Expert answer:In your own words, answer each question in 75-80 w
Solved by verified expert:DiversityIn your own words, answer each question in 75-80 wordsChapter nine(attached) is the diversity wheel. Often times when we are thinking about issues related to diversity, we automatically hone in on issues related to race and/or gender. But, there are a number of factors that make us different from each other. People challenge these barriers in a number of ways. Some people prefer to find ways to make everyone equal. Others like to find ways to celebrate such differences. what is your stance? What might be an advantage to both perspectives?
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CHAPTER 9 Diversity and Relationships Learning Outcomes
By the time you finish this chapter you will be able to LO 9.1 Explain why the increasing racial,
ethnic, and cultural diversity of society are important. LO 9.2 Identify strategies to become more
at ease with differences and diversity. LO 9.3 Analyze how to build lasting relationships and
learn to deal conflict He was born in the Kapi’olani Maternity and Gynecological Hospital in
Honolulu, Hawaii. His mother was an American of primarily English descent from Wichita,
Kansas. His father was born in Africa, in Nyang’oma Kogelo, Nyanza Province, Kenya. His
parents met while taking a Russian language class. He spent most of his childhood in Hawaii,
except for a few years in Indonesia. In describing his childhood, he later said, “The opportunity
that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became
an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear.” He is Barack
Obama, who grew up to be President of the United States. LookingAhead Whether you have skin
that is black or white or brown, are Jewish or Muslim or Christian or Greek Orthodox or Hindu,
were born in Cuba or Vietnam or Boise, are able-bodied or physically challenged, college
presents a world of new opportunities. College permits you to encounter people with very
different backgrounds from your own. If you take the opportunity to form relationships with a
variety of individuals, you will increase your understanding of the human experience and enrich
your life. This will also benefit you greatly in your career, because whatever your field, you will
inevitably find yourself in situations where success will depend on your ability to collaborate
effectively with people different from yourself. In this chapter, we consider how social diversity
and relationships affect your life experience. We examine the increasing diversity of American
society and consider the meanings and social effects of race, ethnicity, and culture. We look at
practical strategies for acknowledging—and shedding—prejudice and stereotypes and being
receptive to others on their own merits. We next discuss relationships from a broader
perspective, exploring ways that you can build lasting friendships with others. Finally, the
chapter discusses the conflicts that can arise between people and what you can do to resolve
them. LO 9.1 Living in a World of Diversity No matter where we live, our contacts with others
who are racially, ethnically, and physically different from us are increasing. The web is bringing
people from across the globe into our homes, as close to us as the computer sitting on our desk.
Businesses now operate globally, so coworkers are likely to come from many different countries
and cultures. Being comfortable with people whose backgrounds and beliefs may differ from our
own is not only a social necessity but also is virtually a requirement for career success. By the
mid-21st century, the percentage of people in the United States of African, Latin American,
Asian, and Arabic ancestry will be greater than the percentage of those of Western European
ancestry—a profound statistical, and social, shift. Furthermore, it’s not just racial and ethnic
characteristics that compose diversity. As you can see in the Diversity Wheel in Figure 9.1 on
page 216, diversity encompasses characteristics such as gender, sexual orientation, age, and
mental and physical characteristics. Layer on top of that factors such as education, religion, and
income level, and the complexity of others—and ourselves—becomes apparent. (You can
examine the diversity of your own community by completing Try It 1.) figure 9.1Diversity
WheelDiversity is composed of many different characteristics, as exemplified by the Diversity
Wheel.1 Race, Ethnicity, and Culture Are you African American or Black? Caucasian or white
or Euro-American? Hispanic or Latino? American Indian or Native American? The language we
use to describe our ethnic and racial group membership, and those of other people, is in constant
flux. And what we call people matters. The subtleties of language affect how people think about
members of particular groups, and how they think about themselves. Race Traditionally,
biologically determined physical characteristics that set one group apart from others. One of the
difficulties in understanding diversity is that many of the terms we use are ill-defined and often
overlapping. The term race is generally used to refer to obvious physical differences that set one
group apart from others. According to such a definition, whites, Blacks, and Asian Americans
are typically thought of as belonging to different races, determined largely by biological factors.
