Expert answer:Mr. Mom movie
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Film Analysis Proposal
“Little Otik” aka “Otesánek” aka “Greedy Guts”
Film Description: A couple is very upset to learn that due to unfortunate medical circumstances
affecting both the husband (Karel) and the wife (Božena), they are unable to have children.
Distraught, the couple sees babies everywhere. In order to get away from these visions of what
they will never have, the couple goes to a cottage in the woods for some peace. Karel finds a tree
stump that is shaped kind of like a baby and decides to clean it up and then (for some reason)
present it to his mourning wife. Božena immediately takes to the “baby” and treats it as a real
child, even going as far as faking a pregnancy to explain to their neighbors in the city how they
happened to have a baby. They name the “baby” Otik and he comes to life. Long story short,
Otik ends up eating human hair, small animals, and eventually people, growing in size with each
meal. Božena is protecting Otik from being killed because of her desperation for a child, but Otik
eats her as well. In the end, much like the fairytale the film is based on, an old gardener lady
splits open his stomach with a hoe.
This is an incredibly strange movie and the cinematography is excellent.
Topic Description: My topic will be about the compulsion for this middle class couple to have a
baby of their own and about the social stigma they find attached to them early in the film when
they find out they cannot conceive a child. Having a baby is strictly about social status and fitting
in with their friends. This is apparent in that Karel and Božena wouldn’t even consider the
possibility of adopting a baby. [Note added by Professor: This section of the proposal
would be strengthened by identifying specific concepts from the Helgeson textbook (with page
numbers) and explaining how they will be useful in analyzing the film.]
Thesis: My thesis is that there is a negative connotation with being childless in developed and
under-developed countries around the world.
Detailed Records for 2 External Scholarly Articles:
#1 – Emotional distress and infertility: Turkish migrant couples compared to Dutch couples and
couples in Western Turkey.
Authors:
Van Rooij, Floor B., Van Balen, Frank, and Hermanns, Jo M. A.
Source:
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Jun2007, Vol. 28 Issue 2, p87-95, 9p, 3
Charts
Document Type:
Article
Subject Terms:
INFERTILITY – STRESS (Psychology) – EMOTIONS (Psychology) – DEPRESSION in women
– ANXIETY – CULTURE
Abstract:
The present study investigates cultural differences in the effects of infertility on emotional
distress. The study compares emotional distress among infertile people in three samples: Turkish
migrants (n = 58), Turkish people living in Western Turkey (n = 46), and Dutch people (n =
199). Participants answered structured questionnaires on self-image, blame-guilt, sexual
problems, depression, anxiety, and anger-hostility. Separate analyses were conducted for men
and women. In general, the levels of emotional distress were higher for infertile Turkish migrant
women and infertile Turkish women than they were for infertile Dutch women. Turkish migrant
women reported more self-image problems and fewer feelings of blame-guilt than did Turkish
women. Among men, Turkish migrant men showed the highest overall levels of emotional
distress, and Dutch men showed the lowest. Our results indicate that the experience of infertility
among Turkish migrants is more similar to those of Turkish people than it is to that of Dutch
people, especially among women. The importance of having children in the different cultures
may offer a possible explanation for these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynaecology is the property of Taylor &
Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv
without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download,
or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about
the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for
the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
ISSN:
0167482X
DOI:
10.1080/01674820701410015
Accession Number:
25228054
Database:
Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
#2 – The problem of infertility in high fertility populations: Meanings, consequences and
coping mechanisms in two Nigerian communities
Marida Hollos, Ulla Larsen, Oka Obono, Bruce Whitehouse
Social Science & Medicine, Volume 68, Issue 11, June 2009, Pages 2061–2068
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.008
Abstract
This paper examines how socio-economic contexts shape local meanings of infertility, how the
prevalence of infertility affects these meanings, and how the above affect community responses,
life experiences and infertility treatment-seeking behaviors in two African communities. The
paper is based on interdisciplinary research conducted among the Ijo and the Yakurr people of
southern Nigeria that included a survey of approximately 100 infertile women and a matching
sample of 100 fertile women, as well as in-depth ethnographic interviews with infertile and
fertile women in two communities: Amakiri in Delta State and Lopon in Cross River State.
