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Sample Citation Styles (Princeton University)
Any time you quote, paraphrase, summarize, or reference a source, you must cite that source in a
parenthetical note or a footnote and append a bibliography, which, depending on the discipline, may be
called “Works Cited” or “References.”
All citations share some basic components, including the title of the work being referred to, the name of the
work’s author(s), the publisher, and the date of publication. Beyond these general requirements, styles of
citation vary by discipline and by professor’s preference. In the humanities, the most commonly accepted
citation style is that of the Modern Language Association (MLA). In the social sciences, the American
Psychological Association (APA) style is widely used. Historians typically employ the footnote style described
in The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). Each scientific discipline has its own protocols and formats, usually
available in a style manual produced by the discipline’s scholarly organization. You’ll see that many
academic disciplines encourage the use of in-text parenthetical citations rather than footnotes.
Once you join a department as a concentrator and begin your junior year work, the department should
provide you with information about expected citation formats and practices in the discipline. Often,
individual professors will provide you with information about their preferred citation format.
The examples that follow employ four different citation styles. For the specifics of each style, you should
consult an official style manual, because the rules for citation vary greatly for different kinds of sources. For
example, books are cited differently from articles, which are cited differently from e-mail correspondence.
You’ll need to consult a style manual to determine the proper format for each source type. (A list of
recommended style manuals may be found at the end of this section.)
Example 1: (MLA)
The MLA requires a parenthetical citation in the body of the text that corresponds to an entry in the Works
Cited at the end. A citation for a quotation from a book in the MLA style is formatted this way:
As Frank Lentricchia argues, The Waste Land should not be understood as a logical sequence of events
but as “an intellectual and emotional complex grasped in an instant of time” (194).
The parenthetical citation “(194)” refers to a page number from a book by Frank Lentricchia. Publication
information about the book would be found in the Works Cited, where it would be formatted this way:
Lentricchia, Frank. Modernist Quartet. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.
Example 2: (APA)
The APA also requires parenthetical citations in the body of the text, though these citations typically include
the author and the date. A citation for a summary of an article in the APA style is formatted this way:
Studies that examine links between cardiovascular and mental activity must understand that
cardiovascular activity itself comprises a suite of variables (Van Roon, Mulder, Althaus, and Mulder,
2004).
The parenthetical citation “(Van Roon, Mulder, Althaus, and Mulder, 2004)” refers to an article by the four
listed co-authors. Publication information about the article would be found in the References, where it would
be formatted this way:
Van Roon, A., Mulder, L., Althaus, M., and Mulder, G. (2004). Introducing
a baroflex model for studying cardiovascular effects of mental workload. Psychophysiology, 41, 961–
981.
Example 3: (CMS)
CMS, or “Chicago,” is a style in which citations are presented in footnotes. A citation for a quotation from an
article in the Chicago style is formatted this way:
Nineteenth-century bohemians were more dependent on mainstream culture than might at first appear.
As one scholar puts it, “Bohemia’s self-designated types always existed in symbiotic relation to
bourgeois culture rather than in opposition to it.”1
The footnote
1
would refer to a note at the bottom of the page containing full publication information and
formatted this way:
1. Christine Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New
York: Henry Holt and Co., 2000), 18.
Electronic Sources
An electronic source is any source that exists primarily in electronic form and is accessed primarily through
electronic means. Websites, online periodicals, online books, e-mails and postings, and even CD-ROMs are
all forms of electronic sources. But be careful: not all materials found through electronic means are
necessarily electronic sources. For example, if a PDF of an article you found through a database on the
library’s website was originally published in a printed journal, then the article doesn’t qualify as an electronic
source. In short, there’s a difference between electronic sources and sources that are accessed
electronically.
When citing an online source, your citation should contain the following elements:
•
the author or editor (if available),
•
the title of the text (if different from the name of the website)
•
the name of the website,
•
the name of the site’s sponsor or associated institution or organization,
•
the date you accessed the site,
•
the electronic address (URL).
