership initiated a collaborative effort to update the instruments,
in order to ensure the standards remain current and to seek opportunities for improving the
tools. Similar to the development process of the original instruments, the effort was guided by
three work groups of practitioners from the field. Input from field test sites as well as subject
matter experts on a variety of public health topics further informed the revisions. The “Version 2”
instrument presented in this document is the result of this initiative.
The NPHPSP is a collaborative effort of seven national
partners:
iv
Local Public Health System Performance Standards
Local
About the Performance Assessment
Instruments
Each of the three NPHPSP instruments is
based on the framework of the ten Essential
Public Health Services. The Essential Services
represent the spectrum of public health
activities that should be provided in any
jurisdiction. Therefore, the instrument itself is
divided into ten sections – one for each of the
Essential Services.
Because many entities contribute to delivering
the Essential Services, the focus of the
NPHPSP is the “public health system.” A public
health system includes all public, private, and
voluntary entities that contribute to the delivery
of the Essential Public Health Services within a
given jurisdiction.
Essential Public Health Services
1. Monitor health status to identify community
health problems.
2. Diagnose and investigate health problems
and health hazards in the community.
3. Inform, educate, and empower people
about health issues.
4. Mobilize community partnerships to identify
and solve health problems.
5. Develop policies and plans that support
individual and community health efforts.
6. Enforce laws and regulations that protect
health and ensure safety.
7. Link people to needed personal health services
and assure the provision of health care when
otherwise unavailable.
8. Assure a competent public and personal
health care workforce.
9. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility and
quality of personal and population-based health
services.
The purpose for undertaking a performance
assessment is to strengthen and improve the
10. Research for new insights and innovative
public health system. The standards were set at
solutions to health problems.
the optimal level; for this reason, participating
jurisdictions will likely see many differences
between their own performance and the “gold standard” presented in the instruments. System
partners should seek to address these weaknesses and also recognize and maintain areas in
which they are strong.
The topics addressed within each of the three instruments are complementary and mutuallysupporting, although each instrument may be used independently of the other. To view how the
instruments relate, a side-by-side comparison of the model standard titles within each instrument
follows this introduction. However, because the state public health system, local public health
systems, and boards of health play important and synergistic roles in public health within a state,
a coordinated application of all three instruments within the same timeframe is considered ideal.
Findings from a coordinated use of multiple assessments may more effectively guide statewide
efforts to improve public health practice and performance.
Local Public Health System Performance Standards
v
Local
The Local Public Health System Performance Assessment
The audience for this instrument is the local public health system. This may include organizations
and entities such as the local health department, other governmental agencies, healthcare
providers, human service organizations, schools and universities, faith institutions, youth
development organizations, economic and philanthropic organizations, environmental agencies
and many others. Any organization or entity that contributes to the health or well-being of
a community is considered part of the public health system. Ideally, a group that is broadly
representative of these public health system partners will participate in the assessment process.
By sharing their diverse perspectives, all participants will gain a better understanding of each
organization’s contributions, the interconnectedness of activities, and how the public health
system can be strengthened.
For each Essential Service in the Local Instrument, the model standards describe or correspond
to the primary activities conducted at the local level. For example, model standards in Essential
Service #3 (inform, educate, and empower the public about health issues) include Health
Education and Promotion, Health Communication, and Risk Communication. The number of
model standards vary across the Essential Services; while some Essential Services include only
two model standards, others include up to four. There are a total of 30 model standards in this
instrument.
Through the assessment process, participants from throughout the local public health system will
have an opportunity to discuss and determine how they are performing in comparison to each
of the 30 model standards. Once the assessment is completed, sites submit their data to the
NPHPSP and receive a report summarizing their results within 24 hours. All of this information
– the responses to the assessment questions, the NPHPSP report, and the comments shared
during the dialogue – can be used to develop improvement strategies for the local public health
system.
About this Document
This document includes only the standards for local public health systems. A full assessment
instrument, with questions that address the concepts in each standard, also is available. The
questions in the assessment instrument are used to determine how well a public health system is
meeting each standard.
