Expert answer:Indo Islamic History

Solved by verified expert:Assess the chief consequences of the christian missionary movements for India’s Muslim. Please Answer this question Based
on Reading and Lecture material . Give specific Examples and evidence
to support your answer…( Two Pages)
copley.wk3.pdf

lecture_materials.pdf

powell_christians.pdf

sikand.pdf

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Some​ ​Basics:​ ​Islam
➢ Prophet​ ​muhammed​ ​(570-632)
○ There​ ​is​ ​one​ ​gd​ ​&​ ​Mfd​ ​is​ ​his​ ​prophet
○ Was​ ​a​ ​merchant​ ​who​ ​started​ ​seeing​ ​visions​ ​and​ ​was​ ​known​ ​as​ ​the
angel​ ​gabriel
➢ Quaran​ ​&​ ​Hadith​ ​(Reports​ ​,​ ​traditions)
○ Muhammad​ ​recites​ ​words​ ​that​ ​are​ ​in​ ​quran
○ Reports​ ​about​ ​what​ ​muhammad​ ​had​ ​said​ ​or​ ​done
○ Only​ ​for​ ​specific​ ​group​ ​of​ ​men​ ​called​ ​‘Ulama​ ​who​ ​have​ ​memorized
the​ ​Quran​ ​and​ ​what​ ​the​ ​prophet​ ​muhammad​ ​has​ ​said
○ Islam​ ​emerges​ ​through​ ​the​ ​quran​ ​but​ ​only​ ​a​ ​small​ ​portion​ ​call
ulama​ ​has​ ​access​ ​to​ ​the​ ​text
○ Hadith​ ​is​ ​not​ ​as​ ​high​ ​as​ ​Quran
➢ Arabic​ ​(​ ​then​ ​persian,​ ​turkish,​ ​urdu,​ ​etc.)
○ Original​ ​language​ ​of​ ​written​ ​islamic
○ Urdu​ ​was​ ​the​ ​most​ ​widespread​ ​and​ ​spoken​ ​arabic​ ​language
➢ Sharia​ ​&​ ​customary​ ​law
○ The​ ​broad​ ​way​ ​or​ ​path
○ Religous​ ​law
○ The​ ​law​ ​of​ ​how​ ​muslims​ ​should​ ​be​ ​behaved​ ​that​ ​were​ ​created​ ​by
‘Ulama​ ​after​ ​reading​ ​the​ ​quran
➢ Ahl​ ​al-Kitab​ ​(people​ ​of​ ​the​ ​book)
○ Had​ ​their​ ​own​ ​book​ ​but​ ​didnt​ ​have​ ​the​ ​same​ ​rights​ ​as​ ​muslims(?)
➢ ‘Ulma​ ​(learned)​ ​&​ ​Sufi​ ​(friend​ ​of​ ​gd)
○ ‘Ulama​ ​have​ ​authority​ ​to​ ​tell​ ​things​ ​what​ ​to​ ​do​ ​based​ ​on​ ​what​ ​they
read​ ​in​ ​Quran
○ Sufi​ ​is​ ​other​ ​group​ ​of​ ​religious
○ Sufis​ ​source​ ​of​ ​religious​ ​authority​ ​from​ ​having​ ​a​ ​personal
connection​ ​with​ ​allah​ ​or​ ​gd​ ​(through​ ​religious​ ​practices,​ ​chanting
➢ Christianity​ ​evolved​ ​into​ ​different​ ​versions​ ​(religions​ ​change​ ​and​ ​many
versions​ ​adopt)
➢ Just​ ​because​ ​rulers​ ​were​ ​muslim​ ​that​ ​doesnt​ ​mean​ ​they​ ​enforced​ ​muslim
law​ ​and​ ​the​ ​‘ulama​ ​were​ ​sometimes​ ​in​ ​conflict​ ​because​ ​they​ ​believed
some​ ​people​ ​weren’t​ ​enforcing​ ​the​ ​islamic​ ​law
➢ Within​ ​india​ ​itself​ ​the​ ​muslims​ ​are​ ​a​ ​minority​ ​but​ ​later​ ​the​ ​muslims​ ​were
ruling​ ​the​ ​hindus
➢ Means​ ​men​ ​of​ ​learned
➢ ‘Ulama​ ​learned​ ​arabic​ ​from​ ​Quran
