Expert answer:EDIT apa Lab report

Solved by verified expert:hey all, I have been asked to resubmit my lab report, as i have apparently missed vital information in the results and discussion section, I am not sure what I have missed or failed to include my biggest problem is that I have a maximum word limit of 1500 words, i don;t get 10% either way. if someone could go through my lab report and the file called sns report instructions and data file, which contains all the instructions for the sections plus the relevant survey data and statistics. any assistance would be greatly appreciated as this is worth 45% of my overall marks. if you find any issues with the rest of the lab report please feel free to fix them up also. it must be in APA 6th edition style and no more then 1500 words as my tutor has stated in-text references do form part of the word count. Everything from the beginning of your introduction to the end of your discussion section formulates part of your word count. so as long as that’s under 1500 i am happy. once again thank you so much for your time .
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Lab Social Report
Name
Course
Institution
Date
Abstract
Social networking places (SNS) are rapidly getting to be a standout amongst the most
mainstream mechanisms for social cooperation and data trade. According to Montez (2015), past
analysis has demonstrated a relationship between clients’ identity and SNS use. Utilizing an allinclusive approach and Big five factors, instructive utilization of Facebook and other media, the
study draws important correlation between connectivity and psychological impacts for students.
Age and Gender were analyzed as well. Results demonstrated that identity was identified with
internet mingling and data looking for trade, however not as compelling as some past examination
has proposed. What’s more, an inclination for Face book or other media related to contrasts in
identity. The outcomes uncover differential connections between identity and Face book and
Twitter utilization.
The study here has utilized the data from these four articles: Lewinski, A.A (2016), Montez, J. K.
(2015), Ryan, T. (2014), Zhang, y. (2011)
Introduction
The web has turned into a fundamental segment in the route of regular life. The web
impacts all parts of human life from the route in which social endeavors work to the way
individuals shop and invest their recreation energy. However, maybe the greatest changes have
been in the path in which individuals at web socialize and search out and spread data, for it has
multiple implications for students at the same time. By means of the web, endless measures of data
can be spread to overall gatherings of people in a moment, while the web all the while offers a
field for open and private social connection.
Participants of the Study
A total of three hundred and forty-three (343) students were used in this study. This
comprised of 76 males (22.2%) and 267 females (77.8%). Considering their study mode, of the
population, 98.8 % were on the full-time program while 1.2% was on the part time program. The
age range was between 17 years and 52 years among the participants with the mean age being
19.344 years. This implies that most of the participants were pre-thirty years old stage.
Materials Used In the Study
These sections consist of the measures used in data collection in the study. The primary
method used was through a questionnaire administered to the students in the institution where they
were expected to provide information regarding their demographic information. In the
questionnaire, the main questions regarding their demographic information included their full
names, age and study program, either part time or full-time program. The information provided
included the frequency and time spent on the social networking sites.
Table of Data Findings.
SELSA-S
SOCIAL
MEAN
STANDARD DEVIATION
(M)
(SD)
11.2507
5.21369
5.95875
ROMANTIC
19.3673
10.57744
TOTAL
41.1544
21.74988
SOCIAL NETWORK SITE USE
172.8338
122.01056
3.4953
0.64847
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
From the study findings, the data collected imply that the people visited and used social
networking sites for various purposes. Three categories were identified. These are social purposes,
family purposes and romantic purposes categories. Each had a sharer of the total number of people
who used the SNS. The average number of people who used social networking sites for social
purposes, including socialization, meeting and interacting with new people and general friendship
was 11.25. Those who use the SNS for family matters were at an average amount of 10.5364 while
an average of 19.364 used the SNS for romantic purposes. A total of 343 responses were analyzed
to give the above results in the study.
Discussion
Today, social media platforms have taken over and have become a norm through which
people communicate and interact. To psychologists, these platforms have provided a generous
berth upon which they can be able to understand different personality traits that are a
characteristic of the many people who use social media. Facebook, as a social media platform,
provides a platform for which researchers have found it to be an interesting learning ground
since it allows users to create superficial models of what they would wish to be in the future.
Conclusion
The correlation between internet use and individual character trait differs. The reasons
that make people use the internet are many, and as such, it makes it challenging to single out
individual characters to internet use. However, social media platforms are used for social
networking which is based on individual character traits. The BIG five character traits that define
a person’s character allow in the understanding of what drives individual people to use the social
media platform.
Appendix
Appendix 1: Histograms of SNS Time, K-10 and BFI-C scores.
Appendix 2: Scatterplots of SNS Time and K-10 scores as well as SNS Time and BFI-C
scores.