For example, a short work posted on a website would be formatted in MLA style as follows:
McCort, Dennis. “Kafka and the Coincidence of Opposites.” Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Romanticism
and Buddhism. Feb. 2007. Romantic Circles. 21 Apr. 2008
.
This citation includes not only the author’s name and the work’s title, but also other important information,
including the date of the work’s publication on the site (February 2007) and the date the website was
accessed (21 April 2008).
The published guides of the MLA, APA, and Chicago styles include detailed descriptions of how to cite most
electronic sources. As explained earlier in this booklet, the emerging nature of this new technology means
that conventions are forming quickly, and the variations among citation styles vary considerably. Be sure to
look up the appropriate form of citation and to consult your professor about any points of confusion.
Recommended Style Manuals
For complete coverage of MLA, APA, and Chicago citation styles, you should obtain the most recent edition
of each style’s official manual: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition, 2009), the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition, 2009), and The Chicago Manual of
Style (16th edition, 2010). For an online guide to these styles, visit the Library website, at
library.princeton.edu/help/citing.php. A good commercially published guide is A Pocket Style Manual, by
Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers (2011), which includes brief but substantial overviews of the MLA, APA,
and Chicago styles.
Paper for FA 121 A
History of Music
Dr. Kimberly Hess
1) Length: 5-7 pages. Use a minimum of four to five sources. Include text citations and
bibliography.
2) Chose a composer from the following periods: Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque or
Classical. Some suggestions include:
a) Middle Age Composers:
1) Pope Gregory
2) Hildegard of Bingen
b) Renaissance Composers:
1) Josquin Desprez
2) Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
3) William Byrd
4) Thomas Tallis
c) Baroque Composers:
1) Henry Purcell
2) Antonio Vivaldi
3) Johann Sebastian Bach
4) George Frideric Handel
d) Classical Composers:
1) Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (pre-classical)
2) Franz Joseph Haydn
3) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
4) Ludwig Van Beethoven
3) The paper should contain three main components;
I) Biographical: (2-3 pages) A list of questions about the composer’s life will be
emailed to you. Please answer these and this portion should be 2-3 pages in
length, please no longer. You should not talk about specific pieces the
composer composed in this section
II) Musical Period, Genres and characteristics of Music Musical Style: (1-2
pages). This section should talk about the period in which they lived;
Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical. Then, please provide a general
list of genres and compositions by your composer for example: Beethoven
composed 9 Symphonies, 1 opera, 1 Mass, 32 Piano Sonatas, and 5 Piano
Concertos. Lastly, please talk about the characteristics of his/her musical
styles. You may use your text book for this or use the notes from class
lectures. Please do not simply list the characteristics but please, use sentence
form for this section.
III)
Musical analysis and descriptions (1-2 pages) of a piece or two by the
composer and this section should be a musical analysis with your own
observations about the music. Please DO NOT write in the first person. For
example please do not write “I like Beethoven’s Moonlight Sonata because it
sounds calm and romantic.” But rather write something like, “Beethoven’s
Moonlight Sonata sounds calm and romantic.” Be sure to listen to examples
of the composer’s music so that you can include some of your own
observations. You may use pieces from your book as a guide.
4) Grading:
a) Biographical content 25%
b) Musical Genres and Characteristics content 25%
c) Musical Analysis and your own observations 25%
d) Organization, prose, grammar, punctuation, citations/bibliography(4-5 sources)
25%
Questions/Outline for your paper
Part I) Biography Questions: (please answer as many as you are able, this portion should be 2-3 pages
long, please DO NOT discuss the composer’s music or any pieces in this section)
1) When and when was he born?
2) Who were his parents and what did they do for a living?
3) How many siblings did he have, were they musical?
4) Who were his teachers and musical influences?
5) What was his religion?
6) Did religion influence his music?
7) Where did he go to school?
8) Where did he work and for whom?
9) Was he married and to whom?