➢ Sufi​ ​wore​ ​wool​ ​to​ ​punish​ ​body​ ​to​ ​cultivate​ ​their​ ​soul​ ​as​ ​a​ ​form​ ​of
punishment​ ​from​ ​gd
Class​ ​2:​ ​Oct​ ​5​ ​(week​ ​1)
➢ ​ ​Awliya​ ​allah:​​ ​friends​ ​of​ ​gd
➢ Barakat:​ ​gds​ ​grace
○ Sufi’s​ ​would​ ​believe​ ​they​ ​would​ ​have​ ​barakat​ ​by​ ​their​ ​side
➢ Muslim​ ​expansion​ ​by​ ​661
○ Muhammad’s​ ​lifetime​ ​emerged​ ​in​ ​Mecca​ ​and​ ​Medina
○ By​ ​661​ ​Muhammad’s​ ​followers​ ​after​ ​his​ ​death​ ​was​ ​expanding
➢ S​ome​ ​Basics:​ ​India
○ South​ ​Asia​ ​(India,​ ​Pakistan,​ ​Bangladesh)
○ Ethnic​ ​&​ ​religious​ ​diversity
○ Hindu​ ​&​ ​other​ ​religions
■ A​ ​way​ ​to​ ​describe​ ​the​ ​people​ ​of​ ​India
○ Wealth:​ ​commerce​ ​&​ ​agriculture
○ Many​ ​independent​ ​states
○ USA​ ​of​ ​pre-modern​ ​world
■ Attracting​ ​all​ ​kinds​ ​of​ ​people​ ​from​ ​all​ ​around​ ​the​ ​world
➢ India​ ​in​ ​Islamic​ ​Asia
○ Central
➢ Islam​ ​in​ ​South​ ​Asia​ ​Generalities
○ Powerful​ ​ruling​ ​minority​ ​(c.​ ​1000-1750)
■ The​ ​ruling​ ​groups​ ​of​ ​south​ ​asia​ ​had​ ​been​ ​muslims
○ Not​ ​periphery:​ ​Qubbat​ ​al-Islam​ ​(canopy)
■ Muslims​ ​did​ ​not​ ​see​ ​themselves/Islam​ ​as​ ​being​ ​second​ ​best
○ Muslim​ ​Diversity
■ Comprised​ ​different​ ​social,ethnic,​ ​and​ ​ruling​ ​groups
➢ Islam​ ​in​ ​South​ ​Asia:​ ​Beginnings
○ Trade
○ Conquest
○ Migration
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
■ Many​ ​people​ ​migrate​ ​to​ ​india​ ​because​ ​it​ ​like​ ​a​ ​pre-modern
u.s
■ Encouraged​ ​men​ ​of​ ​learning​ ​to​ ​migrate​ ​to​ ​become​ ​burocrats
of​ ​persians
○ Conversion
○ Hence,​ ​contact,​ ​interaction,​ ​&​ ​exchange
○ So,​ ​we​ ​should​ ​historize​ ​Islam​ ​&​ ​Muslims
Not​ ​important
○ UmayyadsL​ ​Muhammad​ ​bin​ ​Qasim​ ​(711)
○ Ghaznavids​ ​(977-1186)​ ​Truks​ ​from​ ​Afg
○ Ghurids​ ​(c.​ ​100-1215):​ ​Persians​ ​from​ ​Afg
○ Delhi​ ​Sultans​ ​(1206-1526)
■ Mamluks,​ ​Khaljis,​ ​Tughluqs​ ​(all​ ​turks),​ ​Sayyids​ ​(arabs),​ ​&
Lodis​ ​(Afghans)
Qutb​ ​Minar​ ​&​ ​Quwwat​ ​al-Islam​ ​Mosque​ ​Delhi​ ​(built​ ​1199-1386)
○ Great​ ​big​ ​center
Tomb​ ​of​ ​Ghiyath​ ​al-Din​ ​Tughluq​ ​Sultan​ ​of​ ​Delhi
○ These​ ​big​ ​tomb​ ​shows​ ​wealth​ ​of​ ​power
○ dargah
Shrine​ ​of​ ​Nizam​ ​al-Din​ ​Awilya​ ​(d.​ ​1325)​ ​Sufi​ ​of​ ​Chishti​ ​Order​ ​(Delhi)
○ Really​ ​expensive
○ dargah
Faqir:​​ ​a​ ​poor​ ​man
Dargah:​ ​Means​ ​court​ ​(royal​ ​court)
Islam​ ​in​ ​South​ ​Asia​ ​Dynasties​ ​&​ ​Power
○ The​ ​Mughal​ ​Empire​ ​(1562-​ ​1858
■ Central​ ​Asian​ ​mongols
■ Persian​ ​and​ ​Persianate​ ​Culture