Sex
Valid Male
Female
Total
Frequenc
y
45
187
232
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Percent
19.4
80.6
100.0
19.4
80.6
100.0
19.4
100.0
Age
N
Age
232
Valid N
(listwise)
232
Minimu Maximu
m
m
17
54
Mean
19.7
2
Std.
Deviation
3.76
3
Degree Major
Frequency
Valid Psychology
Other
Total
SNS Time
K_10
BFI_C
Valid N
(listwise)
198
34
232
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Percent
85.3
14.7
100.0
Descriptive Statistics
N
Minimu Maximu
m
m
232
0
601
232
11.00
46.00
232
1.44
5.00
232
85.3
14.7
100.0
85.3
100.0
Mean
Std.
Deviation
164.35
104.621
24.0043
7.71825
3.3381
.67998
Presented in the tables below is the SPSS output relevant to our two hypotheses and our
research question.
In Appendix 2 the scatterplots of these variables have been provided for those interested. You
are not expected to comment on these in your lab report, however may choose to.
Hypothesis 1: Time spent on SNSs will have a positive or negative relationship with
psychological distress.
Correlations
SNS Time
1
SNS Time Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
232
Pearson Correlation
.182**
K_10
Sig. (2-tailed)
.005
N
232
K_10
.182**
.005
232
1
232
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Hypothesis 2: Time spent on SNSs will have a positive or negative relationship with
conscientiousness.
Correlations
SNS Time
1
SNS Time Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
232
Pearson Correlation
-.154*
BFI_C
Sig. (2-tailed)
.019
N
232
BFI_C
-.154*
.019
232
1
232
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
References
Bianchini, Laurence (2012). “Social Networks for Scientists”. Mysciencework. Retrieved 31
August 2016
Butt, S., & Phillips, J. G. (2008). Personality and Self-Reported Mobile Phone Use. Computers
in Human Behavior, 24(2), 346–360.
Correa, T., Willard, A., & Gil De Zúñiga, H. (2010). Who Interacts On The Web? The
Intersection of Users’ Personality and Social Media Use. Computers in Human Behavior,
26, 247–253.
Goldberg, L. R. (1999). A Broad-Bandwidth, Public Domain, Personality Inventory Measuring
the Lower-Level Facets of Several Five-Factor Models. In Mervielde, I., Deary, I., De
Fruyt, F., & Ostendorf, F. (Eds.), Personality Psychology in Europe (Vol. 7, Pp. 7–28).
Tilburg, the Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.
Lewinski, A. A. (2016). Social Interaction in Type 2 Diabetes Computer-Mediated
Environments. How Inherent Features Of the Channels Influence Peer-To-Peer
Interaction.
Montez, J. K. (2015). A Flashpoint for Health Policy. Social Relationships and Health.
Ross, C., Orr, E. S., Sisic, M., Arseneault, J. M., Simmering, M. G., & Orr, R. R. (2009).
Personality And Motivations Associated With Facebook Use. Computers in Human
Behavior, 25(2), 578–586.
Ryan, T. (2014). The Uses and Abuses of Facebook. A Review of Facebook Addiction.
Ryan, T., & Xenos, S. (2011). Who Uses Facebook? An Investigation into the Relationship
between the Big Five, Shyness, Narcissism, Loneliness, and Facebook Usage. Computers
in Human Behavior, (2011). ISSN 0747-5632, 27(5), 1658–1664.
Zhang, Y. (2011). A Review of Social Networking Service (SNS). Research in Communication
Journals.