Ethnicity Shared national origins or cultural patterns. Ethnicity refers to shared national origins
or cultural patterns. In the United States, for example, Puerto Ricans, Irish, and Italian
Americans are categorized as ethnic groups. However, ethnicity—like race—is very much in the
eye of the beholder. For instance, a Cuban American woman who is a third-generation citizen of
the United States may feel few ties or associations to Cuba. Yet whites may view her as
“Hispanic,” and Blacks may view her as “white.” Culture The learned behaviors, beliefs, and
attitudes that are characteristic of an individual society or population, and the products that
people create. Finally, culture comprises the learned behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes that are
characteristic of an individual society or population. But it’s more than that: Culture also
encompasses the products that people create, such as architecture, music, art, and literature.
Culture is created and shaped by people, but at the same time it creates and shapes people’s
behavior. Race, ethnicity, and culture shape each of us to an enormous degree. They profoundly
influence our view of others, as well as who we are. They affect how others treat us, and how we
treat them in turn. They determine whether we look people in the eye when we meet them, how
early we arrive when we’re invited to dinner at a friend’s house, and even, sometimes, how well
we do in school or on the job. Determine the Diversity of Your Community Try to assess the
degree of diversity that exists in your community. Community can be a loosely defined term, but
for this Try It think of it as the group of people you encounter and interact with on a regular
basis. When thinking of diversity, remember to include the many different ways in which people
can be different from one another, including race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, physical
challenges, and so on. Overall, how diverse would you say your community is? Are there
organizations in your community that promote diversity? Are there organizations that work to
raise the visibility and understanding of particular groups within your community? What is the
nature of your college’s student diversity in terms of statistics regarding membership in different
racial, ethnic, or cultural groups? (You may be able to find these statistics on your college’s
website.) Is your college community more or less diverse than your community at large? Why do
you think this might be? How does the diversity on your community compare to the following
statistics on diversity in the United States as of the 2010 census: white, 72 percent; Hispanic or
Latino, 16 percent; Black or African American, 13 percent; Asian, 5 percent; two or more races,
3 percent; American Indian and Alaska Native, .9 percent; Native Hawaiian and other Pacific
Islander, .2 percent; other race, 6 percent? (Note: Percentages add up to more than 100 percent
because Hispanics may be of any race and are therefore counted under more than one category.)
To Try It online, go to www.mhhe.com/power. Because many of us grow up in neighborhoods
that are not ethnically diverse, we may have little or even no experience interacting with people
who are different from us. Some college campuses don’t have much diversity, either, and
consequently even in college your exposure to people who have different backgrounds may be
limited. At some time, though, that will change. As the United States becomes increasingly
diverse, it’s not a matter of “if” but “when” you will be exposed to people who have profoundly
different backgrounds from your own. Whether in the workplace or the neighborhood in which
you reside, living in a diverse environment will be part of your life. Workplace colleagues are
increasingly diverse. LO 9.2 Building Cultural Competence Cultural competence Knowledge and
understanding about other races, ethnic groups, cultures, and minority groups. We’re not born
knowing how to drive a car or cook. We have to learn how to do these things. The same is true of
developing a basic understanding of other races, ethnic groups, and cultures. Called cultural
competence, this knowledge of others’ customs, perspectives, background, and history can teach
us a great deal about others, as well as ourselves. Cultural competence also provides a basis for
civic engagement, permitting us to act with civility toward others and to make the most of our
contributions to society. Building cultural competence proceeds in several steps, outlined in the
P.O.W.E.R. Plan. Accepting Diversity as a Valued Part of Your Life In the title of her book on
social diversity, psychologist Beverly Tatum asks, Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together
in the Cafeteria?2 She might just as well have asked a similar question about the white kids, the
Asian American kids, and so forth. It often appears as if the world comes already divided into
separate racial, ethnic, and cultural groups. It’s more than appearances: We form relationships
more easily with others who are similar to us than with those who are different. It’s easier to
interact with others who look the same as we do, who come from similar backgrounds, and who
share our race, ethnicity, and culture, because we can take for granted certain shared cultural
assumptions and views of the world. But that doesn’t mean that “easy” and “comfortable”
translate into “good” or “right.” We can learn a great deal more, and grow and be challenged, if
we seek out people who are different from us. If you look beyond surface differences and find
out what motivates other people, you can become aware of new ways of thinking about family,
relationships, earning a living, and the value of education. It can be liberating to realize that
others may hold very different perspectives from your own and that there are many ways to lead
your life. Letting diversity into your own life also has very practical implications: As we discuss
in Career Connections on page 220, learning to accept and work with people who are different
from you is a crucial skill that will help you in whatever job you hold. From the perspective of
… A STUDENT Having a varied classroom can help you see the world in a broader way. Have
you ever had a classmate relate an experience that impacted your thought process? Exploring
Your Own Prejudices and Stereotypes Arab. Gay. African American. Hispanic. Female.