● Persian​ ​was​ ​important​ ​for​ ​a​ ​majority​ ​of​ ​studies
■ Unify​ ​most​ ​of​ ​India
■ Composite​ ​court​ ​culture
■ Muslim​ ​Empire?
● Empire​ ​ruled​ ​by​ ​Muslim
■ Fragment​ ​after​ ​Awrangzeb
● “Great”​ ​mongols
Mughal​ ​Empire​ ​at​ ​Greatest​ ​Extent
Tomb​ ​of​ ​Emperor​ ​Humayun​ ​(d.​ ​1556)​ ​Delhi
Emperor​ ​Akbar​ ​Capital​ ​Fatehpur​ ​Sikri
○ Has​ ​a​ ​huge​ ​gateway
➢ Akbar’s​ ​‘Ibadat-Khana​ ​(house​ ​of​ ​worship)
➢ Taj​ ​Mahal-​ ​Quranic​ ​Inscriptions
➢ Powerful​ H
​ indu​ ​women
Class​ ​3​ ​:​ ​Oct​ ​10​ ​(week​ ​2)
➢ Muslims​ ​are​ ​powerful​ ​ruling​ ​minority
➢ Rise​ ​of​ ​Muslim​ ​power
○ Delhi​ ​Sultans
○ Mughal​ ​Emperors
➢ The​ ​Taj​ ​Mahal
○ Built​ ​by​ ​Mughal​ ​Emperor​ ​Shah​ ​Jahan​ ​1648
➢ Key​ ​characteristics​ ​of​ ​Indian​ ​Islam
○ Authorities
○ Institutions
➢ Effect​ ​on​ ​muslims​ ​of​ ​the​ ​rise​ ​of​ ​British​ ​(east​ ​indian​ ​company)​ ​power
➢ Key​ ​questions?
○ What​ ​were​ ​the​ ​main​ ​characteristics​ ​of​ ​Indian​ ​Islam​ ​before​ ​British
colonialization?
➢ Speaking​ ​for​ ​Islam
○ Who​ ​Controls​ ​Islam​ ​(and​ ​being​ ​muslim)?
■ Authority:​ ​Who​ ​defines​ ​Islam?….implications?
○ Authroity:​ ​Who​ ​defines​ ​who​ ​is​ ​a​ ​Muslim?….implications?
○ Authority:​ ​Who​ ​defines​ ​the​ ​community?…implications?
➢ Contextualizing​ ​Islam
○ Religious​ ​Change​ ​is​ ​driven​ ​by​ ​authoritative​ ​‘agents’
○ Religious​ ​authority​ ​and​ ​agency​ ​vested​ ​in:
■ People​ ​(social​ ​actors)—​ ​a​ ​way​ ​of​ ​make​ ​change​ ​happen
■ Places​ ​(social​ ​institutions)–​ ​implies​ ​a​ ​way​ ​of​ ​organization
and​ ​can​ ​last​ ​longer​ ​by​ ​gathering​ ​information​ ​and​ ​power
■ Texts​ ​(but​ ​controlled​ ​by​ ​actors​ ​and​ ​institutions)
○ Examine​ ​socio-political​ ​position​ ​of​ ​religious​ ​agents
■ Sources​ ​of​ ​authority,​ ​scope​ ​of​ ​influence,​ ​causes​ ​of​ ​rivalry
➢ I​slam​ ​in​ ​(Pre-Colonial)​ ​South​ ​asia
○ The​ ​Islam​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Sufis
■ Huge​ ​influence​ ​of​ ​Sufi​ ​saints​ ​&​ ​shrines
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
● Claim​ ​authority​ ​through​ ​their​ ​direct​ ​relationship​ ​with
gd
● Overtime​ ​the​ ​sufis​ ​from​ ​one​ ​generation​ ​to​ ​another
inherited​ ​the​ ​claims​ ​of​ ​fathers​ ​and​ ​grandfathers
● Sufis​ ​gathered​ ​institutional​ ​wealth​ ​over​ ​centuries
■ Claim​ ​to​ ​be​ ​living​ ​‘heirs​ ​of​ ​the​ ​prophet’
■ Complex​ ​theology​ ​&​ ​mystical/love​ ​poetry
● Mystical​ ​poetry​ ​is​ ​written​ ​in​ ​a​ ​way​ ​of​ ​love​ ​songs
