Answer the following 27 True/False questions in D2L: Quizze

Answer the following 27 True/False questions in D2L: Quizzes/Exams…. Answer the following 27 True/False questions in D2L: Quizzes/Exams. Each question is worth 2 points.  1. The use of conscription to fill states’ military ranks is one of the factors that contributed to the emergence of total war. 2. Mutually assured destruction (MAD) assumed that leaders with nuclear weapons were often irrational. 3. Realists think that current American hegemony is beneficial to other states and therefore has become a norm of international relations. 4. Realism argues that trying to apply morality to state actions is impractical given the absence of a higher authority governing these states. 5. Americans tend to see issues of war and peace through realist lenses. 6. There is a consensus that terrorist acts can be undertaken only by subnational groups or clandestine agents. 7. The moral notion that in war violence must be used proportionately is found in Jus in Bello, while Jus ad Bellum is concerned with the circumstances in which it is morally acceptable to enter into a war. 8. According to Record, for the insurgents, the war is “limited,” while for the external power, it is necessarily “total.” 9. Record contends that direct approach seeks to destroy the enemy’s will to fight, while the indirect approach targets the enemy’s armed forces or capacity to fight. 10. According to Arreguin-Toft, the stronger side is most likely to lose when it attacks with a direct strategy and the weak side defends using an indirect strategy. 11. Record concludes that in asymmetric conflict delay favors the weak; therefore the principal elements of irregular warfare are protraction, attrition, and camouflage. 12. Because each historical situation is unique, Herring and Desch believe the lessons of Vietnam can teach us little about Afghanistan and other foreign policy problems we are dealing with today. 13. Herring and Desch derive four lessons from Vietnam: the certitude of the new guys; the impotence of idle threats; the entanglement in an all-out limited war; and the failure to know the enemy. 14. In conclusion, Herring and Desch argue for a foreign policy of restraint based on prudence and humility. 15. According to McNamara, empathy means the ability to put ourselves inside the enemies’ skin and look at us through their eyes, just to understand the thoughts that lie behind their decisions and their actions. 16. McNamara believes that human rationality prevented nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis. 17. McNamara argues that proportionality should be a guideline in war because morality in war is related to victory. 18. According to McNamara, due to our mindset, we see what we want to believe. 19. McNamara argues that just as the United States had put themselves in the “skin of the Soviets” during the Cuban Missile Crisis, they did so with Vietnam, leading to an understanding of the Vietnamese position. 20. McNamara believes that the United States should only apply economic, political, and military power unilaterally and without the support of countries with comparable values. 21. According to McNamara, since we can’t change human nature, it is never justified to engage in evil because the end does not justify the means. 22. Fazal and Poast argue that the world has not reached the “end of history,” but that humanity has nevertheless passed the era of war due primarily to the decrease in international anarchy. 23. According to Fazal and Poast, fewer battle deaths and no more continent-spanning wars support the idea that war is decreasing, even if we look beyond battle-fatalities to the number of wounded and better sanitation.  24. Fazal and Poast conclude that World Wars I and II have skewed our perception of war and that the increase in military spending and the use of nuclear weapons for deterrence point to the possibility of conflict escalation. 25. According to Krepinevich, multipolarity, advanced weaponry, and advances in cognitive science have contributed to the strengthening of deterrence through denial and punishment. 26. Krepinevich believes that “firebreak” is disappearing due to development of low yield nuclear weapons and the willingness of Russia and China to use such weapons if they are losing a conventional war. 27. Krepinevich concludes that the linear escalation ladder metaphor best explains how Russian and Chinese strategists think about the transition from low level conventional war all the way up to a nuclear exchange. Political Science Social Science International Relations PSC 202

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