Expert answer:Reflection Paper

Solved by verified expert:You will write two pages (not including your title page) expressing your current worldview in regard to the subject of Administration of Justice Organizations. This paper’s content will include how the presentation in the Module/Week 1 Reading & Study folder influences your worldview.
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Stojkovic/Kalinich/Klofas
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Administration and Management
Chapter One
BASIC CONCEPTS FOR UNDERSTANDING
CRIMINAL JUSTICE ORGANIZATIONS
What is an Organization?
● Weber was the first to distinguish the corporate
group from other forms of social organization.
● He also provided a bureaucratic model of
organizations:
○ a rigid hierarchy of offices
○ a clear division of labor
○ formal rules that govern action
D
E
F
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N
I
T
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S
Barnard: An organization is a
system of consciously coordinated
activities or forces of two or more
persons.
Etzioni: Organizations are “social
units deliberately constructed and
reconstructed to seek specific goals.”
Organizational Activities
●
●
●
●
Organizations do act.
Socialization of employees affects
activities.
Activities are managed by decisionmaking.
Organizational cultures guide behaviors
of members and the organization itself.
D
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F
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N
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Carlisle: Management is “[t]he
process by which the elements of a
group are integrated, coordinated and
utilized to effectively and efficiently
achieve the organization’s objectives.”
What is Management?
● Management:
○ May be associated with a particular office
○ Consists of top and mid-level managers and
first-line supervisors
● Lipsky on management: Front-line staff in
street-level bureaucracies, which include most
of those working in criminal justice, determine
organizational policy.
D
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Kotter: “Leadership refers to a process
that helps direct and mobilize people
and their ideas.”
I
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Leadership is tribal in nature
What is Leadership?
● Managers focus on planning, budgeting, setting
short-term goals, and developing procedures to
meet those goals.
● Leaders:
○ establish a shared vision, then motivate
and inspire group movement toward that vision;
○ challenge existing processes and systems;
○ create change; and
○ practice the art of statesmanship.
Stojkovic and Farkas view correctional
leadership as being linked to the
values and culture of the organization.
Schein and others say understanding
organizational leadership requires
reference to the manipulation,
management, and even the destruction
of organizational culture.
Criminal justice managers have
assumed they work in a closed system.
In closed systems:
• the environment is controlled;
• communication follows lines of
authority;
• power and authority are a function of
the office;
• change is slow and directed by
management.
Criminal justice leaders must recognize
that the system in which they operate is
extraordinarily complex. . .
and that their effective leadership is
inextricably connected to the external
environment.
Open-System Theory
• Taylor focused on increasing efficiency
through job design, but ignored outside
variables that influenced efficiency.
• This reflects a closed-system view (i.e.,
organizations are self-contained and
unresponsive to their environments.
Open-System Theory
Katz and Kahn saw organizations as open
systems characterized by:
• inputs from the environment,
• throughput (the process of changing those
inputs), and
• outputs (the product or service of an
organization).
Organizations select how they will deal with
the environment.
Complex Goals
Simon:
●
Organizations must work to meet all goals
●
Several goals may have to be met
simultaneously
Wilson: Goals provide direction and serve
as limits and constraints.
Wright: Goal conflict is desirable, and may
promote efficiency.
Complex Environment
Lipsky: Conflicting goals of human service
organizations are the result of unresolved
disagreements in society at large.
Walmsley and Zald: Public organizations
absorb conflict from their environment.
Criminal justice organizations are still
designed along paramilitary lines, which
indicates their focus as closed systems.
Complex Internal Constituencies
Hall and Tolbert: There is an internal
struggle for power in organizations.
The work force is the major internal
constituency.
…
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