In-depth interview results show that female infertility is more problematic among the Ijo in
Amakiri, where kinship is patrilineal (traced through the father’s side), than among the Yakurr in
Lopon, where kinship is double unilineal (traced through both parents). Childless women in Ijo
society are not only disadvantaged economically but are prevented from attaining full adult
womanhood. They therefore leave the community more often than other members. In Lopon
there is also a strong preoccupation with fertility as a central fact of life, but infertile women
receive support from maternal kin as well as voluntary associations serving as support groups.
Our survey data confirm that there are significant differences between the life experiences of
infertile and fertile women and between the infertile women of the two communities.
The overall findings indicate that while there are variations in the extent to which infertility is
considered problematic, the necessity for a woman to have a child remains basic in this region.
Motherhood continues to define an individual woman’s treatment in the community, her selfrespect
and her understanding of womanhood.
Keywords
Nigeria; Infertility; Differential treatment; Community study; Women; Socio-economic context
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Helgeson, Vicki S.
The psychology of gender / Vicki S. Helgeson. — 4th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-05018-5 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-205-05018-2 (alk. paper)
1. Sex role. 2. Sex differences (Psychology) I. Title.
HQ1075.H45 2012
305.3—dc23
2011024121
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-05018-5
ISBN 10:
0-205-05018-2
The Psychology
of GENDER
Fourth Edition
Vicki S. Helgeson
Carnegie Mellon University
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
To Mark and Katja
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BRIEF CONTENTS
1
Introduction
2
Methods and History of Gender Research
29
3
Gender-Role Attitudes
67
4
Sex-Related Comparisons: Observations
102
5
Sex-Related Comparisons: Theory
134
6
Achievement
183
7
Communication
220
8
Friendship
260
9
Romantic Relationships
295
1
10
Sex Differences in Health: Evidence and Explanations 342
11
Relationships and Health
390
12
Paid Worker Role and Health
441
13
Mental Health
487
v
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CONTENTS
Preface
xvii
Supplements
xxi
Acknowledgments
1
Introduction
Definition of Terms
Cultural Differences in the Construal of Gender
Cultures with Multiple Genders
Morocco
The Agta Negrito
Tahiti
Status and Culture
Philosophical and Political Issues Surrounding Gender
The Sex Difference Debate
Social Construction of Gender
Women’s Movements
Men’s Movements
A Note on Sexist Language
This Book’s Approach to the Study of Gender
Summary
Discussion Questions
Suggested Reading
Key Terms
2
Methods and History of Gender Research
The Scientific Method
Correlational Study
Experimental Study
Field Experiment
Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Designs
Meta-Analysis
xxiii
1
3
11
11
12
13
13
14
17
17
18
18
21
22
24
26
27
27
27
29
30
31
33
36
37
38
vii
viii Contents
Difficulties in Conducting Research on Gender
Experimenter Effects
Participant Effects
The Setting: Laboratory Versus Field
Variables Confounded with Sex
Situational Influences
History of the Psychology of Gender
1894–1936: Sex Differences in Intelligence
1936–1954: Masculinity–Femininity as a Global Personality Trait
1954–1982: Sex Typing and Androgyny
1982–Present: Gender as a Social Category
Summary
Discussion Questions
Suggested Reading
Key Terms
3
Gender-Role Attitudes
38
40
44
45
46
46
48
48
49
53
58
64
65
66
66
67
Attitudes Toward Men’s and Women’s Roles
68
Affective Component: Sexism
70
Traditional Versus Modern Sexism
70
Hostile Versus Benevolent Sexism
71
Sexism Toward Men
74
Attitudes Toward Lesbians, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Persons 76
Cognitive Component: Gender-Role Stereotyping
79
What Is a Gender-Role Stereotype?
79
Components of Gender-Role Stereotypes
81
Subcategories of Gender-Role Stereotypes
87
Effects of Gender-Role Stereotypes
87
Altering Gender-Role Stereotypes
91
Do Stereotypes Reflect Reality?
93
What Is the Status of Stereotypes Today?
