Expert answer:problem set
Solved by verified expert:please check the attech
s2_2017_assignment_v2_2_.pdf
s2_2017_assignment_v2_2_.pdf
Unformatted Attachment Preview
PLEASE READ THIS DOCUMENT CAREFULLY
·
Students have been assigned different versions of the assignment. You need to download
your own version of the assignment by using your own login access to the ECON131 iLearn
site. If you submit a version of the assignment that you have not been assigned you will
receive a mark of zero.
·
Answer ALL questions, clearly and in your own words. ALL relevant working must be shown.
·
Your assignment must be typed. Graphs, however, may be neatly hand drawn and inserted
into your final document as a picture.
·
There are to be NO appendices in your assignment.
·
You must submit BOTH an electronic AND a hardcopy of your assignment.
o Electronic copies must be uploaded via the TURNITIN LINK found in the assignment
folder on iLearn. Only Word and PDF files will be accepted.
o Hardcopies must be submitted to the ECON131 SUBMISSION BOX IN BESS. Please
make sure you submit your assignment using the cover page in the iLearn assignment
folder. 10 marks will be deducted if you attach the wrong cover page.
·
Please attach two blank pages to the end of your assignment.
·
You must keep a copy of your assignment.
Marks:
The maximum mark for this assignment is 85.
The assignment consists of four sections, A (25 marks), B (25 marks), C (15 marks) and D
(10 marks).
A further 10 marks will be awarded for the quality of the presentation of the
assignment.
Due date:
On or before 11 am November 17th, 2017. Submissions made after this time will receive
a mark of zero. Extensions of time over this due date will be granted ONLY in cases of
serious illness or other exceptional circumstances. In such cases, a formal disruption to
studies application must be submitted within 5 workings days of the due date. Please see
BESS for advice on this procedure.
Plagiarism:
Each assignment must represent the student’s own work. In particular, this means that
the written answers submitted by the student should be composed by that student. The
copying of another student’s answer, textbooks or any website, is clearly regarded as
plagiarism. All assignments will be scanned by software that detects plagiarism. Cases of
plagiarism will be dealt with severely. For further information on plagiarism and how to
avoid it, please refer to the unit outline.
2
Section A: Wind Power Generation (25 marks)
Wind power generation capacity has been growing worldwide since the early 1990s. Table 1 shows the
installed wind generation capacity (measured in megawatts, MW) in the top 10 countries, as at the end
of 2011.
Country
China
United States
Germany
Spain
India
France
Italy
UK
Canada
Portugal
Rest of the world
Total
MW
62,364
46,919
29,060
21,674
16,084
6,800
6,737
6,540
5,265
4,083
32,143
237,669
Figure 1 Global wind power additions (GW) by calendar year
(IRENA, 2012).
Table 1 Installed wind power generation capacity, end2011 (IRENA, 2012).
1. At the end of 2011, what percentage of the world’s installed wind generation capacity was in
the United States? (1 mark)
2. Consider table 1. If you assume that other countries’ capacity doesn’t grow from the 2011
figures, what amount would the United States have to expand its capacity in order to have 40%
of the world’s capacity? (3 marks)
3. World installed wind generation capacity increased by 41 GW in 2011, and by 39 GW in 2010. By
what percentage did world wind power generation increase during 2010? (3 marks)
4. By what percentage did world wind power generation increase, between the end of 2009 and
the end of 2011? (3 marks)
5. Suppose the annual rate of increase in (3) continues each year, from the end of 2011. By what
percentage will world wind power generation have increased by the end of 2020? (3 marks)
6. Under the same assumptions as (5), how long will it take for world wind power capacity to
triple? (3 marks)
3
7. Write a general expression for the number of years it would take for world wind power capacity
to increase m times over, if it grows at the rate given in (3). (3 marks)
8. In reality, what has happened to worldwide wind power generation capacity since the end of
2011? Is this in line with your expectations of growth based on your answer to (5)? Explain why
this may or may not be the case. Provide evidence from your own research to support your
answer. (6 marks)
Section B: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (25 marks)
In this section, we consider some issues with measuring “well-being” and “sustainability.” For a much
more detailed discussion of these topics, see the report by Stiglitz, Sen, and Fitoussi (2009).
A central focus of sustainability is the measurement of human “well-being,” so that economic policies
can be designed and evaluated against the rubric of maximizing the welfare of the people affected.
A popular way to measure people’s well-being is by Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the final
value of all goods and services in the economy. GDP includes everything produced by the economy,
including investment and goods and services not consumed by individuals.
