Expert answer:lab report measuring the rate of diffusion
Solved by verified expert:wirting a lab report of (measuring the rate of diffusion)i will post everything that needs , the result the guide of how you do it and two source you better use it also it need to with sample with work cuz i am international student sources:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/https://kodiak.wne.edu/d2l/le/content/47741/fullsc…
global_considerations_assignment.pdf
doc_oct_23_2c_2017_2c_1703.pdf
bio_117_lab_report_guidelines_expanded__1_.pdf
bio_117_lab_report_guidelines_intro.pdf
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BME 201
Foundations of BME
Fall 2017
Global Considerations
Overview
It is important to understand that our work as engineers involves solutions to problems that are not only
technically complex, but also exist in a complicated world. In particular, our designs must take into
account the global, economic, environmental, and societal context in which they are developed and
implemented. In this assignment, we will explore these facets with respect to a given medical device.
Details
Compose a document that discusses the broad considerations involved with magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI). Your paper should address the following areas (1-2 paragraphs per topic):
• Societal
o How does the device affect society (positively, negatively, major benefit)?
o Does the device impact all members of society, or only certain populations?
o Is the developed world (e.g., U.S.) affected the same as the developing world (e.g.,
Guatemala).
• Environmental
o Does the device impact the environment?
o Consider the materials/components used in the device along with its eventual disposal,
energy consumption, etc.
• Economics
o What is the cost associated with the device?
o Consider the cost of the device as well as the cost per procedure.
o What is the economic impact of lives saved and/or improved due to this device?
• Sustainability
o What is the device lifetime?
o Does it require maintenance?
• Safety
o Is the device safe for users (physicians, patients, etc.) ?
o What are some potential safety problems the device poses?
In addition to the content described above, your work will be assessed along the dimensions of quality of
writing and grammar. Use the IEEE format for your references (both the in-text citations and for
preparing your list of references at the end of the paper).
Due Date
Friday, October 13.
Lab Report Guidelines: Bio 117
Please work independently on your report; only the raw data collected in lab may be shared. All
other work must be yours alone.
Title page
The title page should be a separate page from the rest of the report and should include the
title of the report, your name and the names of your lab partners, all in upper case letters
and centered on the page. Please put a space between the title and your name, and then a
space between your name and your lab partners’ names.
The following sections of the report must be separate from each other and labeled in bold:
Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, and References
Introduction
The goal of the introduction is to provide background information necessary to
understand the context of your report, and to state the purpose, hypothesis, and
predictions of the study.
This section should start with the general ‘big picture’ goal of the investigation and end
with your hypothesis and specific predictions (what results you expect). Include
background information on the relevant biological concepts that are important for
understanding your investigation.
Do not use direct quotes from outside sources. Paraphrase the information in your own
words, and then cite the relevant source both within the text and in the References section
(see below.) Each time you include information that you learned from another source, cite
this source immediately following the relevant statement. This includes general
information from your textbook, and specific information from scientific articles.
Citations within the text should use the format (Author year) as follows: (Johnson 2003)
for one author, (Thomas and Fairfax 2001) for two authors, or (Fairfax et al. 2002) for
more than two authors.
Your hypothesis should state your idea about what you expect to happen in the
experiment as well as your logic behind your hypothesis. For example, “I hypothesize
that under controlled laboratory conditions, exposure to the chemical atrazine will cause
reproductive abnormalities in frogs. This is because in ponds contaminated with atrazine,
abnormalities have been observed. “
Your hypothesis should not include specific numbers or measurements unless they are
based on previous studies or observations. Usually, a hypothesis describes the general
trend you expect to see, and not the actual data.
Remember that your data can only support or refute your hypothesis. A hypothesis is
NEVER proven to be true.
Materials and Methods
In this section, you should describe in paragraph format how you went about answering
the questions addressed in the study. Include sufficient detail to enable someone to repeat
your work. Specify the quantities of materials (volumes, temperatures, etc.) and their
units. Indicate any statistical test(s) performed. Use past tense to report what you did. DO
NOT write this section as though it were directions in the laboratory manual. DO NOT
list the equipment used. Mention the materials used in the experiment within the narrative
as you describe the procedure. DO NOT use first person in this section. Instead of “we
added 25 mL of 2.5 M NaCl to the reaction,” write “25 mL of 2.5 M Nacl was added to
the reaction.”
Results
The results section should present a clear and concise summary of your data. Describe in
paragraph form the important patterns and trends in the data, and supplement your
description with tables and figures when appropriate. Don’t report raw data (individual
measurements) either in the text or tables. Use summary statistics that are appropriate for
your investigation (i.e. means and standard deviations, directional changes in variables
over time, correlations, etc.) State what happened, not why it happened. Do not interpret
or explain your results in this section.