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/220495577
Who uses Facebook? An investigation into the
relationship between the Big Five, shyness,
narcissism, loneliness, and Facebook usage
ARTICLE in COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR · SEPTEMBER 2011
Impact Factor: 2.27 · DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.004 · Source: DBLP
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2 AUTHORS:
Tracii Ryan
Sophia Xenos
RMIT University
RMIT University
12 PUBLICATIONS 131 CITATIONS
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SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE
Available from: Tracii Ryan
Retrieved on: 18 June 2015
Computers in Human Behavior 27 (2011) 1658–1664
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Computers in Human Behavior
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/comphumbeh
Who uses Facebook? An investigation into the relationship between the Big Five,
shyness, narcissism, loneliness, and Facebook usage
Tracii Ryan, Sophia Xenos ⇑
RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Available online 8 March 2011
Keywords:
Facebook
Big Five
Personality
Narcissism
Shyness
Loneliness
a b s t r a c t
The unprecedented popularity of the social networking site Facebook raises a number of important questions regarding the impact it has on sociality. However, as Facebook is a very recent social phenomenon,
there is a distinct lack of psychological theory relating to its use. While research has begun to identify the
types of people who use Facebook, this line of investigation has been limited to student populations. The
current study aimed to investigate how personality influences usage or non-usage of Facebook. The sample consisted of 1324 self-selected Australian Internet users (1158 Facebook users and 166 Facebook nonusers), between the ages of 18 and 44. Participants were required to complete an online questionnaire
package comprising the Big Five Inventory (BFI), the Narcissistic Personality Inventory – 29-item version
(NPI-29), the Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (RCBS), and the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale
for Adults – Short version (SELSA-S). Facebook users also completed a Facebook usage questionnaire. The
results showed that Facebook users tend to be more extraverted and narcissistic, but less conscientious
and socially lonely, than nonusers. Furthermore, frequency of Facebook use and preferences for specific
features were also shown to vary as a result of certain characteristics, such as neuroticism, loneliness,
shyness and narcissism. It is hoped that research in this area continues, and leads to the development
of theory regarding the implications and gratifications of Facebook use.
Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The popularity of the social networking site Facebook is unprecedented: It is currently the second most frequently visited website
on the Internet (Alexa Internet Inc., 2011) and attracts a global
audience of over 606 million people (Gonzalez, 2011). Enthusiasm
for Facebook is particularly apparent in Australia, as close to half of
the population are reported to be active users (Gonzalez, 2011). In
light of figures such as these, it is not surprising that Facebook has
been found to impact on the sociality of its users. For instance, a
number of studies have found that Facebook use is associated with
gains in social capital (Burke, Marlow, & Lento, 2010; Ellison,
Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007; Steinfield, Ellison, & Lampe, 2008). Furthermore, a recent qualitative study suggests that Facebook may
be changing the way individuals communicate and associate with
one another (Richardson & Hessey, 2009).
Despite the potential implications of Facebook use, there is a
distinct lack of empirically derived theory in this area. This may
be because Facebook is a relatively recent social phenomenon,
and as such, there has been limited opportunity for exploratory research. However, in the last two years, a growing number of
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 3 9925 1081; fax: +61 3 9925 3587.
E-mail address: sophia.xenos@rmit.edu.au (S. Xenos).
0747-5632/$ – see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.004
researchers have recognised the importance of such research, and
are working towards identifying the types of people who use Facebook (Hargittai, 2008; Raacke & Bonds-Raacke, 2008; Sheldon,
2009; Tufekci, 2008). In order to effectively achieve this goal, some
researchers have focused on the relationship between Facebook
use and various aspects of personality (Amichai-Hamburger,
2002; Buffardi & Campbell, 2008; Mehdizadeh, 2010; Orr et al.,
2009; Ross et al., 2009; Sheldon, 2008). According to AmichaiHamburger (2002), this kind of research is crucial as ‘‘personality
is a highly relevant factor in determining behaviour on the Internet’’ (p. 6).
1.1. Personality and the Internet
In 1974, Rosengren (1974) argued that individual differences,
such as age, gender, and personality, influence the use of mass
media. This theory has been successfully applied in research relating to preferences for popular media, such as movies, music, and
television shows (Weaver, 1991), as well as books and cultural
activities (Kraaykamp & van Eijck, 2005). However, since the rise
of the World Wide Web as a prominent form of mass media, the
Internet has seemingly dominated this area of scientific enquiry
(Amichai-Hamburger, Wainapel, & Fox, 2002; Amiel & Sargent,
2004; Birnie & Horvath, 2002; Engelberg & Sjöberg, 2004;
T. Ryan, S. Xenos / Computers in Human Behavior 27 (2011) 1658–1664
Hamburger & Ben-Artzi, 2000; Thayer & Ray, 2006; Tosun &
Lajunen, 2010).
Rather than looking at the relationship between Internet use and
specific traits, the majority of research in this area has been based on
broad models of personality. The Five-Factor Model, otherwise
known as the Big Five (Goldberg, 1990), is arguably the most commonly used model for this purpose (Ehrenberg, Juckes, White, &
Walsh, 2008; Landers & Lounsbury, 2006; Swickert, Hittner, Harris,
& Herring, 2002; Tuten & Bosnjak, 2001). The Big Five is based on the
theory that an individual’s personality can be evaluated by determining how they rank on five bipolar factors: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to
experience (McCrae & John, 1992). Within each of these five broad
factors, a range of more specific personality traits are represented.