The following model for consumption is proposed:
C = aY + b
(1)
where C is consumption, a is the marginal propensity to consume, b is autonomous consumption, and Y
is GDP.
1. In what sense is equation 1 a model of human well-being? (3 marks)
2. Suppose a country was comprised of two regions, A and B. The GDP of each region is given by YA
and YB, respectively. Assuming equation 1 holds, write down an expression for the whole
country’s GDP and its level of consumption. (2 marks)
3. Re-write this equation as a formula for the level of GDP in region B (denoted YB), as a function
YB(C,YA) of total consumption (C) and GDP in region A (YA). (3 marks)
4. Treating GDP in region A as a fixed number, sketch this function with GDP in region B on the
vertical axis and consumption on the horizontal axis. (3 marks)
5. What is the slope of the function? Is GDP in region B associated with a higher, or lower, level of
well-being? Explain your answer. (3 marks)
6. Suppose region A was very rich, and region B was very poor. Does GDP, as a measurement of
well-being, capture this inequality? (3 marks)
4
7. A loaf of bread costs about $6. A ticket to the opera costs about $150. How much does each one
contribute to GDP? Do you think this adequately reflects its contribution to human well-being?
(4 marks)
8. Suppose two identical countries possess identical, extensive forests. Country 1 decides to
capitalize on this asset, by harvesting and selling the timber as paper pulp and building materials
within a year, earning $100 million in the process. Country 2 decides to protect its forests, and
doesn’t harvest. According to the GDP measure of human wealth, which country is better off?
Do you agree? Explain why or why not? (4 marks)
Section C: Ecological Footprint (15 marks)
The Ecological footprint (EF) measures how much of the regenerative capacity of the biosphere is used
up by human activities. It is the sum of productive land and water area required to support the
population and provide the resources it consumes, absorb its waste and provide infrastructure (Stiglitz
et al., 2009, p. 244).
Figure 2: Humanity’s ecological footprint by component 1961-2005
1. According to the EF, is the human population living at, beyond or below the Earth’s natural
biocapacity? For how long has this been the case? Is this sustainable? (1 mark)
2. If you assume that the total land use can be approximated by a linear function, what is the
approximate slope of the total land use of the EF? What are the units of measurement in this
function? Give the equation of, and sketch this line, with EF on the vertical axis and year on the
horizontal axis. (3 marks)
5
3. If this trend of total land use continues, what will land use be in 2060? (3 marks)
4. Which is the largest component of land use according to the EF? At what rate is it growing? (3
marks)
5. Use the data presented in figure 2, along with your answers to this section, to suggest a policy to
make land use sustainable. (5 marks)
Section D: LED Lighting (10 marks)
The City of Sydney is an area covering over 26km2, and is one of Australia’s most important social and
economic centres. As part of Sydney 2030, a study into the city’s long-term sustainability, the city
council committed to reducing its carbon footprint 70% over the next 20 years.
A study found that around 31% of the city’s carbon emissions arise from public lighting. So, in 2011, the
City of Sydney announced a project to replace its lighting systems with energy efficient LED lights. It
would choose lighting systems based on both their economic and environmental value. After a
consultation period, the City chose a supplier in late 2011 to replace 6,448 luminaries (lights).
Before the project, suppose that the 6,448 luminaries slated for replacement consumed 5,352,613 kWh
of electricity annually. In 2010/11, the annual lighting bill was $664,476. Suppose that the new LED lights
will consume considerably less power, just 2,595,743 kWh per year.
1. Bulk, unmetered power is billed on a “per KWh” basis, with no additional costs. What will the
annual electricity bill be when all the lights are installed? (Assume the price of electricity is
constant.) What are the private savings for the City of Sydney in the first year? (In other words,
how much less will the city pay?) (2 marks)
2. The City of Sydney calculates carbon emissions on the assumption that each kWh of electricity
causes 1.07kg of CO2 emissions. On this assumption, how many tonnes of CO2 emissions per
year will the project prevent? The City of Sydney assumes a social cost of $18 per tonne of CO2.
Using your own research briefly explain what is meant by the term “social cost” in this situation
and calculate the social savings of this project, in the first year? (4 marks)
3. Suppose the City of Sydney decides to award the contract if, after including CO2 savings in
revenue, the project breaks even at the end of the 12th year. What is the highest price the City
should accept for this project? Ignore inflation, and assume a social discount rate of 5.2%. (4
marks)
END OF ASSIGNMENT
6
PLEASE READ THIS DOCUMENT CAREFULLY
·
Students have been assigned different versions of the assignment. You need to download
your own version of the assignment by using your own login access to the ECON131 iLearn
site. If you submit a version of the assignment that you have not been assigned you will
receive a mark of zero.
