Expert answer:Civil Rights Movement Assignment
Answer & Explanation:1.pdf 2.pdf 3.pdf Follow these steps to complete this assignment:1. Select one of the civil rights activists’ primary sources from Takin’ It to the
Streets that we read for this week: • Anne Moody, The Jackson Sit-In• Letters From Mississippi • Sheyann Webb, Selma 2. Write one paragraph that shows how that activist’s experience fits with
Martin Luther King, Jr.’s concept of nonviolent resistance. Below are a
questions to help you focus your analysis: • Did the activist’s experience fit with the characteristics of nonviolent
resistance?• Was the activist able to meet the demands that King said nonviolent
resistance demanded? • Was there any sign that nonviolent resistance worked as King said it
would? 3. Type up your paragraph and be sure that it conforms to these rules: • It must be typed, double-spaced, with your name at the top of the page. • It must begin with a topic sentence that in one sentence answers the
question. • It must explain why you answer the question the way you do by using
specific facts from the activist’s document. • It must use the “evidence sandwich” approach (see below) to show how
the facts support the topic sentence.
• It must be written entirely in your own words. USE NO QUOTATIONS. • It must have be at least six sentences in length. • Every sentence should relate to the topic sentence. • The evidence sandwich technique works like this for each piece of
evidence you use: • It begins by identifying the source of the evidence. For Moody’s and
Webb’s documents, that requires only explaining who each of these
people was at the beginning of the paragraph. For the “Letters from
Mississippi” documents, you must explain who the writers were in
general and then be specific about which one you have taken each
piece of evidence from • It then states what the evidence is. What fact or facts are given? • It then explains why this fact or facts relate(s) to and support(s) the
topic sentence.
1.pdf
2.pdf
3.pdf
Unformatted Attachment Preview
28
“KEEP ON WALKIN’, KEEP ON TALKtN”‘: CtVtL RtcHTS TO 196b
the Democrats and the Republicans have betrayed the basic principles of the
Declaration of Independence.
We all recognize the fact that if any social, political and economic changes
are to take place in our sociery the people, the masses, must bring them about.
In the struggle we must seek more than mere civil rights; we must work for the
community of love, peace and true brotherhood. Our minds, souls, and hearts
cannot rest until freedom and justice exist for all the people.
The revolution is a serious one. Mr. Kennedy is trying to take the revolution out of the street and put it in the courts. Listen, Mr. Kennedy, listen Mr.
congressman, listen fellow citizens, the black masses are on the march for jobs
and freedom, and we must say to the politicians that there wont be a “coolingoff” period.
A11 of us must get in the revolution. Get in and stay in the streets of every
ciry every village and every hamlet of this nation, until true Freedom comes,
until the revolution is complete. In the Delta of Mississippi, in Southwest Georgia, in Alabama, Harlem, Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia and a]l over this nation-the black masses are on the march!
Wejvort stop now.All of the forces of Easdand, Barnett,’Wallace, andThurmond won’t stop this revolution.The time will come when we will not confine
our marching-tolffashingto”. W.:j@hrough
the
H.”.t:. of-Dixie. tFe *av Sn.’-r” arll We shall pr]rsu:ourorvn “scorched
eerlhkJlr+r”db
rfr[..r.t
-.–r
the South
into a thousand pieces and put them back together in the image of
democracy. We will make the action of the past few months look petty. And I
say to
you,WAKE UP AMERICA!!
LETTERS FROM MISSISSIPPI
As part of its new grass-roots approach, SNCC proposed to send workers into
Mississippi in the summer of 1964. The intention was to create an alternative to
the all-white Mississippi Democratic Party and to challenge its delegation at the
national Democratic convention that summer in Atlantic city. Trained in nonviolence in Oxford, Ohio, these volunteers-men and women, black and white,
northern and southern-traveled to Mississippi to register voters, teach illiterate
adults and children to read, and establish the Mississippi Freedom Democratic
Party. The MFDP would conform to the party’s national regulations regarding
openness to membership without racial and ethnic barriers. This would form the
basis of the challenge at the national convention. The volunteers faced constant
harassment, physical abuse, and, in the case of three, murder. These letters,
collected by Elizabeth Sutherland, represent only a handful of the many sent
back to families and friends that summer.
Reprinted by permission of McGraw-Hill, Inc. from
Copyright O 1965.
l,euers
from Mississippi by Elizabeth Sutherland.
