Expert answer:Choose a Religion
Solved by verified expert:Describe why you chose the particular scenario and religion
and what challenges and rewards you anticipate from these choices and this
project. 1 page
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Timeline of World Religions
2000 BCE
Indigenous
Ancient ways passed down and adapted over millennia.
Hinduism
Vedas heard.
Jainism
Series of 23 Tirthankaras before c. 777 BCE.
Shinto
Shinto begins in pre-history as local nature and ancestor based traditions.
Judaism
Life of Abraham c. 1900-1700 BCE.
1500 BCE
Indigenous
Ancient ways passed down and adapted over millennia.
Hinduism
Vedas first written down c. 1500 BCE.
Jainism
Series of 23 Tirthankaras before c. 777 BCE.
Judaism
Moses leads Israelites out of Egypt c. 13th or 12th century BCE.
1000 BCE
Indigenous
Ancient ways passed down and adapted over millennia.
Jainism
Series of 23 Tirthankaras before c. 777 BCE.
Buddhism
Life of Gautama Buddha c. 563-483 BC.
Judaism
Life of Abraham c. 1900-1700 BCE.
500 BCE
Indigenous
Ancient ways passed down and adapted over millennia.
Hinduism
Ramayana and Mahabharata in present for after 400 BCE.
Jainism
Life of Mahavira 599-527 BCE.
Buddhism
King Asoka Spreads Buddhism c. 258 BCE.
Taoism and Confucianism
Life of Lao Tzu between c. 600-300. Life of Confucius c. 551-479.
Judaism
First Temple destroyed; Jews exiled 586 BCE.
0 CE
Indigenous
Ancient ways passed down and adapted over millennia.
Hinduism
Patanjali systematizes Yoga Sutras by 200 BCE. Code of Manu complied before 100 CE.
Jainism
Digambaras and Svetambaras diverge from 3rd century BCE.
Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism develops 200 BCE – 200 CE. Mahayana Buddhism develops 1st century CE.
Taoism and Confucianism
Educational system based on Confucian Classics from 205 BCE.
Judaism
Jerusalem falls to romans 70 CE.
Christianity
Life of Jesus c. 4 BCE – 30 CE. Paul organizes early Christians c. 50-60 CE. Gospels written down c. 70-95
CE.
300 CE
Indigenous
Ancient ways passed down and adapted over millennia.
Hinduism
Tantras written down c. 300.
Judaism
Rabbinical tradition develops 1st to 4th centuries.
600 CE
Indigenous
Ancient ways passed down and adapted over millennia.
Hinduism
Bhakti movement 600-1800.
Buddhism
Life of Songstan (c. 609-650) who declares Buddhism national region of Tibet.
Taoism and Confucianism
Japan imports Confucianism to unite tribes into empire.
Shinto
Shinto named adopted 6th century CE.
Islam
Life of Muhammad c. 570-632. Spread of Islam begins 633. Sunni-Shi’a split c. 682. Islam’s culture peak
750-1258.
900 CE
Indigenous
Ancient ways passed down and adapted over millennia.
Hinduism
Bhakti movement 600-1800.
Buddhism
Persecution of Buddhism begins in China 845.
Taoism and Confucianism
Sung dynasty revives ritualistic Confucianism (“neo-Confucianism”).
Judaism
Life of Maimonides 1135-1204.
Christianity
Centralization of papal power after 800.
1200 CE
Indigenous
Ancient ways passed down and adapted over millennia.
Hinduism
Bhakti movement 600-1800.
Buddhism
Ch’an Buddhism to Japan as Zen 13th century.
Christianity
Split between Western and Eastern Orthodox Churches 1054. Monastic orders proliferate 1300s.
1500 CE
Indigenous
Ancient ways passed down and adapted over millennia.
Hinduism
Bhakti movement 600-1800.
Judaism
Expulsion of Jews from Spain 1492.
Christianity
Spanish Inquisition established 1478. Protestantism established 1521.
Islam
Akbar becomes Mogul emperor in India 1556.
Sikhism
Life of Guru Nanak 1469-1504.
