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COMM 100W – Writing for Influence
The Fact Paper
In this paper, you will describe a person, object, or event using only verifiable facts, making sure
to eliminate ALL words that are subjective. Subjective words are words that derive their (different)
meanings, based on the experience of the perceiver. In other words, these have different definitions
depending on each person you ask; e.g., honor, big, skinny, lots, delicious, bright, challenging, etc.,
are all subjective words. In contrast to saying, “My mother is short,” (which is subjective), you
could say, “My mother is five feet tall.” As you can imagine then, you paper will make extensive
use of citations, since you’ll need to cite every fact in your paper that is not “common knowledge.”
The objective of the paper is to convince your reader to see the person, object, or event in either a
positive or negative light while ensuring that your paper remains completely free of any
subjective language. You paper should be at least 4 – 5 buzzwords in length.
Instructions
Choose a person, object, or event that you find interesting and that you can readily research. It is
better if you choose a topic about which many people already have a strong opinion (that differs
from your own). For instance, many people like chocolate ice cream, but perhaps you hate
chocolate ice cream. If so, chocolate ice cream would make a good topic for this paper.
After you choose a topic, begin to compile facts about your topic that will help you to show your
topic in either a negative or positive light. To show chocolate ice cream in a negative light, for
instance, you might look for a medical study that links chocolate ice cream to mad cow disease, or
find evidence that an unpopular person such as Richard Nixon ate chocolate ice cream every day.
Likewise, if you find a report concluding that chocolate ice cream cures pancreatic cancer, it may be
wise to omit those findings from your paper. Either way, you want to provide only verifiable
(factual) information about chocolate ice cream. At no point should you disclose to your reader
your own opinion of chocolate ice cream, as this would constitute OPINION (subjectivity), and
NOT FACT. In other words, persuade us to dislike chocolate ice cream merely by providing
negative information about it that you have strategically organized (remember arrangement) to
maximize persuasive effect.
** Remember, in addition to the instructions stated supra, you may not include VALUE language of
any kind; e.g., language that suggests your opinion, or is defined in relative (subjective) terms.
Other requirements:
1) Your opening sentence, since it cannot be an opinion sentence, must be either: (1) A quote of
someone else’s opinion (in this case, subjective language is OK, because, since you are quoting it, it
becomes verifiable (factual); or (2) (a vivid, powerful description of the topic of your paper in
neutral objective terms (this vivid description substitutes for the OPINION sentence under the O-TR model of writing). If your topic is algae and you wish to present algae in a positive light, then you
could, for instance, write an engaging description of algae, or include a quote on algae that includes
someone’s else’s opinion. Keep in mind, though, your opening description must also be free of any
evaluative or opinionated language.
2) The introduction of your paper must include a preview of the paper. Your preview should give
your reader a sense of the main points you will cover about your topic (remember buzzwords).
COMM 100W – Writing for Influence
3) The body of your paper should deliver on the promises made in your preview, and each section
of the body should begin with a preview of that section (think major transition sentences). For
instance, if you promise in your introduction that the first section of your paper will provide
information about deaths that have occurred on rides at Disneyland, then the first section of your
paper should provide information about a number of deaths that have occurred on rides at
Disneyland. AND, the first sentence of that section should preview which deaths on which rides
will be discussed. AND, the first sentence of each paragraph should preview the specific deaths or
rides discussed in that paragraph. For instance, the first sentence of your paragraph on the
Matterhorn might read like so: No fewer than nine people have died while riding the Matterhorn.
4) Your paper should feature a conclusion that follows the 3-part conclusion format discussed in
class. Without drawing conclusions or stating your opinion, end the paper in such a way that your
reader will be persuaded to adopt your perspective on the topic. (Link to vivid description,
demonstrates connection of buzzword concepts, and relationship of topic to reader’s interest. All of
these 3 components, however, must be accomplished using nothing but FACTS alone).
Formatting requirements
Full APA requirements.
Grading
When grading your paper, I will be looking for the following:
1) All the tools graded in The Case of the Spelunkers (arrangement, Topic/Audience/Purpose
consideration;
2) The absence of evaluative words that cannot be empirically verified (Note: if there are more than
five such words in your paper, you will lose two points for each additional word);
3) Successful arrangement of your facts according to themes and strategic organization of
information for persuasive effect (think photo essay—what story is my arrangement telling);
4) Successful presentation of your topic in either a negative or positive light;
5) The use of well-researched, peer reviewed sources (no less than five) from SJSU King Library’s
Electronic Databases, that establish credibility; and
6) Adherence to the formatting guidelines detailed above, including complete and correct citations
for ALL of your facts and sources.