LETTERS FROM MISSISSIPPI
DearForks,
29
W;4
oa
A great deal of tension and a great deal of camaraderie here at Oxford.
Workshops
and role-playing are constant.’We staged one situation, a screaming
rlining the sleps tolFlourthouse while a small band of registrants tried to
mob
get through.The inevitable happened-what will actually happen in Mississippi happened. Th. .h3girg–“b, (instructed to be as brutal as possible, and to
pull no punches) turned into a clawing, pounding mob, and we volunteer registrants were down in our crouched-up ball. Casualties? A couple of scratches, a
sprained ankle, and one cameraman who got swept up was a little bit shaken. It
seems like brutal play, and it is.We’ve got to be ready for anything, and we must
prepare for it ourselves. Once we get south w-re nonv:iglggt; we must get
whatever there is in our systems out noq and we must also learn to take the
worst. Some of the staffmembers walk around carrying sectiffi6ffi;ilTEistrangely terrible training in brutality may well save lives. (I must conGss, I have
not been able to take part in even the screaming of a mob scene, much less the
pr*.lirg.Wh.**. posibl..I r
.)
We have registration workshops, too. And lecturers came from all over
the country to speak to us. And we singV/hat “‘W.e Shall Overcome” is to
the national ,rorr.-.rrt, “We’ll ,r.ffi-f,ack”
is to the Mississippi workers. It is a slow song, measured out in grief and determination. The final
verse goes,
We haue
hung our head and cried,
Cried
those like Lee*
for
who died
for you and died for me,
for the cause of equality,
But we will never turn back
Until we’ue all been free
And we haue equality, and we
Died
Died
haue equality,
Love,
te
Dear Dad,
The mood up here lin Oxford, Ohio] is, of course, very strained with those
JhreeguysG-hJsappearedSunday,dead,-fr-ostlikely.Srt*d”-Gfr atedinner
ling
me about all
ih. gr.rt tilings;f,;
her hus-Mftlle-?king on. She lopksgorugr-rr.han me.’What does she
do now? Give up the movement?’What a terrible rotten life this is! I feel that
th. only -.rri.rgfuI r.up. of *J
self or
anyone I ve met to have to die. I’m so shook up that death just doesnt seem so
aw{ul anymore, though.Ilil; different from anyone else and if they’re risking
and
*
Herbert Lee, Negro voter registration worker killed in Liberry Miss., in 1961.
“KEEP ON WALKIN’, KEEP ON TALKIN'”: CIVIL RIGHTS TO 1965
their lives, then so must I. But I
achieve something so basic and si
-can’t
comprehend why
AS
Dear Folks:
Yesterday was non-violence day here. In the morning we heardJim Lawson
of Nashville, who gave us the word on non-violence as a way of life. Lawson
speaks of a moral confrontation with one’s enemies. .”t.L4gjb. other guy’s
eye- speaking to him with love, if possible, and so
brings more harm to the people who use it; economic and political forces have
no place in the Movement . . .etc.”
. . .l feel-veryslrongtv that he does NoT represent the Movemenl
Stokely C-gmichael of SNCC rebutted lumg th.-ffi66; session: |19
violence used to
. . . There comes a point when you Eet tired of beq
going back the next day for your beating for 5 days in a row.You get
. tired of being aske4 whether you are a Negro or a nigger, and ending up on the
floor of the police station screaming at the top of your lungs that yes,you are a
nigger, boss.You get tired of seeing young women smashed in the face right in
front of your eyes. Stokely d..r
No SNCC workers are
“”t “a””.r,. “i.l*e.
armed, nor are there guns in any SNCC ofiice. What he is saying is that love
and moral confront4q!4r4s have no place in front of a brute who beats you till
you cry nlgger.
ay eSLUgt and I think these are common, is that pnviotence ls ajerd.Ift,but lnggesse5l lacllc and technique.It is @l to the hu-“!{99_*”y t”E6i tfrrtF.
who hai a foot i” f,t a*.ffr.@
-3g_pers-,fi
*Filh”, I will not hit -“JJoGiman
then I;fr b. – qahrspital two
baE-ffi
*..t r i”rt.ra .f “;.
be useless to the -orr.ftil-ffiii[-iE?t .ffi
week when I can only read Gandhi’s latest book on how to win friends and injueqce people.. . .