For example, individuals high in openness to experience tend to
be creative, original, and curious, while individuals low in this factor
tend to be down to earth, conventional, and have a narrow range of
interests (Costa & McCrae, 1992). The importance of each of the Big
Five personality factors has been independently validated by a number of researchers, and empirical testing across various methods and
cultures has shown this model to be widely replicable (for a detailed
review see McCrae and John, 1992).
Several of the Big Five personality factors are believed to be associated with the way individuals interact with and maintain their social relationships. For example, extraversion is positively correlated
with both the size of social networks, and the amount of social interaction that an individual engages in Aspendorpf and Wilpers (1998).
Due to its relevance to social behaviour, the Big Five factors have
recently been employed to investigate the use of certain forms of
online social media, such as social networking sites (AmichaiHamburger & Vinitzky, 2010; Correa, Hinsley, & de Zúñiga, 2010;
Ross et al., 2009) and blogs (Guadagno, Okdie, & Eno, 2008).
1.2. The Big Five and Facebook
Ross et al. (2009) and Amichai-Hamburger and Vinitzky (2010)
looked specifically at the relationship between the Big Five factors
and usage of Facebook. Their results showed that a number of
these factors are associated with particular patterns of Facebook
use. For example, extraverted individuals generally have more
Facebook Friends (Amichai-Hamburger & Vinitzky, 2010), and belong to more Facebook Groups1 (Ross et al., 2009), than introverted
individuals. Furthermore, individuals who are high in neuroticism
are more likely than emotionally stable individuals to prefer using
the Wall2 (Ross et al., 2009). As Ross et al. (2009) explain, a possible
reason for the latter result is that the Wall offers people with neurotic tendencies the opportunity to take their time formulating
messages and responses. As a consequence, the potential for unintentionally revealing personal information to others is reduced.
Despite the prediction that extraverted people would engage in
more frequent use of Facebook, while conscientious people would
engage in less, neither Ross et al. (2009) nor Amichai-Hamburger
and Vinitzky (2010) found any significant relationships between
the Big Five factors and intensity of Facebook use. In response to
this, Ross et al. (2009) argued that, as a measure of personality,
the Big Five might be too broad to reflect the nuances associated
with Facebook usage. They suggested that future Facebook-related
research should include a number of narrow personality traits,
such as shyness and narcissism. Some researchers have begun to
examine the relationships between these traits and Facebook
1
Facebook Groups are generally based around popular interests and activities.
Users can join existing Groups or create their own.
2
Each Facebook user has a Wall that their friends can use to write messages or post
links for the user to see. Communication on the Wall is asynchronous, and the posted
information is generally viewable to other Facebook users.
1659
use: Buffardi and Campbell (2008) and Mehdizadeh (2010) investigated Facebook use among narcissistic individuals, while Sheldon
(2008) and Orr et al. (2009) focused on the association between
Facebook use and shyness.
1.3. Shyness, narcissism, and Facebook
The results of the studies by Buffardi & Campbell (2008) and
Mehdizadeh (2010) indicate that people with high levels of narcissism engage in frequent use of Facebook. According to those
researchers, this trend is attributable to the fact that Facebook
encourages users to engage in self-promoting and superficial behaviours, such as posting photos and writing status updates (Buffardi &
Campbell, 2008; Mehdizadeh, 2010). As Buffardi and Campbell
(2008) point out, the prevalence of narcissistic individuals on Facebook may lead to a rise in narcissistic behaviour among users in general, as such behaviour may begin to be viewed as acceptable.
Therefore, this is an area worthy of further investigation.
In regards to shyness, the results of the study by Orr et al.
(2009) demonstrated that shy people spend significantly more
time using Facebook than non-shy people. Similarly, Sheldon
(2008) found that people who are socially anxious like to use Facebook to combat loneliness. These outcomes may stem from the fact
that shy and socially anxious people tend to feel more comfortable
maintaining social relationships in online settings than they do in
face-to-face interactions (Ebeling-Witte, Frank, & Lester, 2007). If
this is the case, Facebook use may lead to beneficial outcomes for
these particular people, such as increased social capital (Steinfield
et al., 2008). However, as neither Sheldon (2008) nor Orr et al.
(2009) examined exactly how shy and socially anxious people
were spending their time on Facebook, this conclusion may be
erroneous. Shy people may instead be spending large amounts of
their time engaging in non-social behaviour on Facebook, such as
playing games. Again, this is an area that warrants further
investigation.
1.4. Rationale for the current study
The research discussed so far suggests that the specific gratifications of Facebook users may differ as a function of their individual
personality characteristics. Such …
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