·
Answer ALL questions, clearly and in your own words. ALL relevant working must be shown.
·
Your assignment must be typed. Graphs, however, may be neatly hand drawn and inserted
into your final document as a picture.
·
There are to be NO appendices in your assignment.
·
You must submit BOTH an electronic AND a hardcopy of your assignment.
o Electronic copies must be uploaded via the TURNITIN LINK found in the assignment
folder on iLearn. Only Word and PDF files will be accepted.
o Hardcopies must be submitted to the ECON131 SUBMISSION BOX IN BESS. Please
make sure you submit your assignment using the cover page in the iLearn assignment
folder. 10 marks will be deducted if you attach the wrong cover page.
·
Please attach two blank pages to the end of your assignment.
·
You must keep a copy of your assignment.
Marks:
The maximum mark for this assignment is 85.
The assignment consists of four sections, A (25 marks), B (25 marks), C (15 marks) and D
(10 marks).
A further 10 marks will be awarded for the quality of the presentation of the
assignment.
Due date:
On or before 11 am November 17th, 2017. Submissions made after this time will receive
a mark of zero. Extensions of time over this due date will be granted ONLY in cases of
serious illness or other exceptional circumstances. In such cases, a formal disruption to
studies application must be submitted within 5 workings days of the due date. Please see
BESS for advice on this procedure.
Plagiarism:
Each assignment must represent the student’s own work. In particular, this means that
the written answers submitted by the student should be composed by that student. The
copying of another student’s answer, textbooks or any website, is clearly regarded as
plagiarism. All assignments will be scanned by software that detects plagiarism. Cases of
plagiarism will be dealt with severely. For further information on plagiarism and how to
avoid it, please refer to the unit outline.
2
Section A: Wind Power Generation (25 marks)
Wind power generation capacity has been growing worldwide since the early 1990s. Table 1 shows the
installed wind generation capacity (measured in megawatts, MW) in the top 10 countries, as at the end
of 2011.
Country
China
United States
Germany
Spain
India
France
Italy
UK
Canada
Portugal
Rest of the world
Total
MW
62,364
46,919
29,060
21,674
16,084
6,800
6,737
6,540
5,265
4,083
32,143
237,669
Figure 1 Global wind power additions (GW) by calendar year
(IRENA, 2012).
Table 1 Installed wind power generation capacity, end2011 (IRENA, 2012).
1. At the end of 2011, what percentage of the world’s installed wind generation capacity was in
the United States? (1 mark)
2. Consider table 1. If you assume that other countries’ capacity doesn’t grow from the 2011
figures, what amount would the United States have to expand its capacity in order to have 40%
of the world’s capacity? (3 marks)
3. World installed wind generation capacity increased by 41 GW in 2011, and by 39 GW in 2010. By
what percentage did world wind power generation increase during 2010? (3 marks)
4. By what percentage did world wind power generation increase, between the end of 2009 and
the end of 2011? (3 marks)
5. Suppose the annual rate of increase in (3) continues each year, from the end of 2011. By what
percentage will world wind power generation have increased by the end of 2020? (3 marks)
6. Under the same assumptions as (5), how long will it take for world wind power capacity to
triple? (3 marks)
3
7. Write a general expression for the number of years it would take for world wind power capacity
to increase m times over, if it grows at the rate given in (3). (3 marks)
8. In reality, what has happened to worldwide wind power generation capacity since the end of
2011? Is this in line with your expectations of growth based on your answer to (5)? Explain why
this may or may not be the case. Provide evidence from your own research to support your
answer. (6 marks)
Section B: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (25 marks)
In this section, we consider some issues with measuring “well-being” and “sustainability.” For a much
more detailed discussion of these topics, see the report by Stiglitz, Sen, and Fitoussi (2009).
A central focus of sustainability is the measurement of human “well-being,” so that economic policies
can be designed and evaluated against the rubric of maximizing the welfare of the people affected.
A popular way to measure people’s well-being is by Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the final
value of all goods and services in the economy. GDP includes everything produced by the economy,
including investment and goods and services not consumed by individuals.
