Expert answer:Lab Report
Solved by verified expert:Final Lab ReportYou are required to write a complete laboratory report that covers the drinking water quality experiment from “Lab 2: Water Quality and Contamination,” using knowledge gained throughout the course. Use the instructor feedback on your Rough Draft from Week Three to guide your writing. Be sure to download the Final Lab Report Template and utilize this form (not the Rough Draft template) to ensure proper formatting and inclusion of all required material. Additionally, view the Sample Final Lab Report before beginning this assignment, which will illustrate what a Final Lab Report should look like. You must use at least two scholarly sources, two other highly credible sources, and your lab manual to support your points. The report must be six to ten pages in length (excluding the title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style. For information regarding APA samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center, located within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar, in your online course.The Final Lab Report must contain the following eight sections in this order:Title Page – This page must include the title of your report, your name, course name, instructor, and date submitted.Abstract – This section should provide a brief summary of the methods, results, and conclusions. It should allow the reader to see what was done, how it was done, and the results. It should not exceed 200 words and should be the last part written (although it should still appear right after the title page).Introduction – This section should include background information on water quality and an overview of why the experiment was conducted. It should first contain background information of similar studies previously conducted. This is accomplished by citing existing literature from similar experiments. Secondly, it should provide an objective or a reason why the experiment is being done. Why do we want to know the answer to the question we are asking? Finally, it should end the hypothesis from your Week Two experiment, and the reasoning behind your hypothesis. This hypothesis should not be adjusted to reflect the “right” answer. Simply place your previous hypothesis in the report here. You do not lose points for an inaccurate hypothesis; scientists often revise their hypotheses based on scientific evidence following the experiments.Materials and Methods – This section should provide a detailed description of the materials used in your experiment and how they were used. A step-by-step rundown of your experiment is necessary; however, it should be done in paragraph form, not in a list format. The description should be exact enough to allow for someone reading the report to replicate the experiment, however, it should be in your own words and not simply copied and pasted from the lab manual.Results – This section should include the data and observations from the experiment. All tables and graphs should be present in this section. In addition to the tables, you must describe the data in text; however, there should be no personal opinions or discussion outside of the results located within this area. Discussion – This section should interpret your data and provide conclusions. Discuss the meanings of your findings in this area. Was your hypothesis accepted or rejected, and how were you able to determine this? Did the results generate any future questions that might benefit from a new experiment? Were there any outside factors (i.e., temperature, contaminants, time of day) that affected your results? If so, how could you control for these in the future?Conclusions – This section should provide a brief summary of your work.References – List references used in APA format as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.In this class, you have three tutoring services available: Paper Review, Live Chat, and Tutor E-mail. Click on the Writing Center (AWC) tab in the left-navigation menu, in your online course, to learn more about these tutoring options and how to get help with your writing
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Running head: TITLE
1
Title
Name
SCI 207: Our Dependence Upon the Environment
Instructor
Date
Title
2
*This template will provide you with the details necessary to finalize a quality Final Lab Report.
Utilize this template to complete the Week 5 Final Lab Report and ensure that you are providing
all of the necessary information and proper format for the assignment. Before you begin, please
note the following important information:
1. Carefully review the Final Lab Report instructions before you begin this assignment.
2. The Final Lab Report should cover the Drinking Water Quality Experiment from your
Week Two Lab.
3. Review instructor feedback from the Week Three outline of the Final Lab Report and
make changes as necessary.
4. Review the Sample Final Lab Report for an example of a final product on a different
topic. Your format should look like this sample report before submission.
5. Make sure your final report is in proper APA format. Use the Sample Final Lab Report
as a guide, or obtain an APA Template from the Writing Center.
6. Run your Final Lab Report through Turnitin using the student folder to ensure protection
from accidental plagiarism
Title
Abstract
The abstract should provide a brief summary of the methods, results, and conclusions. It should
very briefly allow the reader to see what was done, how it was done, and the results. It should not
exceed 200 words and should be the last part written (although it should still appear right after
the title page).
