Expert answer:Intertextual Argument Essay
Solved by verified expert:This is the book u need to read” http://nfs.sparknotes.com/richardiii/and the article below KEEP IT SIMPLE!!!and I will write about The original play, wherein Richard manipulates/kills all the people to get all the power.Someone talking about Richard as a ‘real person’ in history, and how he wasn’t really like how Shakespeare portrayed him, but with a heavy emphasis on why he made these decisions.This is the outline -Introduction: The length of your intro depends on the length of your paper. Most of our essays are short, and will only need one introductory paragraph. If you are writing a longer essay, you may spend considerably more time giving your reader context, and work through it over more than one paragraph.Introduce first text (by title and author name) and give the main ideaIntroduce second text (by title and author name) and give the main ideaIntroduce any other materials, terms or phrases you plan to cover that the reader may not be familiar with.Make your claim that adds something new to the conversation.Body paragraph: All body paragraphs should focus on one idea- again, depending on the length of your essay, you may spend more than one paragraph on one argument, splitting your ideas down into more and more nuanced arguments. But for our essays, we will essentially make one argument per paragraph and stick with one piece of evidence (potentially from each article if necessary) per paragraph as well. Remember: Do all of these steps for each of your body paragraphs.Topic sentence: What are you arguing? Who is it in response to? Give us some context on the smaller scale.Choose and transform your evidence to fit your sentence and paragraph structure.Give us your evidence: If this is a moment where you are using one person to argue against another, you may need a piece of evidence from each. Otherwise, pick one thing to focus on to support your argument.Make sure to give us an MLA appropriate in-text citation at the end of any borrowed words, phrases, or ideas!Analyze your evidence: Don’t assume that your reader has read the entire article. Think about what this evidence looks like out of context; what does your reader need to know in order to feel its full impact? What do you need to explain to make it worth as much as possible to your argument?Explain your evidence: How does it support your argument? What are you trying to do with it?Explore the implications for your claim: What does this argument do to help your reader better understand your claim? What do you want them to learn? Who might this argument matter to, and why? Who might it not matter to, and how could you convince them to care?ConclusionTry to rephrase (quickly and concisely) what you have said previously. Do not just copy paste previous sentences. Really try to say what you already said in a new way- this might be your last chance to convince your reader!Explore the greater stakes: So what? Who cares? Why does any of this matter, and who does it matter to? Why is it so important to make your claim, and why should others take you seriously? What further avenues of inquiry could you suggest to your reader?
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“Richard III”, Shakespeare, and History
Author(s): Susan E. Leas
Source: The English Journal, Vol. 60, No. 9 (Dec., 1971), pp. 1214-1216+1296
Published by: National Council of Teachers of English
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Richard III, Shakespeare, and History
Susan E. Leas
Department of English
Walker High School
Atlanta, Georgia
the
S HAKESPEARE’S Richard IIIinto
has
nature of history. In order to
appreciate Richard III, the class should
always been popular as a classic
beyond Shakespeare’s play and search
portrayal of villainy. Throughgothe
for the facts.
Laurence Olivier film version, many
of course, wrote for a
audiences have had an opportunity to Shakespeare,
be
Tudor monarch and used Tudor historians
hunchbacked villain and to rejoice when such as Holinshed as sources for
horrified at the machinations of the
his chronicle plays. Holinshed’s version
that inhuman tyrant is at last overcome,
is by
derived from the biography of Richard
as he offers his kingdom for a horse,
III written by Sir Thomas More, left
the valorous Henry Tudor. Since
unfinished, and from others who wrote
Richard III is probably the best known
under the first Tudor king, Henry VII.
of Shakespeare’s English history plays
and is also one of his earliest successes,
This dynasty succeeded Richard’s Planit is a natural choice for inclusion in a
tagenet dynasty, and therefore one of
the chief motives for writing “history”
Shakespeare course for advanced students.
in this age would be to blacken the name
of the king whose throne they had
To read the play without having first
usurped. Shakespeare has preserved this
witnessed a performance can be a con-
fusing experience. The Wars of the
biased version of the facts.
The Richard of Shakespeare’s play is,
for the most part, a gleeful, inhuman
Roses, with their superfluity of Edwards,
Richards, and Elizabeths, are at best dif-
ficult to follow. Since Richard III is filled
with allusions to these wars and also
filled with minor characters who have
caricature who delights in explaining his
villainies to the audience, like Iago or
like Vice in the medieval morality plays.
