Expert answer:Public Policy
Solved by verified expert:Week 3 Assignment 1 SubmissionClick the link above to submit your assignment.Students, please view the “Submit a Clickable Rubric Assignment” in the Student Center. Instructors, training on how to grade is within the Instructor Center. Assignment 1: Argument Mapping Due Week 3 and worth 150 pointsWrite a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:(Note: Refer to Demonstration Exercise 3 located at the end of Chapter 1 for criteria 1-3.)Create an argument map based on the influence diagram presented in Case 1.3 and complete all the criteria provided in the exercise, beginning with this claim: “The U.S. should return to the 55- mph speed limit in order to conserve fuel and save lives.” Include in the map as many warrants, backings, objections, and rebuttals as possible.Assume that the original qualifier was certainly; indicate whether the qualifier changes as we move from a simple, static, uncontested argument to a complex, dynamic and contested argument.(Note: Refer to Demonstration Exercise 3 located at the end of Chapter 8 for criterion 4.)Apply the argument mapping procedures presented in Chapter 8 to analyze the pros and cons (or strengths and weaknesses) of the recommendations that the United States should not intervene in the Balkans.(Note: Refer to Demonstration Exercise 4 located at the end of Chapter 8 for criteria 5-7.)Write a one (1) page analysis that uses critical thinking to assess the overall plausibility of the claim: “The conflict in Bosnia is somebody else’s trouble. The U.S. should not intervene militarily.”Complete an argument map to illustrate your analysis.Include at least two (2) peer-reviewed references (no more than five [5] years old) from material outside the textbook to support your views. Note: Appropriate peer-reviewed references include scholarly articles and governmental Websites. Do not use open source Websites such as Wikipedia, Sparknotes.com, Ask.com, and similar Websites are not acceptable resources.Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.Use Microsoft Word, Microsoft Draw, PowerPoint, or other graphics program to create the arguments maps for the assignment. Whichever program you use, the graphical maps must be integrated into the Word Document and labeled as a Figure with a number and title. The argument maps are part of the page length.
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Running Head: PUBLIC POLICY
1
Argument Mapping
Rodriko Sankey
Dr. Jacqueline Thomas
Public Policy Analysis & Planning
October 22, 2017
PUBLIC POLICY
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According to Friedman & Hedeker (2009), the law was an answer to the 1973 oil
embargo as well it aimed to lower fuel consumption, and this was effective when there was a
dramatic reduction of the road fatalities, and this was major because of the enactment of the
National Maximum Speed Law. Primarily, in 1974, the U.S federal government passed the
National Maximum Speed Law which offered restriction of vehicles to have a speed limit of 55
miles per hour on every interstate road in the country. The law was also meant to curb the
aggressive driving including the over speeding, rapid acceleration as well as braking wastes gas
in the country. On the other hand, it was meant to enhance sensible driving which can reduce the
gas mileage, and it is also safer for both the driver and the other passengers, and this will save
more than the gas money.
The United States demand for gasoline products has been reasonably low at
approximately 8.3 million barrels daily currently, and this can be compared with the more 9
million barrels every day. Another recognized expert also asserts that the reduction of the
highway speeds to 60 mph would lower the gasoline consumption rate to between 2% and 3%.
This, therefore, could translate to a reduced price of as much as 10%. However, James Baxter,
who is the current president of the National Motorists Association which is responsible for
lobbying and preserving the driver’s rights, strongly oppose this argument. According to Baxter,
vehicles which are going 55 mph usually get obviously better mileage than those that go as fast
as 75 mph. Therefore, with the existence of the arbitrary, low, speed limits, the benefit is lowered
by the government’s interrupted traffic flows, darting, weaving, braking as well as acceleration
as quickly as traffic beats its path through the slower traffic scattered all through the highway
lanes. Contrast this with a highway with a more reasonable together with the accommodating
speed limit where the traffic is moving more in a sync, and there is less driver braking along with
PUBLIC POLICY
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acceleration; the slower traffic will stay out of the left-most passing lane. His main argument was
that the lower speed is not able to have any significant influence on the consumption of fuels,
other than being ignored by the many motorists. He also continued to argue that only 20-25
percent of all traffic volume is on the highways having speed limits above 55mph and this
prevailing traffic is already realizing a significant fuel economy to that of traffic plodding along
in the urban as well as suburban areas. He further highlighted that in such situations or
conditions like congestion as well as bad weather where the speed limits usually become even
more unnecessary. It should be apparent that the change of the speed limits number on roads
where probably 15% of the total fuel consumed will probably not give way to the nirvana of the
dependence of energy. He also alluded that any person who would propose an improvement in
the speed limit to save time as well as being on time has significantly ignored the evident cost
slowing down the whole nation (Baxter, 1999).
Sen. John Warner, on his rebuttals, he cited research by the Congressional Research
Service which indicated that the 1974 law which established a national speed limit of 55 mph
actually saved more than 167,000 barrels of oil daily, 2 percent of America highway fuel
consumption. “Given the significant increase in the number of vehicles on America’s highway
system from 1974 to 2008, one could assume that the amount of fuel that could be conserved
today is far greater,” (Coile, 2008). It was evident that several states strongly objected the 1974
law while some of the states including the Montana and Kansas barely allowed the national
speed law in the 1970s. This was mainly because the bill significantly threatened to hold back
the feral highway resources and even risked having their highway project funds shifted to the
transportation safety and education projects if at all they declined to comply with the new bill.