Interfaith
Mogul emperor Akbar initiates interfaith dialogues 1556 – 1605.
1800 CE
Indigenous
Trail of Tears (1838), Custer’s Last Stand (1876), Murder of Sitting Bull (1890), Wounded Knee Massacre
(1890).
Hinduism
Life of Ramakrishna 1836-1886.
Shinto
State Shinto established 1868.
Judaism
The Baal Shem Tov 1700-1760.
Islam
European dominance 1800s-1900s.
Sikhism
At death of Guru Gobind Singh (1708), living presence of the guru is embodied in Guru Granth Sahib
(scriptures).
2000 CE
Indigenous
Society of American Indians (1911), Death of Wovoka (1932), National Congress of American Indians
(1944).
Jainism
Jain monks establish Jain centers outside India 1970s-1980s.
Buddhism
Buddhism spreads in the West 20th century. Full ordination on nuns from 20 countries 1998.
Taoism and Confucianism
Cultural Revolution attacks religions 1966-1976. Confucian revival in China; International Association of
Confucianism established; Daoist sects and temples re-established 1990-2000.
Judaism
The Holocaust 1940-1945. Independent state of Israel 1948. Israeli wall for separation from Palestinians
2003.
Christianity
Second Vatican Council 1962-65. Churches reopened in USSR 1989.
Islam
Muslim resurgence and OPEC 1970s. Terrorism and counterterrorism increase 2001.
Sikhism
300th anniversary of Khalsa 2003.
Interfaith
First International Human Unity Conference 1974. Parliament of the World’s Religions centenary
celebrations 1993.
Credits
Subject Matter Expert:
Greg Salyer, Garth Kemerling
Interactive Design:
Tara Schiller
Instructional Designer:
Graeme Braithwaite
Project Manager:
Graeme Braithwaite
Image Credits:
© Spencer Arnold/Hulton Archive/Getty Images, © TORU YAMANAKA/AFP/Getty Images, © YOSHIKAZU
TSUNO/AFP/Getty Images, © US Pool/Getty Images, © Koichi Kamoshida/Getty Images, © TOSHIFUMI
KITAMURA/AFP/Getty Images
Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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Course Project: Select a Scenario and Religion
Instructions
After reading the Religion in Culture and Life course project description, choose which scenario you will
work on and select a religion (or religions) for your focus. The Timeline of World Religions and World
Religions Interactive Map are available in the Resources, if you want brief information about each of the
religions. In addition, you may choose to read ahead in your textbook. Describe why you chose the
particular scenario and religion and what challenges and rewards you anticipate from these choices and
this project.
In a one-page essay, write the following:
1. Your scenario selection for the course project.
2. Your reasons for choosing the scenario.
3. A schedule for completing the project.
4. Challenges you might face in writing the project.
5. What you think you might learn from the project.
You are required to research only in the Capella Library for this assignment.
Submission Requirements
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Written communication: Ensure written communication is free of errors that detract
from the overall message.
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References: Format resources and citations according to current APA style and
formatting.
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Page requirements: Submit 1 typed, double-spaced page.
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Font and font size: Use Times New Roman, 12-point font.
If you wish to print this document, pull down the “File” menu and select
“Print”.
Print Credits
World Religions Interactive Map
Introduction
Welcome to the global map of world religions. This map provides you with reference points for the
major world religions discussed in this course and provides insights into the social nuances of each
religion.
By clicking on the name of a world religion (in the upper left corner), the map will show where each
religion began as well as how it spread from its earliest beginnings to current day. A brief synopsis of
each religion is also provided in this text box.
Vatican City, Rome, Italy: The three cardinals file into the Sistine Chapel where they will be locked inside
to start the conclave to elect successor Pope John Paul.
The Dalai Lama sits before his followers at a mammoth ceremony celebrating the 10th anniversary of
the Tibetan uprising against the Chinese Communists.
Shrine of Fatima in Qom, Iran.
A rabbi and boys in robes stand around a table. They are on an outdoor patio.
Angkor Wat.