In what seems to be only a few weeks,
little more to do than express disgust
at Richard’s methods and be executed,Richard effects the deaths of Henry VI
and his son, his own brother the Duke
the teacher might be tempted to lay it
of Clarence, his pathetic wife Anne,
aside in favor of a comedy or tragedy
with a shorter cast list. To do so, howhis friend Buckingham, his enemies
Rivers, Vaughan, Grey, and
ever, would be to miss an opportunity Hastings,
of
most significantly, his two innocent
offering the students a valuable insight
1214
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RICHARD III, SHAKESPEARE, AND HISTORY 1215
open traitor:
nephews, the Princes in the an
Tower,
one he raised an armed rebellion ain
fewhis
months after Richard took
of whom should have reigned
stead. The hunchback with the withered
the throne and was justly executed. The
controversy over the Princes in the
arm who crushes everyone between him-
self and the throne is an effective dramatic creation but not a realistic human
Tower has continued for nearly five
hundred years.
being. Yet, largely because of the popu-Many theories have been proposed to
account for the disappearance of Edlarity of Shakespeare’s work, the real
Richard III has the reputation ofward
a
IV’s sons. They were set aside by
in response to a charge (posmurderer hideously deformed both Parliament
in
body and in soul.
sibly true) that they were born of an
This view is manifestly unfair. Shakeillegal marriage and therefore could not
speare is true to his sources and to the
reign. Their uncle Richard kept them in
Tudor tradition. He would have wished
seclusion in the Tower of London, where
to glorify Queen Elizabeth’s grandfather
they were occasionally seen for several
months after his coronation. At last they
Henry Tudor, belittling his enemy
disappeared completely. The Tudor
Richard III. He probably believed that
he was presenting a truthful picture story,
of
concocted almost twenty years
the last Plantagenet’s reign. But to later,
ac- is that Sir James Tyrell was sent
cept this version is to overlook the facts
to London by Richard to murder them.
This is Sir Thomas More’s version and
of history.
R ICHARD’S defenders have existed
for centuries and are increasing in
likewise Shakespeare’s. Tyrell allegedly
confessed to the crime in 1502 just before being executed for another charge,
number. Their case is briefly as follows:
but no written evidence of such a con-
previous king, his brother Edward IV.
He was rarely at court once Edward was
Tey in her entertaining mystery The
Richard III was always loyal to the
secure on the throne and seemed to have
fession was ever made public.
An alternative is set forth by Josephine
Daughter of Time. In this novel a British
no kingly aspirations. He was notdetective,
a
hospitalized with a broken leg,
hunchback, nor did he have a withered
passes the time by solving this famous
historical murder. The book’s conclusion,
arm, though one of his shoulders may
have been slightly higher than the other.
based on convincing argument and much
Edward IV was responsible for the
credible evidence, is that the princes did
deaths of Henry VI and son. Henry
not die during Richard III’s reign but
might have died a natural death or been
were later put to death under Henry
killed at Edward’s command; his sonTudor. This is possible. No one can
certainly died in battle. Richard, far
prove whether the boys were alive or
dead when Richard fell in battle in 1485.
from wishing Clarence’s death, spoke out
strongly against it. This execution, too,
Henry did not directly accuse Richard
of their deaths until 1502. However,
was Edward’s idea and probably deserved, for Clarence had been committing
there is an element in this theory which
various acts of treason for years. Richard
is hard to explain. If the princes were
had affection for his wife Anne, whoreally alive in the autumn of 1483, why
died following a long illness, only did
a Richard fail to bring them out in
year after the death of their only son.
public in order to silence the rumors
that they had been murdered, begun
Rivers, Vaughan, Grey, and Hastings
were probably guilty of plotting against
about the time of Buckingham’s rebellion?
Richard, who had been named Protector
at his brother’s death. Buckingham was A third possibility, suggested by Paul
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1216 ENGLISH JOURNAL
commented,
“It’s just like
Murray Kendall in purposes,
his 1955
biography
1984.” A study of Richard
Shakeof Richard, is that Buckingham
was III,
respeare’s version,
versus a study
of the real
sponsible for the princes’
deaths.