,
(w
Canton,
DearJohn and Cleo,
il “”*1@*-
O+:-nostesses are h&ye women.And thgtear is not at
sentment of us, but that makes it none the easier for them.The other morning
+/
a local newscaster said that so149g::.q was reported to have o.fferec|some.o*9-.1r.
$400 to bomb all the houses where volunteers are stavins. I’m not convinced
that that particular story has any basis, but it touched offthe terror that must lie
latent always in our sisters’ hearts. I overheard one of them on the telephone:
“My guhls probly think I’m out of mah head;I been singjgl
knows-I just has to.”And she had been, moanirlg “Lord have musee” in
between the songs. I talked with her a little bit. She told me she knows people
song I
LETTERS FROM MISSISSIPPI
31
nd that we rrlU;1.1qakili&now so it wont go-tfgA any less painful to bear. She sleeps
at
with a hatchet under
until one night when
he used to have a gun under her
r
.
W.hen w9
up and see
.
Holly Springs
Mom
Dear
oil-
@k-!p&3fuse
white
ry-lglhe
IhgE_,.;i-Ctffi
-.
there are always childreLsutfrontJhey look
r.ar, and fear
.ra irrffr,I[IilE.!*pressions.
never quite our of my
“tA;t
a.i”.–. ,r”ri#;i;
could.The children run to their parenrs, hide behind them.we walk up.
smile.
.^,,L^—J-^–J l,-rj
uy howdy, and
hold our our hands. As we shake hands I —-+
teilTilElr'”Lr*.
their names and I say Mr.-, how do you do. It is likely the first
tgein the life of this farmer or housewife that . *i,it. man has lh-rfen ha”d,
They tell me
ygf.Tt,I.
th.LThis does not necessarily bode
@
.Many.are rhrjg.-pps, who musr turn over a third to a
half of the year’s harvesito a mar, *1. a.* no work at
all, but who owns the
land they till.They may be evicted, and have often been for
far less serious ofMrSSrypi is at least a year in debt.The t!9a1
9!ac(l”
foreclosure is a tremendous
,g15*-
burden_
.
22nd to 29th-the np4-of the ,”*rrrrr/lff
lr.ryiy
and pguEdlem.’.t At noon, about 7 or 8 women all gatherej atIG
rhe
withfriedchicken, fish, salad, gallons of Kooi]Eid:n-d apple rurnovers,
them to the me{Tve teEhers. and each other. tt is a ihing of beauto see us all work tog.th…TriE6!ffiM.dnesday was the laying
Jf th. rrrbTwo men cut the wood, f,vo or three teenage boys and girls lay the wood
and hammered it in, a few more are bringing more wood.’we are a living
lration of the “too many cooks” theory. It should be up by Saturday, or at
Tuesday.The t@
for,.the sum of one jo[ar,,’
ldeeds were draw@g
refreshments to raise monfor the center, as well as membership cards for a dollar. It will hold the
li-
d served
L
a
sna&EIifiice
space
,rd ,”…rtior, ;r.;.
About 4 mep or teenagers armed
.t
..
.
August 5
with rifles and pistols
stand
ruqd.Every
do.,
ttiGi.
by has to honk–ffirfizffiber oififres..I
Lpt to bomb or burn the center, they havent got a chance. I
live
car thar goes
lily
about
“KEEP ON WALKIN’, KEEP ON TALKIN”‘: CIVIL RIGHTS TO 1965
50 yards away so
guards and talk
I
take over coffee, cookies, cigarettes, tobacco, etc.,
to
the
with them. . . .
Greenwood,June 29
We have heard rumors twice to the effect that the three men were found
weighted down in that river. Both stories, though the ffi
in an hour oi so. How do you like that guy Ggf_bbon saying that they might be hiding in the North or maybe in Cuba for all he knew.
Tchula,July 16
Yesterday while the
Rlrr.. was being:dragged looking for the
three missing civil rights workers,
ofN
were found-one cut
in half and one without a head. Mississippi is the only state *here vou can dras
.a’i!,er anv time and find bqdies yor, *.r. not expecting.Things ,..-r–l]r.nbetter for rabbits-theret a closed season on rabbits.
On August 7, James Chaneyt funeral and memorial service took place in
Meridian.
Laurel,August
11
Dear Folks,
…The memorial service began around 7:30 with over 1,20 people filling
the small, wooden-pew lined church. David Dennis of CORE the Asristant Director tbr the Mirriisippi Su- e. PrGEEt. s-spok-rtor
ated organizations, a coalition of civil rights groups]. He talked to the Negro
people of Meridian-it was a speech to move people, to end the lethargy, to
make people stand up. It went something like this:
“I am not here to memorialize James Chaney, I am not here to pay trib,r,.-I am too sick and tired. DoYOU h.r. -., @
I have attended too many memorials, too many funerals. This has got to stop.