Hinduism
Hinduism is the chief religion of India. It features great diversity in religious belief and practice, but
relative strictness in social practice (i.e. the traditional caste system). It advocates four different
approaches to the Divine: the Way of Knowledge, the Way of Works, the Way of Devotion, and the Way
of Psychophysical Exercises. It sees society divided into four classes: priests, political leaders, producers,
and peasants. And it divides life into four stages: student, householder, retirement, and spiritual
searching.
For Hinduism, tolerance is a prime religious virtue, which results in its followers worshipping many
different gods or none at all. It teaches the transmigration of the soul, and is well known for its
development of a sophisticated philosophical type of religion that teaches the presence of one Divine
Reality lying behind, underneath and inside all things (Brahman).
This mystical approach is often complemented by the practice of meditation (yoga) which tries to put
the believer in touch with that Ultimate Reality as it exists inside all beings.
From its inception, the geographical location of Hinduism has changed very little over time. While
Hinduism has spread locally, it has largely remained inside of what is now India.
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Birth (or Entry into the religion)
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Marriage
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Deliverance.
Problem of Evil
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Polytheism, but only as vehicles for relating to the one Divine Essence-Brahman-which
energizes all 330 million gods.
Meta-narrative
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Transmigration of the soul from one body into another, or reincarnation. Eventually,
one will find release from this wheel of rebirths and enter Nirvana.
God(s)
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Monogamous. A ritual of central importance for Hindus that is seen as one of the four
stages of life. Traditionally, marriage is arranged.
Death
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Birth rituals: These are called samskaras, and there are about 40 of these very complex
rituals. These cover conception, birth, childhood, name-giving, tonsure (hair-cutting),
and eating special foods.
There is no Problem of Evil here. Beings live according to the Law of Karma, where each
gets exactly what he or she deserves, nothing more and nothing less. Suffering comes in
this life and, if not, then in future lives.
Analytical versus Holistic
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Holistic.
Indian Painting of a Scene with Music and Dancing from the Bhagavata Purana Gujarat.
Chola Sculpture of Rama.
Silhouette of a Hindu temple.
11th or 12th-Century Indian Sculpture of Surya.
Mughal Painting of Krishna on a Swing Surrounded by Attendants.
Buddhism
Buddhism originated as an offshoot of Hinduism about 500 B.C. and soon spread to Sri Lanka (Ceylon),
China, Korea, and Japan and from there south into Vietnam. It also went north into Tibet and Mongolia.
Today it has also found enthusiastic adherents in Europe and North America, where it often combines
with other religions in unique ways.
It traces back to a historical figure, the Buddha, who was instrumental in starting its teachings and its
monastic societal structure. It divides into three main types: Southern Buddhism (the Theravada),
Northern Buddhism (the Mahayana) and Tibetan (Tantric) Buddhism.
It is perhaps unique among world religions for its ability to combine with both primitive religions (Sri
Lanka and Tibet) and more sophisticated philosophies (Taoism in China and Shinto in Japan).
Also somewhat unique is its enthusiastic acceptance of thoroughgoing criticism of itself and all other
philosophies and world views.
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Birth (or Entry into the religion)
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Marriage
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Deliverance.
Problem of Evil
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No transcendent creator God or gods; gods exist, along with hosts of other spirits and
demons, but they lack knowledge or technique for escaping this samsaric world, so are
really no better then we are. They might help with things of this life, but not with our
real problem which is attaining Nirvana.
Meta-narrative
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Zen emphasizes this life rather than the next, but defers to Pure Land Buddhism or other
Buddhist groups, who specialize in funerals, death and dying. Pure Land Buddhism posits
a Western Paradise ruled by the Buddha Amida, which the believer can enter at death.
This Pure Land serves as a kind of halfway house, in which one can work out one’s final
liberation into Nirvana.
God(s)
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Buddhism generally plays little or no part in weddings. Buddhists follow pre-Buddhist
wedding rituals and customs.
Death
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No ritual at birth shared by all Buddhists. Theravadins make 8–10 year-old boys live as
monks for a short time.