Sites may want to consider sharing this abbreviated document rather than the full instrument
with participants. It can be used as an educational resource about key activities in public health
practice. Additionally, some sites have found that focusing discussion on the standards rather
than on the lengthier set of questions can allow for a more lively and engaged discussion around
public health activities. The facilitator and recorder can use the discussion points to identify
consensus responses for the questions under each standard.
vi
Local Public Health System Performance Standards
Local
A variety of technical assistance and training resources are available to assist jurisdictions in
undertaking the assessment and post-assessment performance improvement activities. We
encourage users to visit our website or contact the NPHPSP partners to access these resources.
National Public Health Performance Standards Program Technical Assistance and Support
For general NPHPSP support and technical assistance resources, go to www.cdc.gov/od/ocphp/nphpsp/ or contact
1-800-747-7649 or phpsp@cdc.gov.
For support with the NPHPSP Local Public Health System Assessment, users may also contact NACCHO
– www.naccho.org or 202-783-5550.
Local Public Health System Performance Standards
vii
Local
Crosswalk of Model Standards Within the Three
NPHPSP Instruments
Essential Services
viii
State Public Health System
Assessment
Local Public Health System
Assessment
Local Public Health
Governance Assessment
1.
Monitor health status to
identify community health
problems.
1.
1.1 Population-Based
1.1 Planning and
Community Health Profile
Implementation
1.2 State-Local Relationships 1.2 Current Technology
to Manage and
1.3 Performance Management
Communicate Population
and Quality Improvement
Health Data
1.4 Public Health Capacity
1.3 Maintenance of Population
and Resources
Health Registries
Oversight for Community
Health Status Monitoring
2.
Diagnose and investigate
health problems and
health hazards in the
community.
2.
2.1 Identification and
2.1 Planning and
Surveillance of Health
Implementation
Threats
2.2 State-Local Relationships
2.3 Performance Management 2.2 Investigation and
Response to Public Health
and Quality Improvement
Threats and Emergencies
2.4 Public Health Capacity
2.3 Laboratory Support for
and Resources
Investigation of Health
Threats
Oversight for Public
Health Surveillance and
Response
3.
Inform, educate, and
empower people about
health issues.
3.1 Health Education and
3.1 Planning and
Promotion
Implementation
3.2 State-Local Relationships 3.2 Health Communication
3.3 Performance Management 3.3 Risk Communication
and Quality Improvement
3.4 Public Health Capacity
and Resources
3.
Oversight of Public Health
Information, Education
and Empowerment
Activities
4.
4.1 Constituency Development 4.
4.1 Planning and
Mobilize community
4.2 Community Partnerships
partnerships to identify
Implementation
and solve health problems. 4.2 State-Local Relationships
4.3 Performance Management
and Quality Improvement
4.4 Public Health Capacity
and Resources
Oversight for Constituency
Development and
Partnership Building
5.
5.1 Governmental Presence at 5.
Develop policies and plans 5.1 Planning and
the Local Level
that support individual and
Implementation
community health efforts. 5.2 State-Local Relationships 5.2 Public Health Policy
Development
5.3 Performance Management
and Quality Improvement 5.3 Community Health
Improvement Process and
5.4 Public Health Capacity
Strategic Planning
and Resources
5.4 Plan for Public Health
Emergencies
Oversight of Public Health
Planning and Policy
Development
Local Public Health System Performance Standards
Local
Crosswalk of Model Standards Within the Three
NPHPSP Instruments
Essential Services
State Public Health System
Assessment
Local Public Health System
Assessment
Local Public Health
Governance Assessment
6.
Enforce laws and
regulations that protect
health and ensure safety.
6.1 Review and Evaluation of
6.1 Planning and
Laws, Regulations, and
Implementation
Ordinances
6.2 State-Local Relationships
6.3 Performance Management 6.2 Involvement in the
Improvement of Laws,
and Quality Improvement
Regulations, and
6.4 Public Health Capacity
Ordinances
and Resources
6.3 Enforcement of Laws,
Regulations, and
Ordinances
6.
Oversight of Enforcement
of Public Health Laws and
Regulations
7.
Link people to needed
personal health services
and assure the provision
of health care when
otherwise unavailable.
7.