Mack Parker, Medgar Evers, Herbert Lee, Lewis Allen, Emmett Till, four little
girls in Birmingham,a l3-year-old boy in Birmingham, and the list goes on and
on. I have attended these funerals and memorials and I am SICK and TIRED.
But the trouble is thatYOU are NOT sick and tired and for that reasonYOu,
yesYOU, are to blame, Everyone of your damn souls. And if you are going to let
this continue r-ro* th.ffi@
pf ha-te-who pulled the trigger or brought down the club;just as much to-blapeas the sheriffIn-d-i6eE-iEfEFloligg as the governor inJackson who said that he
‘dici nor have rime’rbffiE-chwernerffi-th6,.n, ,o see him, and jusr as
c5ffiorrr.GT.EF
t
^
*gS
)9′
TESTIMONY BEFORE THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION
33
to blame as the President and 1tlgfngy Genefalin Washington who
wouldn’t provide protection.for Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner when we
told them that protection was necessary in Neshoba Counry. . . .YjL! r-elgry,
lAM.And it’s high tinT thrt yoJl_go!”-gII toq an&DL 999gg!r to gtup tp_tfit
courthouse trrto@ an’aglstefi-everry one ofyo”S.rgry.”rugh to take five
,rd t.., oth., p.opi. lrifi6.r.Then and only then can these b.otd kilfrrgr b.stopped. Remember it is your sons and your daughters who have been killed all
these years and you have done nothing about it, and if you dont do nothing
NOW baby, I say God DamnYour Souls.. .
+
much
.”
TESTIMONY BEFORE THE DEMOCRATIC
NATIONAL CONVENTION
Fannie Lou Hamer and Rita Schwerner
Despite the hardships and harassment, SNCC volunteers had registered enough
voters in 1964 to hold a state convention and select a delegation to the Democ-
–
ratic Convention in Atlantic City. Their intention was to challenge the all-white
regulars before the Credentials Committee, hoping to be seated in place of the
segregationists. Televised hearings on August 22,lhe Saturday before the convention opening, featured the compelling testimony of Fannie Lou Hamer, vice
chairman of the delegation, and Rita Schwerner, widow of slain civil rights worker Michael Schwerner. Lyndon Johnson, wishing to defuse any hostility at a convention sure to nominate him, interrupted the telecast of Hamer’s testimony
with a presidential announcement. Further, he dispatched vice presidential
hopeful Hubert Humphrey, sponsor of the 1964 Civil Rights Bill, to negotiate a
settlement. Humphrey and his aide, Walter Mondale, brokered a compromise
that would have seated two members of the MFDP as “delegates-at)arge,”
with a promise of stricter qualifications for 1968 delegations. While both Martin
Luther King, Jr., and MFDP lawyer Joseph Rauh favored the compromise, the
delegation turned it down. “We didn’t come here for no two seats, ” Hamer proclaimed. They boarded a bus and returned home to Mississippi, disillusioned
with Washington’s commitment to civil rights.
REMARKS OF MRS. FANNIE LOU HAMER
MRS. HAMER: Mr. Chairman, and the Credentials Committee, my name is
Mrs. Fannie Lou Hamer, and I live at 626 East Lafayette Street, Ruleville,
Mississippi, Sunflower Counry the home of Senator James O. Easdand, and
Senator Stennis.
@
1964,The Democratic
National Committee
I
THE JACKSON SIT-IN
are endowed
by their Creator with certain inalienable rights and that among
theseareliG,liberryandthepursuitofhappiness],@”f
Nazareth who dreamed a dream of the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood
coa gr”
“L.*
and change our world and our civilization.
*il
. go;il
U. iUG
And then we will be able to move
from the bleak and desolate midnight of man! inhumanity to man to the bright
and glittering daybreak of freedom and justice.
