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Directions: discuss the following paragraphs with your group. Take separate notes (you will be able to use
them on the exam). These are possible mid-term exam questions in which you will be asked to write a
rhetorical analysis of Letter from Birmingham Jail.
Paragraph 5-6
“You deplore the demonstrations that are presently taking place in Birmingham. But I am sorry that your
statement did not express a similar concern for the conditions that brought the demonstrations into
being….”
In this passage, examine the use of “you” or second person, which directly speaks to the reader. Who are his
readers? How is his use of “you” a conversation both with the white power structure (Oppressors) as well as
to the oppressed people of color?
In any non-violent campaign there are four steps: […]
Notice his logic and reasoning (logos) in his explanation of the four steps. How does this process prove that
the demonstrators were not just acting out of impulse, but out of a thoughtful process? How would this
explanation more likely convince his opponents that demonstrators are reasonable people and not irrational?
Paragraph 10-11
King writes, “You may well ask, “Why direct action? Why sit-ins, marches, etc.?
Examine Kings use of “rhetorical questioning” and how he uses specific terms such as “creative tension” to
anticipate the counter-arguments that the Clergy may have had. How does his reference to Socrates establish
more logos for people who may not be religious? Notice how he is targeting all possible audiences (like
Anzaldua does) in his word-choices. Notice his use of metaphor “dark-depths of prejudice” and “majestic
heights of understanding.” How do these metaphors speak to all audiences? Why does he mention specific
leaders and respond to them the way he does?
Paragraph 12-13
“We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor…
Notice the comparisons he makes in direct response to the verbiage used against the movement such as “wait”
and the famous phrase “justice too long delayed is justice denied.” These paragraphs are rich in metaphor.
How do his anecdotes about what black children have to learn function as pathos and strengthen his
arguments? In paragraph 13, how does his response to breaking unjust laws come across as a noble act?
Paragraphs 14-18
Notice his explanation of unjust law. How does he crush the argument that they are breaking laws? How
could this same reasoning apply to current unjust laws in our society? Google “unjust laws in California”
and look for a list from the LA Times. Would you consider any of these laws unjust? Why?
Paragraphs 20-24
King begins this paragraph with, “We can never forget that everything Hitler did in Germany was ‘legal’
and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was ‘illegal….” (432). Why is the white
moderate more dangerous? Examine his reasoning throughout these paragraphs (logos). How does his
response to the White Moderate function as a strong “call of duty”?
Paragraphs 30-45
Choose 2-3 passages that provide closure and a call to action for society at large. For example…”One day, the
South will recognize its real heroes…”Paragraph 42 (439).
…
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