Running head: FACT PAPER
1
Effects of Smoking Cigarettes
First Last
FACT PAPER
2
Louis W. Sullivan, former U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services, said, “Smoking
tobacco is one of the greatest sources of preventable diseases and death in our population”
(“Tobacco,” 2003). Tobacco is a type of leaf that contains nicotine (Davidson, Willingham, &
Lerner, 2012). In the United States, and also worldwide, nicotine is considered “the most
influential dependence-producing drug” (Davidson et al., 2012). According to the United States
Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, about 42.1 million people in the United States smoke
cigarettes (“Adult,” 2014). Although most people know that human lungs are affected because of
cigarette smoking, some might not know about its effect on brains. Smoking cigarettes also
affects one’s psychological being, mostly caused by dependency of the substance, and it leads to
death.
One effect caused by smoking cigarettes can be seen on the smoker’s lungs. Smoking
cigarettes causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD (“COPD,” 2014; “Tobacco,”
2003). Emphysema and chronic bronchitis both fall under COPD (“COPD,” 2014). Emphysema
is damage to the organ’s air sacs, and chronic bronchitis is when there is too much mucus
clogging the tube, causing a lot of coughing and difficulty breathing (“COPD,” 2014). Back in
the day, females are not at risk of COPD. However, as time goes by, the number for COPD on
females is almost the same as males. (“COPD,” 2014; “Tobacco,” 2003). According to Dr. Dawn
DeMeo, “the number of women dying from COPD surpassed the number of men dying from
COPD” in 2000 (“COPD,” 2014). Most precautions for cigarette smoking addresses lungs as one
effect, however, others focuses on its effect on human brains because of nicotine’s nature.
Immediate effect of smoking can be seen on the smoker’s brain activity (Davidson et al.,
2012). Once nicotine is in the system, it releases dopamine, which is “neurotransmitter (nerve
FACT PAPER
3
1
signaling molecule) that affects mood” (Davidson et al., 2012, p. 1046). This results in changes
of behaviors, and eventually, depression (“Tobacco,” 2003). As both stimulant and depressant
(sedative), smokers sometimes experience enjoyment, but sometimes can also feel relaxed after
smoking nicotine (Davidson et al., 2012; “Tobacco,” 2003). When a person smokes tobacco, the
nicotine reaches the smoker’s brain within seconds, and because of its “positive reinforcement
effect,” the smoker wants to experience the pleasure again, leading to dependency of substance.
(“Tobacco in,” n.d; “Tobacco,” 2003).
Dependency, in medical definition, is “the body’s physical need, or addiction, to a
specific agent”2 (“Drug,” n.d.). Drugs that release dopamine, as mentioned earlier, result in one’s
“reward pathway” switch turning on (Sternberg, Willingham, & Davidson, 2012). The desire to
experience “another pleasurable sensation” after smoking nicotine leads to addiction (Davidson
et al., 2012). After a while, smokers need to increase the dose to get the same effect. However, if
the smoker stops smoking cigarette, he or she might experience withdrawal (Sternberg et al.,
2012).
Withdrawal has both “physiological and psychological factors” that makes it “very
difficult” to deal with (Davidson et al., 2012). Withdrawal side effects vary, but include tremor,
insomnia, inability to concentrate, agitation, aggression, depression, vomiting, nightmares,
sweating, cravings, decreased heart rate, and anxiety. (Davidson et al., 2012; Sternberg et al.,
1
Davidson, T., Willingham, E. J., & Lerner, B. W. (2012). Nicotine and related disorders. In K.
Key (Ed.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Health (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1043-1049). Detroit:
Gale. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX4013200322&v=2.1&u=csusj&it=r&p=GVR
L&sw=w&asid=370c8573e0a4c657d06d21c2c98537e1
Drug Dependence and Abuse: Dependence vs Addiction. (n.d.). eMedicineHealth. Retrieved
June 26, 2014, from
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/drug_dependence_and_abuse/article_em.htm
2
FACT PAPER
4
2012). Within about six months, most people who tried to stop smoking experience “relapse”, or
go back to their previous habit of smoking (Davidson et al., 2012). Prolong smoking because of
dependency of nicotine result in other consequences, including death.
Death is one of the end results caused by smoking cigarettes. According to United States
Department of Health and Human Services, 440,000 people died every year as a result of
smoking cigarettes in the United States (Alan & Alfonso, 2007). Worldwide, the mortality
number is approximately five million per year (Sternberg et al., 2012). One research found that
smoking increases the “risk of all-cause mortality”3 on stroke survivors, cancer mortality as the
biggest cause (Levine, et al., 2014).