Include figures (graphs or pictures) and tables (numbers) to summarize the data visually.
The text of the results should refer to the figures and tables after the relevant data are
given. For example, “Goldfish in warm water had a higher mean heart rate than goldfish
in cool water (Figure 1).” Figures and tables are placed within the results section.
Tables are summarized data presented in columns and rows. All other items (graphs,
pictures, drawings, maps, etc.) are referred to as figures, NOT graphs or charts. Tables
and figures are placed within the results section, in numerical order. Number figures and
tables consecutively (i.e. Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, Table 2, etc) by the order in which
they are first mentioned in the text. Figures must be your own work, not a graph made
by someone else.
To show a pattern or a trend in the data, use a graph (i.e. a scatterplot or line graph).
Alternatively, a bar graph is better to show data that differ among treatments (categories.)
Whenever a table or figure is included in the report, a reference to that table or figure
must be included in the text. For example, “The effect of temperature on respiratory rates
of nudibranchs is summarized in Table 1,” or “Higher temperatures have a stimulatory
effect on the respiration rate of nudibranchs (Table 1).
All tables and figures must have self-explanatory captions. You should be able to look
at a table or figure and, simply by reading the caption, know what was done in that part of
the experiment without having to read the text. Captions for tables are always placed on
top of the table, captions for figures are always placed below the figure. All tables and
figures must include units of measurement for the data presented.
When plotting graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the x-axis, and the
dependent variable (something that changes in response to the independent variable) is
plotted on the y-axis. When plotting data with more than one data series on the same axis,
use different colors or symbols to distinguish among the data, and include a legend (key)
to identify colors or symbols.
For axis scales, use units that are easily interpolated. For example, a scale from 0 to 10
would be conveniently broken down to ten 1-unit intervals, but a breakdown of 42 units
of 0.2381 would not be useful. The x-axis scale need not be the same as the y-axis. Also,
either scale does not need to start at zero.
Discussion
In the discussion section, the goal is to interpret your results by answering the questions
raised in the introduction. Since the introduction went from the general to a specific
question, going from the specific (your particular results) back to the general (theoretical
context) will help you tie your ideas and arguments together.
The discussion requires you to think about your data. How do your results fit with your
expectations? If your results were unexpected, what do you think happened? How do
your results help you understand this particular process or topic?
Be sure to refer back to your introduction, and state whether your data support (not
prove!) or reject your hypothesis.
Draw conclusions based on your results. Present your reasoning in a clear, logical way.
Interpreting your data means explaining why you think you obtained the data you did,
based on your understanding of the biology behind the lab investigation.
Use outside references (previously published data from other studies) to support your
conclusion and make comparisons. Remember to cite your sources. Analyze sources of
error, but do not blame your results on experimental error.
The discussion is typically the section that requires the most time and effort to do well, so
be sure to give yourself enough time.
References
If you use words or ideas other than your own at any point in the report, it is necessary to
cite your source. Otherwise it is plagiarism (theft of intellectual property). This section
provides the full reference information for all of the sources that were cited within the
text.
Your report should include at least one reference other than your textbook. This
reference must be a peer-reviewed scientific publication.
Additional references beyond the two required may be included if relevant. Websites are
acceptable references only if they’re from highly reliable, objective sources (colleges,
universities, government agencies, etc.)
References should be alphabetized by first author and should follow the format below:
Journal articles: Author(s). Year. Title. Name of journal. Volume: Pp.
Ex: Schindler, D.W. 1978. Factors regulating phytoplankton production and standing crop
in the world’s freshwater. Limnology and Oceanography. 23: 478-486
Books: Author(s). Year. Title. Publisher.
Ex: Johnson, G.B. 2002. The Living World, 3
rd
ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Books with chapters authored by different individuals: Author(s). Year. Title of
chapter. Book editors. Title of book. Publisher. Pp.
Ex: Werner, E.A. 1986. Species interactions in freshwater fish communities. In: J.
Diamond and TJ Case (eds.) Community Ecology. Harper and row, Publishers, NY.
344-359.
Website: Author/s or corporate author. Year of publication/last update. Title of webpage.
Webpage address/URL. Date accessed.
Ex: Snowdon, C.T. 1997. Significance of Animal Behaviour Research. http://
www.csun.edu/~vcpsy00h/valueofa.htm . Accessed February 2004.
General guidelines:
•
Follow the direction in the lab manual as well as those given by your instructor.
•
Good scientific writing uses simple, clear language. Sentences should be brief and should
follow logically from one to another. Your report should be easily understood by someone
who has not completed the lab.