7.1 Identification of Personal
7.1 Planning and
Health Service Needs of
Implementation
Populations
7.2 State-Local Relationships
7.3 Performance Management 7.2 Assuring the Linkage of
People to Personal Health
and Quality Improvement
Services
7.4 Public Health Capacity
and Resources
Oversight for Public Health
Outreach and Linkage to
Personal Health Services
8.
8.1 Workforce Assessment,
Assure a competent public 8.1 Planning and
Planning, and
health and personal health
Implementation
Development
care workforce.
8.2 State-Local Relationships
8.3 Performance Management 8.2 Public Health Workforce
Standards
and Quality Improvement
8.3 Life-Long Learning
8.4 Public Health Capacity
Through Continuing
and Resources
Education, Training, and
Mentoring
8.4 Public Health Leadership
Development
8.
Oversight of Public Health
Workforce Issues
9.
9.1 Evaluation of PopulationEvaluate the effectiveness, 9.1 Planning and
Based Health Services
Implementation
accessibility, and quality of
personal and population- 9.2 State-Local Relationships 9.2 Evaluation of Personal
Health Services
9.3 Performance Management
based health services.
and Quality Improvement 9.3 Evaluation of the Local
Public Health System
9.4 Public Health Capacity
and Resources
9.
Oversight and Evaluation
for Personal and
Population-based Health
Services
10.1 Fostering Innovation
10. Research for new insights 10.1 Planning and
10.2 Linkage with Institutions
and innovative solutions to
Implementation
of Higher Learning and/or
health problems.
10.2 State-Local Relationships
Research
10.3 Performance Management
and Quality Improvement 10.3 Capacity to Initiate or
Participate in Research
10.4 Public Health Capacity
and Resources
Local Public Health System Performance Standards
10. Oversight of Public Health
Innovation and Research
ix
Local
Local Public Health System Model Standards
Local Public Health System Performance Standards
1
Local
Essential Service #1
Monitor Health Status to Identify Community Health Problems
This service includes:
• Accurate, periodic assessment of the community’s health status, including:
–
Identification of health risks, determinants of health, and determination of health
service needs;
–
Attention to the vital statistics and health status indicators of groups that are at higher
risk than the total population; and
–
Identification ofcommunity assets that support the local public health system (LPHS) in
promoting health and improving quality of life.
•
Utilization of appropriate methods and technology, such as geographic information
systems (GIS), to interpret and communicate data to diverse audiences.
•
Collaboration among all LPHS components, including private providers and health benefit
plans, to establish and use population health registries, such as disease or immunization
registries.
LPHS Model Standard 1.1: Population-Based Community Health Profile (CHP)
The community health profile (CHP) is a common set of measures for the community to prioritize the health
issues that will be addressed through strategic planning and action, to allocate and align resources, and to
monitor population-based health status improvement over time.
The CHP includes broad-based surveillance data and measures related to health status and health risk at
individual and community levels including: demographic and socioeconomic characteristics; health resource
availability; quality of life; behavioral risk factors; environmental health indicators; social and mental health;
maternal and child health; death, illness, and injury; communicable disease; and sentinel events. The CHP
displays information about trends in health status, along with associated risk factors and health resources.
Local measures are compared with peer, state, and national benchmarks. Data and information are displayed
in multiple formats for diverse audiences, such as the media and community-based organizations. Data
included in the community health profile are accurate, reliable, and consistently interpreted according to the
science and evidence-base for public health practice.
To accomplish this, the local public health system (LPHS):
• Conducts regular community health assessments to monitor progress towards health-related objectives.
• Compiles and periodically updates a community health profile using community health assessment data.
• Promotes community-wide use of the community health profile and/or assessment data and assures that
this information can be easily accessed by the community.
2
Local Public Health System Performance Standards
Local
LPHS Model Standard 1.2: Current Technology to Manage and Communicate
Population Health Data
Population health data are presented in formats that allow for clear communication and interpretation by end
users. Such formats include graphed trend data that allow for comparisons over time by relevant variables
such as gender, race, and geographic designation.
Tools such as geographic information systems (GIS) are used to combine geography, data, and computer
mapping to suppor …
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