Expert answer:Research some of the best ways to prevent and trea

Solved by verified expert:Chapter 7 questionOne of the goals in this chapter is to be able to define terms found in medical records. Find an example of a medical record IMAGE online similar to those seen in your book and define at least two of the terms you recognize. Respond to a fellow student defining two more terms. Chapter 8 questionHeart disease is a leading cause of death in the United States. Research some of the best ways to prevent and treat heart disease.
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Chapter 8
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Copyright © 2009, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Lesson 8.1
1. State the function of the cardiovascular system, and analyze associated
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
terminology.
Write the meanings of the word parts associated with the
cardiovascular system, and use them to build and analyze terms.
Write the names of the structures of the cardiovascular system, and use
them to build and analyze terms.
Sequence the flow of blood from when it enters the heart until it returns
to the heart.
Write the names of the diagnostic tests and procedures for assessment
of the cardiovascular system when given their descriptions, or match
procedures with their descriptions.
Write the names of cardiovascular pathologies when given their
descriptions or match pathologies with their meanings.
Match surgical and therapeutic interventions with their descriptions, or
write the names of the interventions when given their descriptions.
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2
Functions of the Cardiovascular
System:


It circulates blood throughout the body,
delivering nutrients and other essential
materials to the fluids surrounding the cells.
It removes waste products and conveys the
wastes to organs where they can be
excreted.
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3
Combining Forms: Structures
cardi(o)
angi(o), vas(o), vascul(o)
aort(o)
arter(o), arteri(o)
arteriol(o)
-ole
heart
vessel
aorta
artery
arteriole
small
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4
Combining Forms: Structures, (cont.)
phleb(o), ven(i), ven(o) vein
venul(o)
venule
pulmon(o)
lungs
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5
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6
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7
Anatomic Terminology




arterial, venous, arteriovenous
arteriolar, venular
venipuncture, phlebotomy
pulmonary, cardiopulmonary
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8
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9
Anatomic Word Parts





mediastin(o)
coron(o)
endocardi(o)
myocardi(o)
pericardi(o)
mediastinum
crown
endocardium
myocardium
pericardium
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10
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11
Quick Quiz!
Based on the model that myocardial is the
adjective form for myocardium, and pericardial
is the adjective form of pericardium, what is the
adjective form for endocardium?
endocardia
B. endocardiac
C. endocardial
D. endogenous
A.
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12
Anatomic Word Parts




sept(o)
atri(o)
ventricul(o)
valv(o), valvul(o)
wall
atrium
ventricle
valve
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13
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14

Valve terminology
➢
➢
➢
valval, valvar
valvate, valvular
valvula
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15
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16
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17
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18
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19

Heart Rate: number of beats per minute
➢
➢


Pulse: rhythmic expansion of an artery lying near
the skin surface that can be felt with the finger
Normal resting pulse 60-100 beats/minute
bradycardia = less than 60 beats/minute
tachycardia = more than 100 bpm
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20

Blood pressure: systolic/diastolic
➢
➢

systolic pressure = pressure when the ventricles
contract
diastolic pressure = pressure when the ventricles
relax
Sphygmomanometer measures the pressure
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21
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22
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23
Laboratory Tests



lipids: cholesterol and triglycerides
lipoproteins: low-density (LDL), high-density
(HDL)
enzymes: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test,
creatine kinase (CK) test, creatine
phosphokinase (CPK)
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24
Diagnostic Test Terms




electrocardiography, electrocardiograph,
electrocardiogram
Holter monitor
chest X-ray
treadmill exercise test, thallium stress test
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25
Figure 8-12 From Snopek AM: Fundamentals of Special Radiographic Procedures, 5e,
St. Louis, 2006, Saunders.
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26
Diagnostic Test Terms, (cont.)





Doppler echocardiography, Doppler scanning
cardiac MRI
computed tomography
positron emission tomography
echocardiography, echocardiogram
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27
Figure 8-13 From Frank ED, Long BW, Smith BJ: Merrill’s atlas of radiographic positioning
and radiologic procedures, vol 3, ed 11, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.
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28
Diagnostic Test Terms, (cont.)






arteriography, arteriograph, arteriogram
coronary arteriography, aortography,
aortogram
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
electrophysiologic studies
cardiac catheterization
angiogram, angiography, angiocardiography
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29
Figure 8-14 From Braunwald: Heart Disease: A textbook of cardiovascular medicine, ed 6,
Philadelphia, 2001, Saunders.
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30
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31
Word Parts: Heart Pathologies




rhythm(o), rrhythm(o)
de-
scler(o), -sclerosis
-stenosis
rhythm
down, from, or
reversing
hard, hardening
narrowing; stricture
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32
Heart Pathologies