95
Behavioral Component: Sex Discrimination
97
Summary
99
Discussion Questions
100
Suggested Reading
100
Key Terms
101
4
Sex-Related Comparisons: Observations
Maccoby and Jacklin’s Psychology of Sex Differences
Meta-Analysis
Sex Comparisons in Cognitive Abilities
Spatial Ability
Mathematical Ability
102
105
106
108
108
114
Contents ix
5
Verbal Ability
Comprehensive Assessment of Cognitive Abilities
Sex Comparisons in Social Domains
Empathy
Helping Behavior
Aggression
Sexuality
General Personality Attributes
Sex Comparisons in Moral Development
Sex Comparisons in Social Development
Sex Similarities Hypothesis Revisited
Summary
Discussion Questions
Suggested Reading
Key Terms
115
117
118
119
120
121
125
127
128
130
131
132
132
133
133
Sex-Related Comparisons: Theory
134
Biology
Genes
Hormones
The Brain
Psychobiosocial Models
Evolutionary Theory and Sociobiology
Sexual Behavior
Aggression
The Hunter-Gatherer Society
A Final Note
Psychoanalytic Theory
Social Learning Theory
Observational Learning or Modeling
Reinforcement
Gender-Role Socialization
The Influence of Parents
The Influence of Other People
Other Features of the Environment
Social Role Theory
Cognitive Development Theory
Gender Schema Theory
Considering the Context: Deaux and Major’s Model
Perceiver
Target
Situation
Summary
135
135
136
141
142
143
143
144
145
145
146
148
148
150
152
154
156
158
165
166
168
173
174
175
175
180
x Contents
Discussion Questions
Suggested Reading
Key Terms
6
Achievement
Individual Difference Factors
The Achievement Motive
Fear of Achievement
Self-Confidence
Response to Evaluative Feedback
Self-Esteem
Stereotype Threat
Conceptions of the Self
Attributions for Performance
Social Factors
Expectancy/Value Model of Achievement
The Influence of Parents
The Influence of Teachers
Summary
Discussion Questions
Suggested Reading
Key Terms
7
Communication
Interaction Styles in Childhood
Children’s Styles of Play
Girls’ Difficulty in Influencing Boys
Institutional Support
Interaction Styles in Adulthood
Qualifiers of Sex Differences
Implications of Interaction Styles for Performance
Language
Qualifiers of Sex Differences
Nonverbal Behavior
Smiling
Gazing
Interpersonal Sensitivity
Encoding
Touching
Leadership and Influenceability
Who Is Influenced?
Who Emerges as the Leader?
181
181
182
183
185
185
186
190
193
195
196
200
202
206
206
208
211
217
218
219
219
220
221
222
225
225
226
227
228
228
232
234
236
236
237
237
237
239
239
241
Contents xi
Leadership Styles
Perception of Female and Male Leaders
Emotion
The Experience of Emotion
The Expression of Emotion
Physiological Measures of Emotion
Attributions for Emotion
Explanations for Sex Differences in Communication
Status Theory
Social Role Theory
Summary
Discussion Questions
Suggested Reading
Key Terms
8
Friendship
Network Size
The Nature of Friendship
Sex Differences
Sex Similarities
Closeness of Friendship
Self-Disclosure
Sex of Discloser
Sex of Recipient
Situational Variables
Barriers to Closeness in Male Friendship
Competition
Homophobia
Emotional Inexpressiveness
Conflict in Friendship
Cross-Sex Friendship
Comparisons to Same-Sex Friendship
Obstacles
Cross-Race Friendship
Friendships of Lesbians and Gay Men
Friendship at Work
Changes Over the Life Span
Early Adulthood: Marriage and Family
Late Adulthood: Retirement and Empty Nest
Summary
Discussion Questions
Suggested Reading
Key Terms
242
243
247
247
249
250
251
252
252
255
257
258
258
259
260
261
262
262
264
265
269
270
270
271
272
272
274
274
276
276
277
278
282
283
285
287
289
289
291
293
293
293
xii Contents
9
10
Romantic Relationships
295
Relationship Development
Characteristics Desired in a Mate
Relationship Initiation
The Nature of Romantic Relationships
Intimacy
Love
Sexuality
Maintaining Relationships
Maintenance Strategies
Relationship Satisfaction
Conflict
Conflict Management
Demand/Withdraw Pattern
Jealousy
Cohabiting Relationships
Who Cohabits
Outcomes of Cohabitation
Summary
Discussion Questions
Suggested Reading
Key Terms
296
296
304
306
306
307
312
319
320
321
326
326
328
332
335
337
337
339
340
341
341
Sex Differences in Health: Evidence and
Explanations
Sex Differences in Mortality
Life Span
Leading Causes of Death
Crime Statistics
Sex Differences in Morbidity
Explanations for Sex Differences in Health
Biology
Genes
Hormones
Immune System
Cardiovascular Reactivity
Artifacts
Socioeconomic Status
Physician Bias
Health Behaviors
Preventive Health Care
Smoking
342
342
342
345
346
348
350
350
350
350
351
352
354
354
355
358
358
359
Contents xiii
Alcohol
Drugs
Overweight and Obesity
Exercise
Men’s and Women’s Social Roles
Job Characteristics
Driving
Risky Behavior
Concerns with Health
Nurturant Roles
Gender-Related Traits
Symptom Perception
Evidence
Explanations
Illness Behavior
Implications for Morbidity
Implications for Mortality
Conclusions
Summary
Discussion Questions
Suggested Reading
Key Terms
11
Relationships and Health
Effect of Social Support on Health
Sex Comparisons
Evidence: Relations to Health
Effect of Marriage on Health
Evidence
Explanations
Effect of Bereavement on Health
Evidence
Explanations
Effect of Relationship Dissolution on Health
Relationship Breakup
Explanations
Marital Transitions and Health
Effect of Marital Quality on Health
Evidence
Division of Labor
Who Does What?