THE JACKSON SIT-IN
Anne Moody
four North Carolina A&T freshmen to sit in at the lunch counter of
the local Woolworth’s initiated a new phase of civil rights activity. lt also drew
black college students from throughout the South into new actions. Among them
was Arine Moody. This account of her participation in a
Mississippi, sit-in
comes from her poignant and compelling memoir, Coming
The decision of
fhad become very friendly with my social science professor,John Salter, who
lwas in charge of NAACP activities on campus.All during the year, while the
NAACP conducted a boycott of the downtown stores inJackson, I had been one
of Salterh most faithful canvassers and church speakers. During the last week of
school, he told me that sit-in demonstrations were about to start inJackson and
that he wanted me to be the spokesman for a team that would sit-in at’Woolwortht lunch counter. The tr,vo other demonstrators would be classmates of
mine, Memphis a
ena. Pearlena was a dedicated NAACP worker, but
Memphis had not been very involved in the Movement on campus. It seemed
that the organization had had a rough time finding students who were in a position to go to jail. I had nothing to lose one way or the other.Around ten o’clock
the morning of the demonstrations, NAACP hcadqp4gs alerted thq- nelvs
services.As a result,the police
licemen
d.pr.t.n.
U”f-*-
nor the newsmen knew exactly where or when the demonstrations
would start.They stationed themselves along Capitol Street and waited.
To divert attention from the sit-in at Woolworth’s, the picketing started at
lS p.””*t a good fifteen minutes before. The pickets were allowed to walk
up and down in front of the store three or four times before they were arrested.
the rear
At exactly 119., Pearlena,Memphis, rrd I
@m
entrance. We separated as soon as we stepped into the store, and made small
purchases from various counters. Pearlena had given Memphis her watch. He
Fron.Coming
oJ Age
in Missksippi by Anne Moody. Copyright @ 1968 by Anne Moody. Used by per-
mission of Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Del1 Publishing Group, Inc.
I
18
“KEEP ON WALKIN’, KEEP ON TALKIN”‘: CIVIL RIGHTS TO 1965
was to let us know when it was 11:14. At 1,1.:14 we were to join him near the
lunch counter and at exact 11:15 we were to take seats at it.
Seconds before 11:15 we were occupying three seats at the previously segregatedWoolworthk lunch counter. In the beginning the waitresses seemed to
ignore us, as if they really didn’t know what was going on. Our waitress walked
past us a couple
of times before she noticed we had started to write our own
asEITs whaf *Ewanteil. WE
orders down and rcalized we wanted service. She
@atoherfromourorderslips’Shetoldusthatwewou1dbeserved
which was for Negroes.
“‘We would like to be served here,” I said.
The waitress started to
what she had said, then stopped in the middle ofthe sentence. She tu
the lights out behind the counter, and she and
the other waitresses
ran
store,
customers.I guess th.y
would rtart imm.diiEiy after the
whites at the counter realized what was going on.There were five or six other
people at the counter.A
and walked
A girl sitting next to me finished her banana split before leaving. A mi
white
woman who had not yet been served rose from her seat and came over to us.
“I d like to stay here with you,” she said, “but my husband is waiting.”
The newsmen came iajust as she was leaving. They must have discovered
r=
what was g”i”g on shortly after some olfuhg
to leave the store.
to
One of the newsmen ran behind thE woman
identify herself. She refused to give heriZfr?, but said she was a native of Vicksburg and a former resident of California. When asked why she had said what
she had said to us, she replied,”l am in sympathv with the Negro movement.”
By this time a crowd of -cameramen and reporters had gathgred around us taking pictures and asking questions, such as Where were we fromTVEfdid we
sit-in?’W’hat organization sponsored it? Were we students? From what school?
at the back counter,
thofiIT1ffie
How were we classified?
I told them that
that we were
represented by no particular organization, and that we planned to stay there
e@”A11
we want is service,” wam
them. After they had finished probing for about twenry minutes, they were almost ready to leave.
At noon. students from a nearbv white hiEh school started oourins in ro
Woolworth’s.’W’hen they first saw us they were-s–o?iaT$[?Eed. They didn’t
know how to react.A few started to heckle and the ,.*ril.iJE;;ire interested again.Then the *r,ffiirr,i”g
ru r.irat rr,
g4L-We were called a little bit of everything. Th. r.-tt oflh. t*Sjxcept the
three we were occupying had been roped oft to priffilEE-from sitting
lt rnto a
4g1L.A couple of the boys took oG?
hangman’s noose. Several attempts were made to out it around our necks.The
crowds grew as more students and adults came in for lunch.
THE JACKSON SIT-IN
we kept our eyes straight fo.ward and did not rook at the
occasional glances to see what was going on. All of a sudden
19
crowd …
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