10) Did he and his wife have children?
11) Did her children study music and with whom did they study music?
12) Did he have psychological disorders or illnesses?
13) If so, how were they treated?
14) What were some interesting things about his life or events that happened in his life that are
unique?
15) Where and when did he die and how?
16) Where is he buried?
17) Who did he influence or who were some of his most famous pupils?
Part II) Music Period, Musical Characteristics and a list of Genres: (1-2 pages, please use your book and
my lectures for this portion of the paper)
1) In which period did he live and give a short, one paragraph historical overview including dates of
the period and some of the historical context? (Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, or Classical)
2) List 5-7 musical characteristics of this period provided from your book or from my lecture
(Renaissance pages 78-79; Baroque pages 102-105; Classical pages 156-158; Romantic pages
209-212, 20th century pages 285-289).
3) Provide a list of genres he composed? For example, Beethoven composed 9 Symphonies,
1 Opera, 1 Mass, 32 Piano Sonatas, 5 Piano Concertos, etc.
Musical Analysis (1-2 pages, please do not use 1st person)
1) Choose one pieces by your composer (you can use examples found in your book Middle Ages
pages 65-73, Renaissance pages 78,79 and 84, Baroque pages 102-107, and Classical pages 156163).
2) Define the genre of the piece. For example a Concerto Grosso or a Symphony or an Oratorio,
Mass, etc. Define this genre including how many movements and what instruments are used.
3) Describe the tempos of each movement as well as the form of each movement.
4) Lastly, give some of your own thoughts but do not use the 1st person. (For example, you could
say: “The piece has lively rhythms.” Rather than saying: “I like the lively rhythms of this
piece.”).
Please use 4-5 Sources and cite them in your paper. Also, include a bibliography. A paper
without citations and a bibliography will not be accepted or graded.
1) Length: 5-7 pages. Use a minimum of four to five sources. Include text citations and
bibliography.
2) Chose a composer from the following periods: Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque or
Classical. Some suggestions include:
a) Middle Age Composers:
1) Pope Gregory
2) Hildegard of Bingen
b) Renaissance Composers:
1) Josquin Desprez
2) Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
3) William Byrd
4) Thomas Tallis
c) Baroque Composers:
1) Henry Purcell
2) Antonio Vivaldi
3) Johann Sebastian Bach
4) George Frideric Handel
d) Classical Composers:
1) Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (pre-classical)
2) Franz Joseph Haydn
3) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
4) Ludwig Van Beethoven
3) The paper should contain three main components;
I) Biographical: (2-3 pages) A list of questions about the composer’s life will be
emailed to you. Please answer these and this portion should be 2-3 pages in
length, please no longer. You should not talk about specific pieces the
composer composed in this section
II) Musical Period, Genres and characteristics of Music Musical Style: (1-2
pages). This section should talk about the period in which they lived;
Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical. Then, please provide a general
list of genres and compositions by your composer for example: Beethoven
composed 9 Symphonies, 1 opera, 1 Mass, 32 Piano Sonatas, and 5 Piano
Concertos. Lastly, please talk about the characteristics of his/her musical
styles. You may use your text book for this or use the notes from class
lectures. Please do not simply list the characteristics but please, use sentence
form for this section.
III)
Musical analysis and descriptions (1-2 pages) of a piece or two by the
composer and this section should be a musical analysis with your own
observations about the music. Please DO NOT write in the first person. For
example please do not write “I like Beethoven’s Moonlight Sonata because it
sounds calm and romantic.” But rather write something like, “Beethoven’s
Moonlight Sonata sounds calm and romantic.” Be sure to listen to examples
of the composer’s music so that you can include some of your own
observations. You may use pieces from your book as a guide.
4) Grading:
a) Biographical content 25%
b) Musical Genres and Characteristics content 25%
c) Musical Analysis and your own observations 25%
d) Organization, prose, grammar, punctuation, citations/bibliography(4-5 sources)
25%
…
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