Introduction
The introduction should describe the background of water quality and related issues using cited
examples. You should include scholarly sources in this section to help explain why water quality
research is important to society. When writing this section, make sure to cite all resources in
APA format.
The introduction should also contain the objective for your study. This objective is the reason
why the experiment is being done. Your final report should provide an objective that describes
why we want to know the answer to the questions we are asking.
Finally, the introduction should end with your hypothesis. This hypothesis should be the same
one posed before you began your experiment. You may reword it following feedback from your
instructor to illustrate a proper hypothesis, however, you should not adjust it to reflect the “right”
answer. You do not lose points for an inaccurate hypothesis; scientists often revise their
hypotheses based on scientific evidence following an experiment. Include an explanation as to
why you made the hypothesis that you did.
Title
Materials and Methods
The materials and methods section should provide a brief description of the specialized materials
used in your experiment and how they were used. This section needs to summarize the
instructions with enough detail so that an outsider who does not have a copy of the lab
instructions knows what you did. However, this does not mean writing every little step like “dip
the chloride test strip in the water, then shake the test strip,” these steps can be simplified to read
“we used chloride test strips to measure the chloride levels of each sample in mg/L”, etc.
Additionally, this section should be written in the past tense and in your own words and not
copied and pasted from the lab manual.
Results
The results section should include all tables used in your experiments. All values within the
tables or graphs should be in numerical form and contain units. For instance, if measuring the
amount of chloride in water you should report as 2 mg/L or 0 mg/L, not as two or none.
The results section should also highlight the important results in paragraph form, referring to the
appropriate tables when mentioned. This section should only state the results as no personal
opinions should be included. A description of what the results really mean should be saved for
the discussion. For example, you may report, 0mg/L of chlorine were found in the water, but
should avoid personal opinions and interpretations of the data (e.g., “No chlorine was found in
the water showing it is cleaner than the others samples”).
Discussion
The discussion section should interpret your data and provide conclusions. Start by discussing
whether you accepted or rejected your hypothesis and how you arrived at this decision. In the
same section, consider some of the implications of your results. Given the chemical differences
you may have noted between the water samples, are any of the differences causes for concern?
Why or why not?
The discussion should also relate your results to the bigger water concerns and challenges. For
example, based on your experiments you might discuss how various bottled water companies use
different filtration systems. Or, you could discuss the billion dollar bottled water industry. For
example, do you think it is worth it to buy bottled water? Why or why not? Your final lab report
should utilize credible and scholarly resources to put your results into context.
Finally, the results section should also address any possible factors that may have affected your
results, such as possible contamination in the experiments or any outside factors (e.g.,
temperature, contaminants, time of day). If so, how could you control for these in the future?
You should also propose some new questions that have arisen from your results and what kind of
experiment might be proposed to answer these questions.
3
Title
Conclusions
The conclusion section should briefly summarize the key findings of your experiment. What
main message would you like people to have from this report?
References
Include at least two scholarly references, two credible references, and your lab manual in APA
format.
4
Lab 2: Water Quality and Contamination
Kendran Thornton
Course Name
Professor’s Name
Due Date
Lab 2: Water Quality and Contamination
Abstract
Water quality is imperative while giving adequate biological adjust to drinking
purposes, vegetation and many different special angle species. One of our primary asset,
for instance, developing the crop was delivered reliably because of the arrangement of
checking different types of water amount including tap water, Dasani® Bottled Water,
and Fiji Bottled Water, alongside with the nature of whatever is contained in the water.
There are absolutely minerals as well as contaminated substances that can definitely hurt
us as people and furthermore the ecological system. All together why water quality is
significant, there are some basic targets to take into account. As expected, two factors
that are supposed to be seen is how much amount of value in water exist inside our
ecological system. In addition, water may be characterized during the successful research
by its physical, substance, natural appearance as well as the smell. The destinations of
having different components of water quality in control are supposed to consist of various
phases of conducting the experiment, which followed by precise outcomes to make sure
of the security of water quality.