What Determines Who Does What?
Satisfaction
366
367
369
371
374
375
375
376
379
380
381
382
382
383
384
384
385
386
387
388
388
389
390
391
391
392
393
395
398
402
403
403
405
405
406
408
409
409
411
412
414
416
xiv Contents
Parenting and Health
Effects of the Parent Role on Health
Effect of Parenthood on Marriage
Intimate Partner Violence
Incidence
Characteristics of Perpetrator and Victim
Theories
Rape and Other Forms of Sexual Coercion
Definitions
Incidence
Rape Myths
Characteristics of Perpetrator
Characteristics of Victim
Theories
Summary
Discussion Questions
Suggested Reading
Key Terms
12
Paid Worker Role and Health
Paid Worker Role
Women’s Employment
Effects on the Family
Retirement
Combining Paid Labor with Family Roles
Effects of the Paid Worker Role on Family Roles
Effects of Family Roles on the Paid Worker Role
Difficulties in Combining Roles
Quality of Paid Worker Role
Characteristics of Paid Work
Effects on Health
Discrimination
Pay Disparity
Denial of Discrimination
Sexual Harassment
Definitions
Incidence
Outcomes of Sexual Harassment
Characteristics of Perpetrator
Characteristics of Victim
Theories
Summary
Discussion Questions
417
420
422
423
423
427
429
430
431
432
432
433
434
435
437
439
440
440
441
442
444
446
448
450
452
453
453
456
456
458
458
461
472
475
475
478
480
481
481
482
484
485
Contents xv
Suggested Reading
Key Terms
13
Mental Health
Sex Differences in Depression
Methodological Artifacts
Clinician Bias
Response Bias
Different Manifestations of Depression
Theories of Depression
Biology
Learned Helplessness
Coping
Stressful Life Events
The Female Gender Role
Caregiving
Challenges of Adolescence
Gender Intensification
Puberty
Body Image
Adjustment to Chronic Illness
Male Gender Role
Female Gender Role
Eating Disorders
Definitions and Prevalence
Consequences
Etiology
Suicide
Incidence
Attempts
The Gender Paradox
Factors Associated with Suicide Among Adults
Factors Associated with Suicide Among Adolescents
Summary
Discussion Questions
Suggested Reading
Key Terms
485
485
487
488
492
492
493
494
495
497
499
500
508
511
513
514
515
515
516
521
522
525
526
526
528
529
532
532
534
535
535
536
537
539
539
540
References
541
Name Index
605
Subject Index
622
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PREFACE
T
he purpose of this text is to provide a
review of the empirical research and
conceptual discussions surrounding gender and to examine the implications
of gender for relationships and health. The
focus of this book goes beyond sex alone—
whether one is biologically male or female—
to explore the roles that society has assigned
to women and men and the other variables
that co-occur with sex, such as status and
gender-related traits. The implications of social roles, status, and gender-related traits for
relationships and health are examined. This
is why the book is entitled The Psychology
of Gender rather than The Psychology of Sex.
Gender is a term that represents the social
and cultural forces that influence men and
women in our society. The book discusses
the “psychology” of gender because the focus
is on the individual in the social context. The
primary focus is not on biology and anthropology, although their contributions to the
study of gender are included.
Rather than review every topic related
to gender, I examine …
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