As the
second most powerful
the the
kingking, man
can help in
to prevent
complacent
statehad
of mind easy
which leadsaccess
to the totali- to
dom, he would have
tarian horrors
of Orwell’s
1984 and will
the Tower and could
have
dispatched
encourage students to search for the
them in the summer of 1483 while Rich-
ard was travelling through his kingdom. truth, freed from the propaganda with
It was to Buckingham’s advantage to kill which it is often surrounded.
them, for he was planning to rebel in
A Brief Annotated Bibliography
favor of Henry Tudor, who could not
legally have become king if the princes Nonfiction
were alive. It was not to Richard’s ad-
Costain, Thomas B. The Last Plantagenets.
vantage to kill them, for he was already
Garden City, New York: Doubleday,
the crowned monarch and their murder
1962.
would only bring popular hatred against A highly sympathetic view of Richard III.
him.
Gairdner, James. History of the Life and
Reign of Richard III. Cambridge: Cam-
T HE real Henry Tudor, in contrast to
Shakespeare’s character, was not
quite the pure and holy deliverer born
to unite the white rose and the red. His
bridge University Press, 1898.
A scholarly biography presenting facts
objectively but concluding that Richard
III was really the villain of Tudor tradi-
tion.
claim to the throne was considerablyHolinshed’s
Chronicle as Used in Shake-
weaker than Richard’s. Richard was descended from the second and fourth sons
speare’s Plays, edited by Allardyce Nicoll
was unlike the villain.
Does it matter? Of course it does. Stu-
A defense of Richard III in answer to
and Josephine Nicoll. New York: E. P.
of Edward III; Henry was descended ilDutton and Company, 1927.
legitimately from the third son. Though Kendall, Paul Murray. Richard the Third.
he married Edward IV’s daughter Eliza- New York: W. W. Norton and Combeth to strengthen his claim, it was in pany, 1955.
reality based on conquest. Modem his- A complete and entertaining modern
torians generally consider Henry Tudor biography, favorable to Richard III.
a shrewd businessman, given to avarice Markham, Clements R. Richard III, His
Life and Character. New York: Russell
and likely to execute his enemies. He was
and Russell, 1968 (reprint of the 1906
as unlike Shakespeare’s savior as Richard edition).
Gairdner, but not entirely convincing.
dents, and adults as well, should readMore, Sir Thomas. History of King Richard
critically with an awareness that histor-
ians and men of literature are human
the Third, edited by: Richard J. Syl-
vester. New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1963.
beings who write from a personal bias
Rowse, A. L. Bosworth Field and the Wars
and do not always report facts as they
of the Roses. London: Doubleday, 1966.
are but rather as they would like them
to be.
Covers the entire fifteenth century; gen-
erally hostile to Richard III and his
After looking at both sides of Richard
defenders.
III and Henry VII, students may still be
confused by the Wars of the Roses,
but
Fiction
at least they will not believe everything
Barnes, Margaret Campbell. The King’s
they read in history books. One junior,
Bed. Philadelphia: Macrae Smith, 1962.
indignant at the way the Tudor historBeginning at the time of the Battle of
ians had distorted the facts for their own
(Continued on page 1296)
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1296 ENGLISH JOURNAL
Richard III, Shakespeare, and History
(Continued from page 1216)
of Jane Shore,various
using Richard
Bosworth Field and Biography
presenting
III as a major character.
traditional stories involving
people con-
cerned with Richard III.
Eckerson, Olive. The Golden Yoke. New
York: Coward-McCann, 1961.
Stresses the romance between Richard
III and his wife Anne.
Potter, Jeremy. A Trail of Blood. New
York: McCall Publishing Company, 1971.
A sixteenth-century monk tries to dis-
cover the truth about the “murder” of
the Princes in the Tower.
Jarman, Rosemary H. We Speak No TreaTey, Josephine. The Daughter of Time.
son. Boston: Little, Brown, 1971.
New York: Macmillan Company, 1953.
The story of Richard III as seen by threeThe best-known fictional defense of
people who were close to him.
Richard III.
Palmer, Marian. The White Boar. New
Whittle, Tyler. Richard III: Last of the
York: Doubleday, 1968.
Richard’s reign chiefly from the view- Plantagenets. Philadelphia: Chilton Book
Company, 1970.
point of two loyal followers.
Plaidy, Jean. The Goldsmith’s Wife. New Richard III’s life, stressing his childhood
and youth.
York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1950.
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