PUBLIC POLICY
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Assume that the first qualifier was certainly; show whether the qualifier changes as we
shift from a simple, static, uncontested thought to a complex, dynamic and contested
argument.
Several Consumer Reports examined the impact of the higher speeds on the gas mileage.
David Champion, who is also the director of auto testing, realized the enhancing the highway
speed of company’s 2006 Toyota Camry model dramatically reduced the gasoline mileage.
Notably, every individual could lower their driving by merely 10%, and the savings would be
approximately being 1 million barrels of gasoline daily. If at all the federal government was
serious concerning their efforts to critically lower the motor fuel consumptions, it would be
necessary to begin by redirecting the resource which is being wasted on the multiple tickets as
well as related wages and salaries where there is always occurrence of the fuel consumption.
According to Baxter (2009), “there are huge savings to be realized by simply synchronizing and
coordinating traffic signal systems.” Cities and towns which have begun the process are not only
reaping from some of the advantages like the reduction of the use of fuels but also meeting
enhanced air quality, significantly quicker commute periods, far less jamming as well as much
less wear and tear of the cars.
Write a one (1) page analysis that uses critical thinking to assess the overall plausibility of
the claim: “The conflict in Bosnia is somebody else’s trouble. The U.S. should not intervene
militarily.”
The United States of America lack strategic interest in the Balkans which also justified
the ongoing war in the area. Unlike Saddam Hussein, Milosevic has no threat to the supply of oil
among other significant natural resources to the world. Nonetheless, he poses no military threat
PUBLIC POLICY
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to the United States of America allies. It is exciting that America’s administration has decided
not to get involved in either way in the Balkan conflicts. The American military had fought the
Gulf War in the 1990s, and after finishing the war, the Bush Administration decided that the
conflicts in the Balkans should be managed and settled by the European powers. This was
appreciated and encouraged by the European Union who intervened to solve the Balkan’s issue
as opposed to the United States. However, the United States changed its tactics and decided to
take up the leadership duty in ending the Bosnia war after Europe failed to handle the various
atrocities done in the country.
The muddling strategy which was mainly used by the U.S since the beginning of the
conflict was indeed not productive. The president then decided to get out of the box which was
developed through an unworkable diplomatic strategy of providing superior concessions ever to
Serb President Milosevic with the aim of getting the Bosnian Serbs to the table to solve the
conflict. Notably, the United States, being a sole superpower, must always lead in the efforts of
redressing the intervention. First and foremost, U.S.A must establish a National Security Strategy
together with a National Military Strategy which is based on precisely defined interests (OngWebb, 2009). Moreover, one of the major reasons why the U.S military should not be involved
in the Bosnia conflict is because the country is always being negatively affected. It is usually
appealing that the United States government is always ready to offer any assistance, but the
country is not ready to support all through. Furthermore, if the emotion along with the opinions
is taken away it normally comes down to whether or not it is legal or even justified under the UN
charter for America to intervene in the crisis. Therefore, I believe that the country should not get
involved in the Bosnia conflict because it is more of an internal issue which does not affect U.S.
in any way.
PUBLIC POLICY
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Claim
The United States should not
intervene in the Balkans
Information
Warrant
Qualifier
The United States does not have
strategic interest in the Balkans
war.
The Balkans is friendly toward the
European Union as well as the U.S.
The Balkans conflict is considered a Civil
War as it involves the Bosnians and the
Serbs and the intervention by the West
may lead to the Russians doing the same
Backing
References
In case the U.S. intervenes in the
Balkans, the Russians may hit back and
we might experience a Cold War.
Objection
The war might spread if America does not
intervene. Besides, if the U.S. does not
intervene we can have an ethnic
cleansing.
Rebuttal
There has been an improving
cooperation among the E.U and the
Balkans.
PUBLIC POLICY
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References
Baxter, James. (2009). 55 MPH Speed Limit Is Unenforceable and Counterproductive. Retrieved
on April 25, 2015; from: http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2009/07/27/55-mph-speedlimit-is-unenforceable-and-counterproductive
Coile, Zachary. (2008). Speier seeks national speed limit to save gas. Retrieved on April 25,
2015; from: http://www.saferoads.org/speier-seeks-national-speed-limit-save-gas-0
Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). Driving More Efficiently. Retrieved on April 24,
2013’ from :http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/drivehabits.shtml
Dunn, W. N. (2012). Public policy analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
Education, Inc.
Friedman, L. S., & Hedeker, D. (2009). Long-Term Effects of Repealing the National Maximum
Speed Limit in the United States. American Journal Of Public Health, 99(9), 1626-1631.
Ong-Webb, Graham(2009).Credibility over Courage: NATO’s Mis-Intervention in Kosovo.
Retrieved on April 26, 2015; from: http://www.academia.edu/412046/Credibility_over_
Courage-NATOs-Mis-Intervention-in-Kosovo
Smith, F.E. (2005-2011). War in Bosnia. Retrieved April 26th, 2015, from Macro history and
Word Report :http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch35-3.htm
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