Expert answer:respond to peers
Solved by verified expert:Attached is the response instructions and peers posts. Let me know if you need any clarifications. I am not providing the reading material as you already have the first two chapters.
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PEER RESPONSE INSTRUCTIONS:
Please respond to two of your classmates’ posts in a minimum of 150 words. Do you agree
with the student? Why or why not? You may ask questions to extend their thinking. Utilize
the reading material (chapter reading) to support your claims.
Discussion 1 Instructions:
Using concepts from the assigned readings, define what a theory is. Describe how you can know
if a theory is valid. Offer one example of how a personal belief may differ from a theory.
Student 1:
The definition of theory is a system of ideas intended to explain something, based on general
principles independent of the thing being explained. A theory is an idea with evidence to back it
up. Scientific theories are an idea and then the person who came up with the idea does research
to back it up. You can know if a theory is valid by how much information there is to back it up.
If someone says Cheese pizza tastes better than pepperoni pizza that would be an opinion. There
is no evidence that everyone thinks cheese pizza tastes better than pepperoni pizza. That is just
one persons opinion. Just because one person likes cheese more than pepperoni doesnt mean that
others wont like pepperoni better than cheese. However, If someone was to say that cheese pizza
has less calories than pepperoni pizza that would be a theory. Pepperonis have calories, so
adding those to the pizza would then add calories to the pizza. Proving this statement to be true.
Student 2:
From my understanding a theory regarding ethics, is ideas summed up to make sense and explain
or clarify certain questions based on thoughts and beliefs to make a moral decision. A person
may choose a theory based on personal beliefs and/or facts.
For a theory to be valid its premises must be valid proving that that the conclusion is also valid
using logic and scientific proof. From all aspects the premises and conclusion must be all around
true for the theory to be valid. It must be proven with evidence that from all aspects the
conclusion is true.
An example of a theory could be that there have been incidents of pit bulls attacking people, I
own a Pitbull, therefore my Pitbull will attack people. It is very true that there are stories of pit
bulls attacking people, but my personal belief is that it all depends on how any dog is brought up
and the background of the dog. I know of multiple pit bulls including my own that are raised to
be loving animals that don’t have an aggressive bone in their body but due to the back ground of
and perception on pit bulls they are put in the category of dangerous. Yes, they are intimidating
dogs that I even would be timid around an unknown one, but mine and I’m sure other (welltrained and brought up pit bull) owners could agree that they are very kind and loving dogs who
also have the reputation of a nanny dog. He has been around multiple people, dogs, and even my
daughter her whole life and there is not a doubt in my mind I can trust him around her or anyone.
Discussion 2 Instructions:
Identify and define each of the three dominant ethical theories in Western philosophy. Describe a
situation that you have faced recently that presented an ethical dilemma. How would you
evaluate your actions in this situation to determine whether or not they were good or virtuous?
Student 1:
Utilitarianism: This principle is based on making a decision that will have the greatest impact
on the largest number of people involved (Mosser, 2013). To practice this principle, you would
look at the bigger picture and base your decision on the outcome that will benefit the most
people. What is the fairest to all involved?
Deontology: This principle is based on the act itself without taking consequences into account
while making the decision (Mosser, 2013). That your decision shouldn’t be made based on the
outcome, but that the act itself is what is important. However, those who practice this principle
have some guidelines, such as treat people with respect; therefore your act should not cross the
line of disrespecting another. Does this act violate another person’s needs or wants?
Virtue: This principle focuses on the individual themselves and determines what is considered
good behavior versus the act itself (Mosser, 2013). It looks at an individual’s characteristics,
such as courage, integrity, service and how well that individual balances these characteristics
out.
I am a supervisor of approximately 25 people. Each year when people’s assignments start back
up in our training department, we provide them with a pay increase. This increase is based on a
performance rating and a scale provided to us by our HR department. We have always given
people some sort of increase regardless of where they fall on the pay scale because it has been
that way since I came on over 12 years ago. This year, a decision was made not to give an
increase for people who have a solid-performer rating but fall within the top-performer portion of
the pay scale. While I understand the reasoning behind this, I find the decision to be
demoralizing to those who work hard and have come to expect an increase each year. I have
some trainers who have done this job for over 20 years and just by longevity are at the top of
their pay scale. I feel their number of years should account for something, not just their
rating. Needless to say, I fought this with my leader, providing data that shows not giving an
increase can have a detrimental impact on morale, etc. I even went as far as to figure out how
much it would cost us to provide an increase, in some instances we were talking $.10 an hour
which works out to $4 extra week. It is hardly going to break the bank! I lost. I had to tell
certain employees that they would not get an increase this year. I felt it was wrong, but couldn’t
tell them that. I had to back up the department’s decision, and it felt awful. Essentially I had to
lie about backing the decision up even though it went against everything I believed in.
I don’t know if this makes me a virtuous person or not. I fought for what I believed my
employees deserved and still lost. I didn’t agree with the decision but had to pretend (lie) that I
did. I don’t feel that makes me virtuous because it goes against what I believe to be
right. Though this didn’t impact all my employees, just a handful, it still feels bad to provide an
increase to some and not others, just because they have been doing it longer than their peers, but
haven’t reached a top-performer rating yet. I still struggle with this today. It just feels wrong.
Student 2:
Utilitarianism suggests that one should choose to do what produces a better outcome for the
largest number of people. The goal is to keep as many people happy as possible with whatever
outcome we should reach.
Deontology coming from the Geek word deon,which means “duty” (Mosser, 2013).
Deonthotlogy commonly looks for the reason of which act was done. Deontology uses rules to
understand right and wrong.
Virtue Ethics focuses on the character of the performing that act. “Rather than focusing on the
consequences of the act we wish to evaluate, or the reason or rule that guides the action, we look
at the character of the person performing the act.” (Mosser, 2013)
My dilemmas are tested when I have to be honest on time cards, missed time for my students,
missed assignments and also small things like breaks and lunch. There was a learner that had to
leave just for less than a half hour to pick up an ill child. She has already missed a lot of class
and could not miss class again or should would be faced with losing her new position. The
student talked to me in private about her situation and asked for a pass (for me not to report her
missing time). I was faced with helping someone keep their job or keep allowing her to dismiss
her obligations to the job. I discussed the possibilities with the student and even offered to allow
her to take an earlier lunch but she refused At this point I was forced to report the missed time
and terminate her position with the project. I believe my actions were virtuous.
…
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