Disabled. Overweight. Quick: What comes into your mind when you think about each of these
labels? If you’re like most people, you don’t draw a blank. Instead, a collection of images and
feelings comes into your mind, based on what you know, have been told, or assume about the
group. Journal Reflections Thinking about Race, Ethnicity, and Culture Were race and ethnicity
discussed in your family as you were growing up? In what ways? Do you demonstrate—through
your behavior, attitudes, and/or beliefs—your own ethnic background? How? Are there cultural
differences between you and members of other races or ethnicities? What are they? Are you
proud of your ethnicity? Why? Think what it would be like to be a member of a racial group or
ethnicity other than your own. In what ways would your childhood and adolescence have been
different? How would you view the world differently? The fact that we don’t draw a blank when
thinking about each of these terms means that we already have a set of attitudes and beliefs about
them and the groups they represent. Acknowledging and then examining these preexisting
assumptions is a first step toward developing cultural competence: We need to explore our own
prejudices and stereotypes. Prejudice Evaluations or judgments of members of a group that are
based primarily on membership in the group and not on the particular characteristics of
individuals. Prejudice refers to evaluations or judgments of members of a group that are based
primarily on their membership in the group, rather than on their individual characteristics. For
example, the auto mechanic who doesn’t expect a woman to understand auto repair or a job
supervisor who finds it unthinkable that a father might want to take a leave for child care are
engaging in gender prejudice. Gender prejudice is evaluating individuals on the basis of their
being a male or female and not on their own specific characteristics or abilities. Similarly,
prejudice can be directed toward individuals because of their race, ethnic origin, sexual
orientation, age, physical disability, or even physical attractiveness. Career Connections
Diversity in the Workplace Diversity, and issues relating to it, are a part of today’s workplace.
For example, in one California computer assembly company with several thousand employees,
40 different languages and dialects are spoken among people representing 30 nationalities.3
Furthermore, employers must deal with issues ranging from whether time off for religious
holidays should count as vacation time to whether the partner of a gay or lesbian worker should
be covered by the worker’s medical insurance. The gulf in the workplace between people with
different cultural backgrounds may be wide. For instance, an immigrant from Japan might
consider it the height of immodesty to outline his or her accomplishments in a job interview. The
explanation? In Japan, the general cultural expectation is that people should stress their
incompetence; to do otherwise would be considered highly immodest. The increasing diversity
of the workplace means that increasing your cultural competence will serve you well. It will help
you perform on work teams that are composed of people of different races and ethnic
backgrounds. It will allow you to supervise people whose native language and customs may be
different from yours. And it will help you to develop the skills to work for a boss from another
country and cultural background. Equally important, gaining cultural competence will help you
respond to the legal issues that surround diversity. It is illegal for employers to discriminate on
the basis of race, ethnic background, age, gender, and physical disability. Cultural competence
will help you not only to deal with the letter of the law, but also to understand why embracing
diversity is so important to getting along with others in the workplace. Prejudice leads to
discrimination. Discrimination is behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their
membership in a particular group. Discrimination can result in exclusion from jobs and
educational opportunities. It also may result in members of particular groups receiving lower
salaries and benefits. Stereotypes Beliefs and expectations about members of a group that are
held simply because of their membership in the group. Prejudice and discrimination are
maintained by stereotypes—beliefs and expectations about members of a group. For example, do
you think that women don’t do as well as men in math? Do you agree that “white men can’t
jump”? Do you think that people on welfare are lazy? If you answered yes to any of these
questions, you hold stereotypes about the group being referred to. It is the degree of
generalization involved that makes stereotypes inaccurate. Some women don’t do well in math.