● A​ ​way​ ​to​ ​express​ ​their​ ​religious​ ​theology
■ Miracle-workers​ ​(karamat:​ ​miracle)
● Close​ ​relationship​ ​with​ ​gd​ ​ ​and​ ​claim​ ​to​ ​be​ ​aid​ ​of
prophet​ ​muhammad
■ Shrines​ ​(dargahs),​ ​rituals​ ​&​ ​pilgrimages
■ Music​ ​(qawwali)​ ​&​ ​Festivals​ ​(‘urs)
● Were​ ​like​ ​grand​ ​weddings​ ​that​ ​the​ ​rich​ ​and​ ​poor​ ​can
come​ ​too
● How​ ​sufis​ ​gathered​ ​so​ ​many​ ​followers
■ Womens​ ​Islam
■ Encourage​ ​interactions​ ​with​ ​Hindus
Graves​ ​that​ ​give​ ​miracles​ ​(karamet)
○ Sufi​ ​shrine​ ​of​ ​baha​ ​al-Din,​ ​Multon
Limited​ ​social​ ​influence​ ​of​ ​“men​ ​of​ ​learning”​ ​(Islam​ ​of​ ​‘uluma)
Claim​ ​to​ ​be​ ​sole​ ​interpreters​ ​of​ ​Quran​ ​&​ ​Hadith
Control​ ​over​ ​islams​ ​law​ ​(Shari’a)
○ ‘Uluman​ ​believe​ ​that​ ​if​ ​you​ ​want​ ​to​ ​be​ ​part​ ​of​ ​muslim​ ​religion​ ​you
need​ ​to​ ​follow​ ​these​ ​laws
Social​ ​reproduction​ ​via​ ​madrasa​ ​colleges
Islam​ ​of​ ​Ululma
○ Limited​ ​connections​ ​with​ ​wider​ ​society
○ To​ ​get​ ​into​ ​shrines​ ​or​ ​madrasa​ ​you​ ​need​ ​to​ ​have​ ​connections​ ​which
were​ ​limited
○ Discourage​ ​interactions​ ​with​ ​Hindus
○ Official​ ​positions​ ​in​ ​Muslim-ruled​ ​states
■ They​ ​get​ ​authority​ ​if​ ​thye​ ​able​ ​to​ ​persuade​ ​the​ ​prime​ ​minister
of​ ​sultan
Islam​ ​in​ ​(pre-Colonial)​ ​South​ ​Asia:​ ​many​ ​rival​ ​authorities
○ By​ ​1750,​ ​there​ ​are​ ​many​ ​rival​ ​religious​ ​authorities…
○ ‘Ulama​ ​or​ ​Sufi’s
○ madrasa​ ​(school)​ ​or​ ​Dargah​ ​(shrine)
○ universal​ ​scripture​ ​or​ ​local​ ​tradition​ ​rival​ ​sources​ ​of​ ​authority​ ​in​ ​a
textual​ ​or​ ​verbal
Way
■ Arabic,​ ​Persian,​ ​Urdu,​ ​or​ ​vernacular​ ​sources?
■ Texts​ ​or​ ​practices?
○ Morality​ ​(laws)​ ​or​ ​charisma​ ​(miracles)
➢ Islam​ ​in​ ​(pre-colonial)​ ​South​ ​Asia:​ ​variable​ ​relations​ ​with​ ​Hindus
○ Variety​ ​of​ ​Hindus​ ​and​ ​Hinduisms
○ So,​ ​multiple​ ​Hinduisms,​ ​multiple​ ​relations
■ Hindus​ ​as​ ​strange:​ ​al​ ​Biruni​ ​(d.​ ​1048)
■ Hindus​ ​as​ ​infidels:​ ​Ahmad​ ​Sirshindi​ ​(d.​ ​1624)
○ Hindus​ ​as​ ​like​ ​Muslim’s;​ ​Darad​ ​Shikoh​ ​(d.​ ​1659)​ ​ ​the​ ​ultimate
beliefs​ ​are​ ​similar
○ But​ ​Hindus​ ​comprise​ ​around​ ​75%​ ​of​ ​the​ ​population
Class​ ​4:​ ​Oct​ ​12​ ​(week​ ​2)
➢ How​ ​important​ ​was​ ​the​ ​state​ ​of​ ​Indian​ ​Islam?​ ​(before​ ​colonial​ ​era)
➢ Historicizing​ ​Islam​ ​:​ ​The​ ​impact​ ​of​ ​colonization
○ Various​ ​traditions,​ ​institutions,​ ​&​ ​practices
○ Changing​ ​contexts:
■ Rise​ ​of​ ​brititsh​ ​(christian?)​ ​political​ ​power