The following model for consumption is proposed:
C = aY + b
(1)
where C is consumption, a is the marginal propensity to consume, b is autonomous consumption, and Y
is GDP.
1. In what sense is equation 1 a model of human well-being? (3 marks)
2. Suppose a country was comprised of two regions, A and B. The GDP of each region is given by YA
and YB, respectively. Assuming equation 1 holds, write down an expression for the whole
country’s GDP and its level of consumption. (2 marks)
3. Re-write this equation as a formula for the level of GDP in region B (denoted YB), as a function
YB(C,YA) of total consumption (C) and GDP in region A (YA). (3 marks)
4. Treating GDP in region A as a fixed number, sketch this function with GDP in region B on the
vertical axis and consumption on the horizontal axis. (3 marks)
5. What is the slope of the function? Is GDP in region B associated with a higher, or lower, level of
well-being? Explain your answer. (3 marks)
6. Suppose region A was very rich, and region B was very poor. Does GDP, as a measurement of
well-being, capture this inequality? (3 marks)
4
7. A loaf of bread costs about $6. A ticket to the opera costs about $150. How much does each one
contribute to GDP? Do you think this adequately reflects its contribution to human well-being?
(4 marks)
8. Suppose two identical countries possess identical, extensive forests. Country 1 decides to
capitalize on this asset, by harvesting and selling the timber as paper pulp and building materials
within a year, earning $100 million in the process. Country 2 decides to protect its forests, and
doesn’t harvest. According to the GDP measure of human wealth, which country is better off?
Do you agree? Explain why or why not? (4 marks)
Section C: Ecological Footprint (15 marks)
The Ecological footprint (EF) measures how much of the regenerative capacity of the biosphere is used
up by human activities. It is the sum of productive land and water area required to support the
population and provide the resources it consumes, absorb its waste and provide infrastructure (Stiglitz
et al., 2009, p. 244).
Figure 2: Humanity’s ecological footprint by component 1961-2005
1. According to the EF, is the human population living at, beyond or below the Earth’s natural
biocapacity? For how long has this been the case? Is this sustainable? (1 mark)
2. If you assume that the total land use can be approximated by a linear function, what is the
approximate slope of the total land use of the EF? What are the units of measurement in this
function? Give the equation of, and sketch this line, with EF on the vertical axis and year on the
horizontal axis. (3 marks)
5
3. If this trend of total land use continues, what will land use be in 2060? (3 marks)
4. Which is the largest component of land use according to the EF? At what rate is it growing? (3
marks)
5. Use the data presented in figure 2, along with your answers to this section, to suggest a policy to
make land use sustainable. (5 marks)
Section D: LED Lighting (10 marks)
The City of Sydney is an area covering over 26km2, and is one of Australia’s most important social and
economic centres. As part of Sydney 2030, a study into the city’s long-term sustainability, the city
council committed to reducing its carbon footprint 70% over the next 20 years.
A study found that around 31% of the city’s carbon emissions arise from public lighting. So, in 2011, the
City of Sydney announced a project to replace its lighting systems with energy efficient LED lights. It
would choose lighting systems based on both their economic and environmental value. After a
consultation period, the City chose a supplier in late 2011 to replace 6,448 luminaries (lights).
Before the project, suppose that the 6,448 luminaries slated for replacement consumed 5,352,613 kWh
of electricity annually. In 2010/11, the annual lighting bill was $664,476. Suppose that the new LED lights
will consume considerably less power, just 2,595,743 kWh per year.
1. Bulk, unmetered power is billed on a “per KWh” basis, with no additional costs. What will the
annual electricity bill be when all the lights are installed? (Assume the price of electricity is
constant.) What are the private savings for the City of Sydney in the first year? (In other words,
how much less will the city pay?) (2 marks)
2. The City of Sydney calculates carbon emissions on the assumption that each kWh of electricity
causes 1.07kg of CO2 emissions. On this assumption, how many tonnes of CO2 emissions per
year will the project prevent? The City of Sydney assumes a social cost of $18 per tonne of CO2.
Using your own research briefly explain what is meant by the term “social cost” in this situation
and calcula …
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
How it works
- Paste your instructions in the instructions box. You can also attach an instructions file
- Select the writer category, deadline, education level and review the instructions
- Make a payment for the order to be assignment to a writer
- Download the paper after the writer uploads it
Will the writer plagiarize my essay?
You will get a plagiarism-free paper and you can get an originality report upon request.
Is this service safe?
All the personal information is confidential and we have 100% safe payment methods. We also guarantee good grades