Expert answer:short essay question

Solved by verified expert:This short essay quiz is based on material from chapter 12.

Instructions:
You need to answer this one question in a minimum of 5 complete and grammatically correct sentences. You must write your answer in your own words and not directly use the authors’ writings from the textbook or from some other source. You have to compose in essay format (no outlining/listing).Question:What advice do you have for anyone who wishes to quit tobacco smoking? Provide four (4) methods or approaches for quitting. Remind the person of the remaining time frame of cardiovascular and cancer risk once he/she quits.
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Chapter 12 Smoking Tobacco
• Tobacco smoking prevalence
– 16.8% current, 21% former, 58% never started
• By frequency and volume
–
Current smoker: once in past 30 days
Frequent: 20 of past 30 days
Regular smoker: 1-20 cigarettes/daily
Heavy smoker: >20 cigarettes/daily
• Dependency
– 100 cigarettes; 15 daily
Biological determinants
• Respiratory system
– Coughing and mucocilliary escalator
• Genetics (interacting with social environment)
• Tobacco ingredients
– Nicotine dependence
– Tar, CO, and toxic substances
• Kinesthetic (manual needs) feedback
Psychological determinants
• Early age introduction
• Modeling adults but then reinforced by peers
• Know/believe in dangers but optimistically biased
• Weight concerns
• Operant conditioning (reinforcements)
Sociological determinants
• Gender, ethnicity, age, education, etc.
• Commercial media
• Friends and family members
• Glamour portrayal
• Image attractiveness
CDC/NCHS, Health, United States, 2015,
Data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).
Health risks
• Meets seven criteria for causation
• Relative risk (RR)
• CVD 2.0, cancer 2.0
• Lung cancer 9.0, lung cancer death 23.0
• Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
• Passive smoking
• Low RR for cancer & CVD
• High RR children’s respiratory problems
Health behavior strategies for deterring and
quitting
• Adolescent – resist psychosocial influences
– Health education: interactive, refusal skills and commitments
– Community-wide campaigns
– Salient beliefs and concerns (e.g., weight gain)
• Adults – address addictiveness (most quit on own)
–
Nicotine replacement & pharmacological agents
Behavioral modification
Social/family support and possible psychotherapy
Community-wide campaign participation
Relapse prevention – abstinence violation
Summary
• Smoking prevalence has been declining
• Biological aspects of tobacco effects in the body as well as the
kinesthetics of smoking seem to interfere with efforts to discourage
smoking
• Nicotine is a powerful psychoactive substance and along with other
tobacco properties place smokers at high risk of lung cancer
• There is some program success in preventing, discouraging and
stopping tobacco smoking
Check your health knowledge (chs 12-15)
1.
2.
People who maintain their weight within True – They live longer than those
ranges of the height-weight charts have over- or underweight.
lower death rates that people who are
heavier or thinner.
Smoking is a major cause of death in the True – It’s the leading cause of preventable
deaths in our country.
United States.
True – Plenty of studies (e.g., Alameda Co.
Study) has shown this.
3.
People who are physically active are
usually healthier than those who lead
sedentary lives.
4.
Fat around the waist is more dangerous True – Overweightness and fat distribution
to health than fat around the hips and are health risks
thighs.
Check your health knowledge (chs 12-15)
5. Alcohol is an important
contributor to both intentional
and unintentional injuries.
True – Increases risks of vehicle
crashes, assaults, homicide and
suicide.
6. “No pain, no gain” is true for
receiving health benefits from
exercise.
False – Need not be painful to provide fitness
and health benefits.
7. Eating a high-protein diet is a
healthy choice.
False – High protein tend to be high-fat diets
which might not be a wise decision.
8. Totally eliminating alcohol is a
healthy choice.
False – Light-moderate drinkers live long than
heavy drinkers or abstainers
Check your (or someone else’s) health risks:
smoking
1. I have not smoked more than 100 cigarettes in my life.
2. I have probably smoked between 100-200 cigarettes in my life, but I have
not smoked at all in more than 5 years and have no desire to do so.
3. I currently smoke more than 10 cigarettes a day.
4. I currently smoke more than two packs of cigarettes a day.
5. I am a smoker who believes that the health risks of smoking have been
exaggerated.
6. I am a smoker who believes that smoking is probably harmful, but I plan
to stop smoking before those effects can harm me.
Check your (or someone else’s) health risks
8. I smoke cigars because I believe that they carry a very low risk for any
health problems.
9. I smoke a pipe because I believe that pipe smoking is safer than
cigarettes.
10. I live with someone who smokes inside the dwelling.
11. I use smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco) on a daily basis.
Except for the first two statements, each of these items represents a health
risk from tobacco products.
How peers perceive the female adolescent smoker
A. Laurie, a 17 year-old senior in high
school:
• studies hard;
• drives a beat-up ‘75 Mustang;
• works part-time at a McDonald’s;
waitress
• drinks an occasional beer at a party;
• goes out on weekends only;
• enjoys jogging and swimming;
• dates several guys in her senior class;
• plans to go to law school;
• complains about the high prices of
clothes;
• uses no hard drugs; and
• hopes not to marry until after college.
B. Laurie, a 17 year-old senior in high
school:
• studies hard;
• drives a beat-up ‘75 Mustang;
• works part-time at a McDonald’s;
• drinks an occasional beer at a party;
• goes out on weekends only;
• enjoys jogging and swimming;
• dates several guys in her senior class;
• does smoke several cigarettes per day;
• plans to go to law school;
• complains about the high prices of
clothes;
• uses no hard drugs; and
• hopes not to marry until after college.
Rate Laurie A or B on how likely she possesses the 30 personality traits.
Extremely unlikely
1
2
3
Friendly
Polite
Immature
Understanding
Conscientious
Nervous
Reliable
Honest
Moody
Good listener
4
5
6
Successful
Flirty
Kind
Selfish
Sensitive to others
Intelligent
Conceited
Good sense of humor
Outgoing
Irresponsible
Extremely likely
7
Popular
Easy to talk to
Sophisticated
Impulsive
Neat appearance
Assertive
Arrogant
Crowd follower
Truthful
Pushy
Research results
• Subjects were over 100 high school students
• Laurie A (nonsmoker) was rated higher (more socially acceptable)
compared to Laurie B (smoker) on the 30 personality traits
• Even ‘smoking’ subjects rated Laurie A higher than B
Germer, P. & Miller, R.E. (1984). How peers perceive the
female adolescent smoker. Journal of School Health, 54, 285287.
Overcoming optimism bias
• If you ever intend to discourage someone from smoking, try posing
these questions:
• Too much risk: “So, if you know the dangers of smoking, how much
more longer are you going to smoke?”
• Cost-benefit: What’s one barrier to you quitting smoking? What’s one
reward to quitting smoking?
• Cognitive time travel: “What will your health be like at the age of 50 if
you keep smoking?”
Optimism bias, etc.
• Probability: “What are the chances of you developing cancer or
emphysema because of your smoking?
• Invite skepticism: “What’s one bad thing about your smoking?”
(What’s another bad thing?”)
• Reality testing: What could go wrong if you tried to stop smoking?
• Past lessons: “Have you ever broken a habit in the past?” How hard
was it?”
• Knowledge power: “Is there anything about smoking that you always
wanted to know?”
…
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