•
Paragraphs should have a clear topic sentence followed by 3-5 sentences that provide
specific information on that topic. The final sentence should provide a transition to the
next paragraph.
•
All lab reports should be double-spaced. The type should be black ink and 12-point font.
•
Always proofread your report in addition to running your computer’s spell and grammar
check. Common biological terms and style conventions are not recognized by word
processing programs.
•
Some commonly misspelled or misused words:
•
Data: the word data is plural (The data support the hypothesis that…)
•
Prove: The data can support or refute your hypothesis, but cannot prove it to be
true.
•
Significant: in biological writing, the term significant is reserved for statistical
analysis. Do not use this term except in relation to the results of a statistical test.
•
Affect vs effect: For most situations relevant to writing lab reports, affect is a verb
(this study investigated how temperature affects the heart rate of a goldfish),
wheras effect is a noun (we investigated the effect of temperature on heart rate).
•
Its vs it’s: its is possessive (we identified the species of each tree and measured its
diameter). It’s is a contraction that means “it is” (it’s raining outside). The
simplest way to avoid this confusion is to avoid the use of contractions in your lab
reports.
BIO 117 Lab Report Guidelines
This document is to provide the highlights of expectations for each section of your written lab
reports. More detail can be found in the Lab Report Guidelines document on Kodiak.
Scientific writing is in the third person, so do not use we or I unless you are stating your hypothesis.
Introduction
The introduction provides background material for the reader. It should introduce all relevant
concepts for the reader to understand the experiment you conducted. The introduction should
conclude with a statement of your hypothesis and predicted results. This statement is the only time
that you should use we or I in your lab report.
This section must include references.
Materials and Methods
This section should be written in paragraph form and in past tense. It should contain enough detail
that someone could repeat your experiment including units for measurements.
Results
This section will include a written explanation of your main findings. Describe what happened, not
why it happened. In this section you should refer to your tables and figures the first time you
mention the data. Each table or figure in your lab report must be mentioned in the results section.
Tables and Figures
Present your data once, either in a table or a figure, but NOT both. Remember that the form you
collect your data in (like the table in your lab manual) is never how you will present this data in a
lab report.
Each table or figure must have a self-explanatory caption. Make sure that figures are properly
labeled; including a title, and axis labels (including units)
Discussion
The discussion is where you explain what your results mean, as well as why they happened. Try to
tie your data to a bigger picture. How do your data agree or disagree with what is already known
about this topic. You should refer back to your original hypothesis and state whether your date
support or refute the hypothesis. Your discussion should end with a conclusion.
References
Your lab report must contain at least 2 references formatted as shown below. One of these should
be your textbook, the other a peer-reviewed scientific publication. You may NOT reference your lab
manual.
Journal Article: Author(s). Year. Title. Name of Journal. Volume:pages.
Book: Author(s). Year. Title. Publisher
Website: Author(s) or Corporate Author. Year of publication/last update. Title of webpage. Webpage
address/URL. Date Accessed.
Grading Criteria
Introduction
Adequately
summarized
background
information
References are cited
correctly
Uses appropriate
references
Hypothesis and
predictions are clearly
stated
Methods
In paragraph form,
no materials list
Detail is appropriate
Results text
Results are
summarized
completely and
accurately
Figures are referred
to appropriately and
correctly
Describes what
happened, not why
Figures/tables
Figures and/or
tables are included
and used
appropriately
Axes and/or
headings are labeled
correctly
Figure/table
captions are clear and
complete
Discussion
Data is interpreted
appropriately
Refers back to
hypothesis
Includes overall
conclusion
Advanced
Developing
Basic
4
3
2
1
0.5
0.25
3
2
1
3
2
1
2
1.5
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
2
1.5
1
3
2
1
6
4
2
2
1.5
1
2
1.5
1
4
3
2
3
2
1
3
2
1
complete
Discussion
Data is interpreted
appropriately
Refers back to
hypothesis
Includes overall
conclusion
References cited
Included and in
appropriate format
Overall writing
All sections are
labeled appropriately
Spelling and
Grammar
Total
4
3
2
3
2
1
3
2
1
2
1.5
1
1
0.5
0.25
3
2
1
50
—————
————
Levels:
Advanced: Level of work is consistent with a grade of A, report has all sections, instructions in the
expanded lab report guidelines document were clearly followed, labeling is clear and complete, and
writing has only minor spelling and grammar errors.
Developing: Level of work is consistent with a grade of C, report has most sections, labeling is
mostly complete, parts of the report may be unclear, major errors are present in 1-2 sections, and
many spelling and grammar errors are present.
Basic: Level of work is consistent with a grade of F, report needs significant improvement, many
sections are incomplete or missing, and spelling and grammatical errors make reading the report a
challenge.
…
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