Introduction
Background: Filtered water is a billion dollar industry in the United States. In
any case, few individuals know the medical advantages that originate from drinking
filtered water instead of faucet water. This experiment will take a gander at the levels of a
wide range of concoction mixes in both tap and filtered water to decide whether there are
medical advantages in drinking filtered water.
Objective: The primary objective for watching water quality and contamination is
not simply to guarantee the balance of an ecological system yet additionally to secure
general health. In the case that there is an enormous measure of chemicals and toxins that
exist in our water framework, this will influence the whole ecological system. With this
issue being applicable, exact testing and testing will help give diverse answers for water
quality enhancements.
Hypothesis: Tap water will contain the most contaminants, as most of the tap
water is put away in supplies at that point flies out through channels to a treatment focus.
After the treatment focus water is conveyed to homes through channels. I accept before
long with water go through channels they start to convey silt in the funnels. Dasani water
will be the second cleanest water. It experiences filtration frameworks with a couple of
chemicals to protect freshness. It is then put into cleaned plastic jugs and fixed. In the
event that faucet water being the dirtiest and Dasani water being second in defiled water.
at that point, Fiji water will be the cleanest water of the three. Fiji water is dealt with
much the same as Dasani water. The main reason we picked Fiji water is the best is that it
costs more to purchase in stores than other filtered water.
Materials and Methods
The methods and materials applied for this specific experiment comprised of
measuring glasses, rock, sand, actuated charcoal, tap water and a cheesecloth lined
channel. The reason for this part of the trial was to analyze how taints influence water,
alongside how the world’s ground framework forms polluted water to a type of
consumable asset. The means of this procedure was finished through sifting each defile in
discrete marked measuring utencils, watching the water nature of every flask. When this
procedure was done, the determination of which type of water is most contaminated were
resolved. The second period of the water quality examination was to test compound and
mineral levels between tap water and filtered water. After we applied various test strips
such as pH, iron, chloride, and so on, the outcomes demonstrated that the water quality
between tap water and filtered water has comparable characteristics.
Results
The result of the four in one test is tabulated as follow:
Four in One Test Results
Water Sample
Total Alkalinity
Total Chlorine
Total Hardness
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
Tap Water
40
4
250
Dasani® Bottled Water
0
0
0
Fiji® Bottled Water
0
4
120
The iron test result for each type of water is tabulated as follow:
Iron Test Results
Water Sample
Test Results (ppm)
Tap Water
0.15
Dasani® Bottled Water
0
Fiji® Bottled Water
0
The phosphate test result for each type of water is tabulated as follow:
Phosphate Test Results
Water Sample
Test Results (ppm)
Tap Water
50
Dasani® Bottled Water
10
Fiji® Bottled Water
100
Finally, the pH result for each type of water is tabulated as follow:
pH Results
Water Sample
Test Results (ppm)
Tap Water
6
Dasani® Bottled Water
3
Fiji® Bottled Water
6
According from the above results, the phosphorus level in Fiji water and the
faucet water is disturbing as indicated by the phosphorus record it states, phosphate itself
does not have prominent unfriendly wellbeing impacts. Nonetheless, phosphate levels
more prominent than 1.0 may meddle with coagulation in water treatment plants. The
faucet water recorded 50 ppm, Dasani water was 10 ppm, and Fiji was a disturbing 100
ppm. Despite the fact that it might have no unfriendly health impacts 100 ppm is a little
too high. Phosphate is a fundamental component in human sustenance. Appraisals of the
base every day prerequisite for press rely upon age, sex, physiological status, and iron
biological availability and range from around 10 to 50 mg/day. With the faucet water
having .15 ppm would profit my life partner since her iron levels are low, so she needs to
take press supplements. She could expand her iron level by drinking faucet water as
opposed to filtered water, in light of the fact that both of the packaged waters contain no
iron.