Another phenomenon is called secondhand smoking, and it is affecting non-smokers.
Being in the same room with a smoker means the non-smoker involuntarily inhales smokes with
“higher concentrations of carbon monoxide and substances believed to be carcinogenic”
(“Tobacco,” 2003). Children whose mothers smoke generally are in higher risk of mortality
(“Tobacco,” 2003). Before an infant is turning one, secondhand smoke can kill him or her due to
breathing difficulty (“Tobacco,” 2003).
Diseases and deaths that are avoidable have to exist because of smoking4. Some of the
effects of smoking cigarettes can be seen in the smoker’s lungs and brain. Sooner or later, the
smoker will experience dependency towards nicotine, and if it continues, he or she is in higher
death risk compared to his or her non-smoking counterparts (“Nicotine,” 2004). Everyone wants
3
Levine, D. A., Walter, J. M., Karve, S. J., Skolarus, L. E., Levine, S. R., & Mulhorn, K. A.
(2014). Smoking and mortality in stroke survivors: Can we eliminate the paradox?. Journal of
Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.10.026
4
Davidson, T., Willingham, E. J., & Lerner, B. W. (2012). Nicotine and related disorders. In K.
Key (Ed.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Health (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1043-1049). Detroit:
Gale.
FACT PAPER
5
to try out new things, including smoking cigarettes. However, “preventable disease and death”
can be kept away from the society by “avoid[ing] the use of tobacco products” (Davidson et al.,
2012). If one already smokes, “psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers…provided by
specialized addiction treatment programs and clinics” will help stopping the habit (Sternberg et
al., 2012).
FACT PAPER
6
References
Peer-reviewed Sources:
Awan, S. N., & Alphonso, V. A. (2007). Effects of Smoking on Respiratory Capacity and
Control. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 21(8), 623-636. Retrieved from
http://libaccess.sjlibrary.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true
&db=eric&AN=EJ771198&site=ehost-live
COPD: Could you be at risk?. (2014). Harvard Women’s Health Watch, 21(10), 5. Retrieved
from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/ehost/detail?sid=edad358f-a8ca4a91-a666f2d382c83a9a%40sessionmgr4004&vid=5&hid=4114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl
2ZQ%3d%3d#db=awh&AN=96104180
Davidson, T., Willingham, E. J., & Lerner, B. W. (2012). Nicotine and related disorders. In K.
Key (Ed.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Health (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1043-1049).
Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX4013200322&v=2.1&u=csusj&it=r&p
=GVRL&sw=w&asid=370c8573e0a4c657d06d21c2c98537e1
Levine, D. A., Walter, J. M., Karve, S. J., Skolarus, L. E., Levine, S. R., & Mulhorn, K. A.
(2014). Smoking and mortality in stroke survivors: Can we eliminate the paradox?.
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. doi:
10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.10.026
Nicotine. (2004). In K. L. Lerner & B. W. Lerner (Eds.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (3rd
ed., Vol. 4, pp. 2767-2768). Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from
FACT PAPER
7
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3418501570&v=2.1&u=csusj&it=r&p
=GVRL&sw=w&asid=faf5c2166144a295a7628a3c2175e9c9
Sternberg, B. S., Willingham, E. J., & Davidson, T. (2012). Addiction. In K. Key (Ed.), The Gale
Encyclopedia of Mental Health (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 21-27). Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX4013200016&v=2.1&u=csusj&it=r&p
=GVRL&sw=w&asid=c17c59874b65aa605516f092cbf28e08
Tobacco in the brain. (n.d.). In The Know Zone. Retrieved June 26, 2014, from
http://www.intheknowzone.com/substance-abuse-topics/tobacco/tobacco-in-thebrain.htm
Tobacco: Medical complications. (2003). In R. Carson-DeWitt (Ed.), Drugs, Alcohol, and
Tobacco: Learning about Addictive Behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 134-141). New York:
Macmillan Reference USA. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3402100211&v=2.1&u=csusj&it=r&p
=GVRL&sw=w&asid=e0dc3094b59d0977d83e046380af8296
Other Sources:
Adult Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Current Estimates. (2014, February 14). Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved June 26, 2014, from
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/
Drug dependence and abuse: Dependence vs addiction. (n.d.). eMedicineHealth. Retrieved June
26, 2014, from
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/drug_dependence_and_abuse/article_em.htm
…
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