The leading cause of death in the United
States is cardiovascular disease.
Cardiovascular disease is any abnormal
condition characterized by dysfunction of the
heart and blood vessels.
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33
Heart Pathologies





primary cardiac diseases are those that
originate in the heart: structural defects,
inflammation and infection of the heart
atriomegaly, cardiomegaly, microcardia
congenital heart disease; congenital heart
defects
heart murmurs
cyanosis
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34
Congenital heart defects





ventricular septal defect
atrial septal defect
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
coarctation of the aorta
tetralogy of Fallot
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35
Arrhythmias




dysrhythmia
heart flutters, heart palpitations
ventricular fibrillation, atrial fibrillation
bradycardia, tachycardia
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36
Arrhythmias, (cont.)




premature ventricular contractions (PVC)
paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT)
atrioventricular block (AVB), heart block
asystole
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37
Heart Pathologies, (cont.)




myocardial infarction (MI), anoxia, infarct
congestive heart failure (CHF)
ischemia, angina pectoris
cardiac insufficiency
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38
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39
Heart Pathologies, (cont.)



hemopericardium, effusion
cardiac tamponade
shock, hypovolemia
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40
Quick Quiz!
Which term means any disease of cardiac
muscle?
A. myocarditis
B. endocardiopathy
C. cardiomyopathy
D. pericarditis
Copyright © 2009, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
41
Heart Pathologies, (cont.)




cardiomyopathy
myocarditis
endocarditis
pericarditis
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42
Valvular Pathologies




valvular stenosis
valvulitis, cardiovalvulitis
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
rheumatic heart disease
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43
Blood Vessel Terminology


vasomotor center
vasodilation, vasoconstriction
Word Parts
 aneurysm(o) aneurysm
 ather(o)
yellowish, fatty plaque
 embol(o)
embolus
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44
Blood Vessel Pathologies




coronary artery disease (CAD)
arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)
atherosclerosis, lumen, occlusion
sclerosis, aortosclerosis
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45
Figure 8-18 From Thibodeau GA and Patton KT: Anatomy & Physiology, ed 6, St. Louis, 2007, Mosby.
Copyright © 2009, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
46
Blood Vessel Pathologies, (cont.)



coronary thrombosis
coronary occlusion
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
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47
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48
Blood Vessel Pathologies, (cont.)





stenosis, stricture, aortic stenosis
aortic insufficiency (AI), aortic regurgitation
aortitis, angiocarditis, arteritis
angiostenosis, arteriopathy
peripheral vascular disease
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49
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50
Blood Vessel Pathologies, (cont.)



embolus, embolism
angioma, hemangioma, lymphangioma
varicose veins, hemorrhoids
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51
Figure 8-21A From Lewis SM, Heitkemper MM, Dirksen SR, O’Brien PG, Bucher L: Medical-surgical
nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems, ed 7, St. Louis, 2007, Mosby.
Copyright © 2009, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
52
Blood Vessel Pathologies, (cont.)



phlebitis, thrombophlebitis
venous thrombosis
phlebostasis
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53
Surgical and Therapeutic
Interventions




cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR):
external cardiac massage and respiration
cardiac pacemaker
cardioversion, cardioverter
defibrillator, defibrillation
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54
Figure 8-22A Courtesy Medtronic Physio-Control, Redmond, Wash.
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55
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56
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57
Quick Quiz!
What term means surgical puncture of the
pericardium?
A. pericardiostenosis
B. thoracentesis
C. pericarditis
D. pericardiocentesis
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58
Surgical and Therapeutic
Interventions, (cont.)




cardioplegia, cardioplegic solutions
cardiopulmonary bypass, extracorporeal
coronary artery bypass, shunt
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
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59
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60
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61
Surgical and Therapeutic
Interventions, (cont.)



minimally invasive direct coronary artery
bypass (MIDCAB)
off-pump coronary artery bypass (OP-CAB)
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
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62
Surgical and Therapeutic
Interventions, (cont.)