Discussion
My hypothesis should be rejected. The meaning of my findings involves that Fiji
water was to some degree tantamount to tap water. It was half as hard as faucet water
with Dasani water being the mildest of the three. It contained twice as much phosphate
than the faucet water Fiji contained 100 mg/L while the tap water had 50 mg/L and
Dasani just had 10 mg/L of phosphate. The pH level of faucet water and Fiji water were
both at 6 where Dasani water contained 3. In this way, my theory is off base faucet water
is more advantageous to the human body and the planet. The results indeed generated
future questions which might be benefit from the experiments. There were outside factors
such as temperature and time of day that would affect the result; but generally, these
factors bring about only small percentages of error and there is almost no way to control
those factors in the future.
Conclusions
The experiment and hypothesis were greatly successful in identifying which types
of water is more contaminated than the other types of water, as the end-result of water
should be determined since it does little to articulate water treatment coming directly
from pumped wells into residences, but used in metropolitan cities. In summary, from the
experiment, it can be concluded that both tap water and Fiji water came in at a pH level
of 6 and the Dasani water came in at a pH level of 3. As indicated by the pH archive an
unbiased pH is 7 in the event that it is lower than the water has a high rate of corrosive.
The Dasani water with a low pH level is disturbing to where we would refrain from
drinking it. Fiji and faucet water is substantially more secure. With chlorine, the Dasani
water is greatly improved at a level of 0. Tap and Fiji water came in at 4.0 mg/L.
Chlorine can cause medical issues, for example, bladder and asthmatic conditions if a
man was to drink chlorinated water for a long time. With a level of 4.0 mg/L and
drinking the water for a long time for my situation, it is shocking I have not contracted a
disease caused by chlorine as of now. The hardness of tap water was at a level of 250.
Hard water causes issues with cleanser filth development and other recoloring conditions
yet adds to the essence of the water.
References
Cornell University Cooperative Extension (Sept. 2013) Drinking Water Testing and
Contaminates.
Lab 2 – Water Quality and Contamination
Experiment 1: Drinking Water Quality
Bottled water is a billion dollar industry in the United States. Still, few people know the health
benefits, if any, that come from drinking bottled water as opposed to tap water. This experiment
will look at the levels of a variety of different chemical compounds in both tap and bottled water
to determine if there are health benefits in drinking bottled water.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. Develop a hypothesis regarding which water sources you believe will contain the most
and least contaminants, and state why you believe this. Be sure to clearly rank all three
sources from most to least contaminants.
Hypothesis = Tap water is sourced from a well; it will be no better or worse than the bottled
water. And that both Fiji and Dasani water will also be the same.
Table 1: Ammonia Test Results
Water Sample
Test Results (mg/L)
Tap Water
0 mg/L
Dasani® Bottled Water
0 mg/L
Fiji® Bottled Water
0 mg/L
© eScience Labs, 2016
Table 2: Chloride Test Results
Water Sample
Test Results (mg/L)
Tap Water
0 mg/L
Dasani® Bottled Water
0 mg/L
Fiji® Bottled Water
0 mg/L
Table 3: 4 in 1 Test Results
Total Alkalinity
Total Chlorine
Total Hardness
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
Tap Water
0 mg/L
1.0 mg/L
50 mg/L
Dasani® Bottled
Water
0 mg/L
0 mg/L
0 mg/L
Fiji® Bottled Water
0 mg/L
1.0 mg/L
50 mg/L
Water Sample
Table 4: Phosphate Test Results
Water Sample
Test Results (ppm)
Tap Water
10ppm
Dasani® Bottled Water
10ppm
Fiji® Bottled Water
10ppm
Table 5: Iron Test Results
Water Sample
Test Results (ppm)
Tap Water
0 mg/L
Dasani® Bottled Water
0 mg/L
© eScience Labs, 2016
Fiji® Bottled Water
0 mg/L
Table 6: pH Results
Water Sample
Test Results
Tap Water
6
Dasani® Bottled Water
5
Fiji® Bottled Water
7
2. Based on the results of your experiment, would accept or reject the hypothesis you
produced in question 1? Explain how you determined this.