■ Fall​ ​of​ ​muslim​ ​political​ ​power
■ Tise​ ​of​ ​new​ ​religious​ ​authorities​ ​(reformers)
■ Competition​ ​between​ ​religious​ ​and​ ​authorities
■ Key​ ​point:​ ​religious​ ​as​ ​historically​ ​contingent
➢ The​ ​18th​ ​prelude​ ​colonization​ ​of​ ​the​ ​decline​ ​of​ ​the​ ​mughal​ ​empire
○ Retraction​ ​of​ ​imperial​ ​center
■ After​ ​death​ ​of​ ​emperor​ ​Aurangzeb​ ​in​ ​1707
○ Catastrophe​ ​and​ ​opportunity
○ Crisis​ ​of​ ​government
○ Crisis​ ​of​ ​legitimacy
■ For​ ​political​ ​rulers​ ​and​ ​authority?
○ Crisis​ ​of​ ​faith?
➢ Mushal​ ​Empire​ ​in​ ​decline​ ​c.​ ​1770
○ Empire​ ​starts​ ​shrinking
➢ The​ ​musclim​ ​rule​ ​successor​ ​states
○ ARCOT​ ​(1712-1801)
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
○ Bengal​ ​(1717-93)
○ Lucknow-​ ​awadh/oudh​ ​(1722-1856)
○ Hyderabad​ ​(1724-1948)
○ Afghan​ ​Durrani​ ​Empire​ ​(India-1747-70
○ Mysone
Rise​ ​of​ ​Lucjnaw​ ​as​ ​a​ ​shi’ite​ ​(Sunni​ ​Capital​ ​—Bara​ ​Imambara​ ​(building​ ​to​ ​perform
shi’ite​ ​festivals)
○ Gives​ ​a​ ​sense​ ​of​ ​crisis
Rise​ ​on​ ​non-muslim​ ​powers
○ Maratha​ ​Hindu​ ​Kingdoms​ ​(c.​ ​1674-1818)
■ Defeated​ ​by​ ​British​ ​(1775-1818)
○ Sikh​ ​Kingdom​ ​(199-1849)
■ Deadeated​ ​by​ ​the​ ​british​ ​(1845-49)
■ Sikh​ ​were​ ​ruling​ ​in​ ​wealthy​ ​areas
The​ ​end​ ​times​ ​for​ ​Indian​ ​Isalm
○ Muslim​ ​Delhi’s​ ​Darkest​ ​hours
■ Maratha​ ​Baji​ ​Rao​ ​I​ ​conqueors​ ​(1737)
■ Disease​ ​poverty,​ ​famine,​ ​migration
■ Shahr-ahub​ ​(urban​ ​collapse)​ ​poetry
■ Fear​ ​of​ ​Fitna​ ​(sedition,​ ​moral​ ​collapse)
■ Seclarianism​ ​&​ ​anti​ ​Shi’ite​ ​violence
■ Belief​ ​in​ ​allahs​ ​punishment​ ​leads​ ​to​ ​muslim​ ​self​ ​critique
● They​ ​should​ ​follow​ ​morality​ ​and​ ​muslim​ ​differently​ ​because
the​ ​way​ ​they​ ​were​ ​doing​ ​it​ ​before​ ​was​ ​not​ ​right​ ​which​ ​was
considered​ ​a​ ​self​ ​crititque
In​ ​what​ ​ways​ ​did​ ​the​ ​rise​ ​of​ ​the​ ​colonial​ ​state​ ​affect​ ​india​ ​muslims​ ​prior​ ​to​ ​1857?
The​ ​rise​ ​of​ ​british​ ​rule​ ​the​ ​arrival​ ​of​ ​the​ ​british​ ​east​ ​indian​ ​company
○ East​ ​indian​ ​company​ ​(ff1600)
○ Based​ ​in​ ​port​ ​city​ ​‘presidencies
■ =calcutta,​ ​bombay,​ ​madras
○ The​ ​british​ ​as​ ​Islamicate​ ​nobobs
○ Persian​ ​language​ ​use​ ​&​ ​titles
○ Nautch​ ​parties​ ​&​ ​indian​ ​bibis​ ​(wives)
○ British​ ​persian​ ​poets
■ Nawwab-prince
Early​ ​Imperial​ ​Britons​ ​as​ ​‘white​ ​mughals’?
Expanision​ ​of​ ​EIC
○ Epansion​ ​from​ ​traders​ ​to​ ​govenors