But the fact is, many women do perfectly fine in math, and many men don’t. Stereotypes ignore
this diversity. To develop cultural competence, it’s important to identify our prejudices and
stereotypes and to fight them. Sometimes they are quite subtle and difficult to detect. For
instance, a wealth of data taken from observation of elementary school classrooms shows that
teachers are often more responsive to boys than to girls. The teachers don’t know they’re doing it;
it’s a subtle, but very real, bias. Why does this happen? In part it’s because we’re exposed to
stereotypes from a very young age. Parents and relatives teach them to us, sometimes
unwittingly, sometimes deliberately. The media illustrate them constantly and often in very
subtle ways. For instance, African Americans and Latinos are often portrayed as unemployed or
as criminals, women are less likely than men to be shown as employed, and gay men are
frequently depicted as effeminate. “Prejudice is the child of ignorance.” William Hazlitt, essayist
But it’s not only stereotypes that lead us to view members of other groups differently from those
of our own. For many people, their own membership in a cultural or racial or ethnic group is a
source of pride and self-worth. There’s nothing wrong with this. However, these feelings can lead
to a less desirable outcome: the belief that their own group is superior to others. As a result,
people inflate the positive aspects of their own group and belittle groups to which they do not
belong. The bottom line is continuing prejudice. To overcome stereotypes and to develop
cultural competence, we must first explore and identify our prejudices. To begin that process,
complete Try It 2 on page 222, “Check Your Stereotype Quotient.” Developing Cultural
Competence Although it’s neither easy nor simple to increase your understanding of and
sensitivity to other cultures, it can be done. Several strategies are effective: Study other cultures
and customs. Take an anthropology course, study religion, or learn history. If you understand the
purposes behind different cultural customs, attitudes, and beliefs, you will be able to understand
the richness and meaning of other people’s cultural heritage. Travel. There is no better way to
learn about people from other cultures than to see those cultures firsthand. Vacations offer you
the time to travel, and relatively inexpensive direct flights can take you to Europe, Asia, and
other places around the globe. Sometimes, in fact, it’s cheaper to take a transoceanic flight than
to travel to closer locations in the United States. If you can’t afford airfare, take a car or bus ride
to Mexico or Canada. In many parts of Canada, French is spoken and the culture is decidedly
different from that in the United States (or the rest of Canada, for that matter). Travel needn’t be
international, however. If you are from the northern states, head south. If you are from
California, consider heading east. If you live in a large metropolitan area, travel to a different
area from ones you’re familiar with. No matter where you go, simply finding yourself in a new
context can aid your efforts to learn about other cultures. Travel provides us with an opportunity
to become immersed in very different cultures and to see the world—and ourselves—through
different eyes. Participate in community service. By becoming involved in community service,
such as tutoring middle-school students, volunteering to work with the homeless, or working on
an environmental cleanup, you get the opportunity to interact with people who may be very
different from those you’re accustomed to. Don’t ignore people’s backgrounds. None of us is
color-blind. Or blind to ethnicity. Or to culture. It’s impossible to be completely unaffected by
people’s racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds. So why pretend to be? Cultural heritage is an
important part of other people’s …
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