Accept/reject = Accept my hypothesis. Tap water was the same on just about all levels in
every test.
3. Based on the results of your experiment, what specific differences do you notice among
the Dasani®, Fiji®, and Tap Water?
Answer = The Fiji water was the same as the tap and had just that little more chlorine than
the Dasani. However, the Dasani water is more acidic than the others.
4. Based upon the fact sheets provided (links at the end of this document), do any of these
samples pose a health concern? Use evidence from the lab to support your answer.
Answer = Yes, Dasani water being a 5 on the ph scale and about as acidic as coffee. I think
that it’s worse than others. .
5. Based on your results, do you believe that bottled water is worth the price? Use
evidence from the lab to support your opinion.
Answer = Since the results were fairly close it’s not worth the price, if Tap water have the
© eScience Labs, 2016
similar results.
**NOTE: Be sure to complete steps 1 – 32 of Lab 3, Experiment 1 (the next lab) before
completing your work for this week. Lab 3 involves growing plants, and if the work is not
started this week, your seeds will not have time to grow and the lab will not be finished on
time.**
FACT SHEETS
Ammonia
https://www.wqa.org/Portals/0/Technical/Technical%20Fact%20Sheets/2014_Ammonia.pdf
Chloride
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chloride.pdf
Phosphate
http://osse.ssec.wisc.edu/curriculum/earth/Minifact2_Phosphorus.pdf
Iron
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/iron.pdf
pH
https://www.watersystemscouncil.org/download/wellcare_information_sheets/potential_groundw
ater_contaminant_information_sheets/9709284pH_Update_September_2007.pdf
Alkalinity
https://www.safewater.org/PDFS/communitywatertestkit/Water_Quality_Tests.pdf
Chlorine
http://www.watertechonline.com/testing-for-chlorine-in-drinking-water/
© eScience Labs, 2016
Hardness
http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/factsheets/dwgb/documents/dwgb-3-6.pdf
© eScience Labs, 2016
Lab 2
Water Quality and Contamina on – Alternate Assignment
Water Quality and Contamination
Concepts to Explore
Usable water
Ground water contaminates
Ground water
Water treatment
Surface water
Drinking water quality
Figure 1: At any given moment, 97% of the planet’s water is in oceans. Only a small fraction of
the remaining freshwater is usable by humans, underscoring the importance of treating our water supply with care.
Introduction
It is no secret that water is one of the most valuable resources on Earth. Every plant and animal requires water to survive, not only for drinking, but also for food production, shelter creation, and many other necessities.
Water has also played a major role in transforming the earth’s surface into the varied topography we see today.
While more than 70% of our planet is covered in water, only a small percentage of this water is usable freshwater. The other 99% of water is composed primarily of salt water, with a small percentage being composed
3
Water Quality and Contamination
of glaciers. Due to the high costs involved in transforming salt water into freshwater, the earth’s population
survives off the less than 1% of freshwater available. Humans obtain freshwater from either surface water or
groundwater.
Surface water is the water that collects on the ground as a result of precipitation. The water that does not
evaporate back into the atmosphere or infiltrate into the ground is typically collected in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and other bodies of water, making it easily accessible.
Precipita on
Precipita on
Precipita on
Transpira on
Cloud forma on
Evapora on
Evapora on
Groundwater
Figure 2: Water is a renewable source, purified and
delivered across the planet by the hydrological cycle.
Groundwater, on the other hand, is located underneath the ground. This water is stored in pores, fractures,
and other spaces within the soil and rock underneath the su …
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