■ Battle​ ​of​ ​plassey​ ​in​ ​Bengal​ ​(1757)
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
■ Conquest​ ​of​ ​mysone​ ​(1799)
■ Take-over​ ​of​ ​Delhu​ ​(1801)
■ Final​ ​Defeat​ ​of​ ​marathas​ ​(1818)
○ Subsidiary​ ​alliance​ ​system​ ​with​ ​post​ ​mughal​ ​states​ ​(1798)
○ Replace​ ​persians​ ​with​ ​english​ ​administrative​ ​language​ ​(1837)
The​ ​rise​ ​pf​ ​british​ ​rule​ ​from​ ​cpmpay​ ​to​ ​direct​ ​ruel
○ 1857​ ​indian​ ​rebellion​ ​(mutiny)
■ Mughal​ ​empire​ ​abolished​ ​(1858)
■ EIC​ ​abolished​ ​(1858)
■ Direct​ ​rule​ ​via​ ​viceroy​ ​in​ ​Calcutta
○ 1858-1947=hIGH​ ​COLONIAL​ ​ERA
■ India​ ​integrated​ ​into​ ​british​ ​empire
■ Victoria​ ​as​ ​empress​ ​(qaisar)​ ​of​ ​India​ ​(1876)
● Sepoy?
The​ ​Rise​ ​of​ ​Colonial​ ​knowledge:​ ​New​ ​institutions
○ Asiatic​ ​Society​ ​of​ ​Bengal
○ Fort​ ​William​ ​College​ ​(ff​ ​1800)
○ Eat​ ​India​ ​college
○ Muslim​ ​Teachers​ ​translators,​ ​Students
○ Muslim​ ​teachers,​ ​translators,​ ​students
Transformation​ ​of​ ​Muslim​ ​society:​ ​impact​ ​of​ ​EIC​ ​rule​ ​on​ ​Ashraf​ ​class.
○ Loss/Gain​ ​of​ ​employment​ ​opportunities
○ Changes​ ​to​ ​landholding​ ​rights
○ Changes​ ​in​ ​cultural​ ​patronage
○ Transformation​ ​of​ ​knowledge​ ​institutions
■ Printing
■ School​ ​and​ ​curricula
■ Language​ ​changes​ ​(from​ ​Persian​ ​to​ ​Urdu​ ​then​ ​from​ ​Urdu​ ​to
English)
■ Scientific​ ​learning
The​ ​rise​ ​of​ ​colonial​ ​knowledge:​ ​new​ ​science,​ ​new​ ​governance
○ New​ ​science,​ ​mechanical​ ​and​ ​natural
○ New​ ​army,​ ​weaponry,​ ​discipline
○ New​ ​prisons,​ ​regulation,​ ​punishments
Big​ ​question​ ​how​ ​did​ ​these​ ​developments​ ​affect​ ​Islam​ ​and​ ​Muslims
Did​ ​they​ ​lead​ ​to​ ​a​ ​Muslim​ ​reformation?
○ If​ ​so​ ​how?
Class​ ​5:​ ​Oct​ ​17​ ​(week​ ​3)
Defining​ ​Reform:
➢ Islamic​ ​reform​ ​movements​ ​trace​ ​their​ ​roots​ ​to​ ​the​ ​founding​ ​era​ ​of​ ​Islam
○ Reformers​ ​are​ ​saying​ ​they​ � …
Purchase answer to see full
attachment

How it works

1. Paste your instructions in the instructions box. You can also attach an instructions file
2. Select the writer category, deadline, education level and review the instructions 
3. Make a payment for the order to be assignment to a writer
4.  Download the paper after the writer uploads it 

Will the writer plagiarize my essay?

You will get a plagiarism-free paper and you can get an originality report upon request.

Is this service safe?

All the personal information is confidential and we have 100% safe payment methods. We also guarantee good grades