What is the name of surgical repair of the
septum between the atria?
endarterectomy, atherectomy
laser-assisted angioplasty, excimer laser
coronary angioplasty
percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty (PTCA)
intracoronary stent, stents
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63
Figure 8-27A From Topol E: Textbook of interventional cardiology, 1990, Saunders.
Figure 8-27B and C Courtesy Interventional Technologies, Inc., San Diego, Calif.
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64
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65
Surgical and Therapeutic
Interventions, (cont.)




intravascular thrombolysis
sclerotherapy
angiostomy, angiotomy
phlebectomy, phleboplasty
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66
Surgical and Therapeutic
Interventions, (cont.)




heparin
embolectomy
vasodilators , nitroglycerin
antiarrhythmic drugs
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67
Surgical and Therapeutic
Interventions, (cont.)





calcium channel blockers
beta blockers
digoxin
antihypertensives, diuretics
antilipidemics
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68
Lesson 8.2
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
State the function of the lymphatic system and analyze
associated terminology.
Write the meaning of word parts associated with the lymphatic
system, and use them to build and analyze terms.
Write the names of the structures of the lymphatic system, and
use them to build and analyze terms.
Write the names of the diagnostic tests and procedures for
assessment of the lymphatic system when given their
descriptions, or match procedures with their descriptions.
Write the names of lymphatic system pathologies when given
their descriptions or match pathologies with their meanings.
Match surgical and therapeutic interventions for lymphatic
system pathologies with their descriptions, or write the names
of the interventions when given their descriptions.
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69
Functions of the Lymphatic System



Helps protect and maintain the internal fluid
environment by producing, filtering and
conveying lymph
Absorbs and transports fats to the blood
system
Serves as an important part of the immune
system
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70
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71
Word Parts: Lymphatic System
aden(o)
lymph(o)
lymphaden(o)
lymphangi(o)
lymphat(o)
gland
lymph, lymphatics
lymph node
lymph vessel
lymphatics
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72
Word Parts: Lymphatic System
adenoid(o)
splen(o)
thym(o)
tonsill(o)
adenoids
spleen
thymus
tonsils
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73
Figure 8-29 From Drake R, Vogl W, Mitchell A: Gray’s Anatomy for Students, 2005, Churchill-Livingstone.
Copyright © 2009, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
74
Lymphatic System Terminology



lymphogenous
thoracic duct, cisterna chyli
lymph nodes: cervical, axillary, inguinal
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75
Diagnostic Tests & Procedures




lymphography, lymphogram
lymphangiography, lymphadenography
lymph node biopsy
blood tests of B and T lymphocytes
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76
Pathologies



lymphedema
lymphostasis
lymphadenitis, lymphadenopathy
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77
Figure 8-30 From Seidel HM, Ball JW, Dains JE, Benedict GW: Mosby’s
Guide To Physical Examination, ed 6, St. Louis, 2006, Mosby.
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78
Figure 8-31 From Behrman R, Kliegman R, Jenson HB: Nelson’s textbook of pediatrics, ed 17,
Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders.
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79
Pathologies, (cont.)






lymphoma: Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s
lymphoma
lymphatic carcinoma (metastasis)
thymoma, thymopathy
lymphangitis, thrombolymphangitis
splenopathy, splenomegaly, splenorrhagia,
splenoptosis
inflammation of the tonsils? of the adenoids?
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80
Figure 8-32 From Stone DR, Gorbach SL: Atlas of infectious diseases, Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders.
Copyright © 2009, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
81
Surgical Interventions





lymphadenectomy
splenectomy, splenopexy, splenorrhaphy
thymectomy
adenoidectomy
tonsillectomy, tonsilloadenectomy
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82
Therapeutic Interventions


antibiotic therapy (including penicillin), hot
soaks
chemotherapy, radiotherapy, biological
therapies
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83
Lesson 8.3
14. Use word parts from this chapter to
determine the meaning of terms in a health
care report.
15. Spell the terms accurately.
16. Pronounce the terms correctly.
17. Write the meaning of the abbreviations.
18. Categorize terms as anatomy, diagnostic
test or procedure, pathology, surgery, or
therapy.
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84
Abbreviations: Anatomy
RA
RV
LA
LV
SA
AV, A-V
BP
right atrium; rheumatoid arthritis
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle
sinoatrial
atrioventricular
blood pressure
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85
Abbreviations: Diagnostics
mm Hg
CK (CPK)
DSA
LDL
HDL
LDH
millimeters of mercury
creatine kinase (formerly
called creatine
phosphokinase)
digital subtraction angiography
low-density lipoprotein
high-density lipoprotein
lactate dehydrogenase
(enzyme elevated after MI)
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