There is no Problem of Evil here. Beings live according to the Law of Karma, where each
gets exactly what he or she deserves, nothing more and nothing less. Suffering comes in
this life and, if not, then in future lives.
Analytical versus Holistic
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Holistic.
The Daibutsu or Great Buddha, a bronze colossi in Kamakura, Japan. It is one of the largest bronze
sculptures in all of Japan, and a national treasure.
Dalai Lama greets the Press during his conference on arrival at London ‘s Heathrow Airport.
Heian Period Sculpture Depicting a Seated Shakamuni.
1983 Lhasa, Tibet: A monk sits in front of a huge, ornately decorated copper bell at the Jokhang Temple,
the most holy site in Tibet. Before the abortive 1959 uprising, there were over 110,000 monks in Tibet ,
but now only about 1,400 remain. Many fled and others were persecuted, arrested or expelled.
1983 Lhasa, Tibet: Closeup of prayer wheel. Religious items like these were once banned, but since the
Cultural revolution, pilgrims and Buddhists can be seen using them again.
Confucianism
Confucianism is an ancient Chinese ethic and social-political philosophy that allows for traditional
religious beliefs and practices to exist, but seeks to place emphasis instead on this world rather than any
other.
It goes back to a historical person, Confucius, who gathered together various Chinese traditions from the
past and re-worked them into a basic framework which has since provided the foundation for Chinese
society. Until the Communist takeover, civil service exams were totally based on these Confucian
Classics. His teachings resemble the wisdom literature in the Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition of the
West, being obviously the distillation of centuries of practical experience living in an advanced level of
civilized society. Confucius is often seen as a sage rather than either a prophet or a priest.
As the map depicts, the geographical location of Confucianism has changed very little over time and has
stayed local to the area now considered China.
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Birth (or Entry into the religion)
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Marriage
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Monogamous. Since ancient times, one of the most important events in a person’s lifeman or woman. Marriage is traditionally an arranged affair, not a romantic one. Family
includes deceased ancestors, so they have a stake in the marriage.
Death
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Rituals from infancy through childhood transition the child’s growth into full
membership into Chinese community life.
God(s)
Following Confucius, more emphasis should be given to this world and interpersonal
relations and community responsibilities here.
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Meta-narrative
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Nature/balance.
Problem of Evil
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Confucians accept a belief and worship in one great god, Heaven (T’ien), but more
important is one’s ethical and moral behavior in this world.
Confucians leave this sticky theological problem to the Daoist theologians and Buddhist
philosophers; they have more pressing issues.
Analytical versus Holistic
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Holistic.
Figure Sitting on a Riverbank from Album of Eight Landscape Paintings by Shen Zhou.
Detail of Portraits of Thirteen Emperors attributed to Yen Li-pen.
Exterior of a Chinese house.
Chinese Priests.
This plaque from the People’s Republic of China is part of a Tang Dynasty manuscript of the Analects of
Confucius with Annotations by Cheng Hsuan unearthed in 1967 at Turfan, Sinkiang. The Analects of
Confucius was an essential textbook for pupils in ancient China. This manuscript indicates the similarity
of the education systems between Turfan and other parts of China.
Daoist
Daoism is a Chinese philosophy that takes the notion of a balance of opposites (Yin-yang) and applies it
to the realms of ethics, politics, and Ultimate Reality (the Dao—pronounced Dow). Its central writing is
the Dao De Jing, which argues, against Confucian emphasis on intentional discipline and work, that even
more fundamental than intentional effort is spontaneity and relaxed acceptance of whatever nature
sends our way. It posits that the basic principle of life, the Dao, is un-nameable and transcendent, yet
present in everything.
The Daoist tradition over the years has expressed itself in this basic philosophy, but also in an
institutionalized religion with clergy, rituals, and beliefs that extend back into earliest times. Daoist
priests, for example, make themselves available to conduct elaborate funerals that harmonize well with
traditional rituals involving ancestor veneration.
As the map depicts, the geographical location of Daoism has changed very little over time and has
stayed local to the area now considered China.
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Birth (or Entry into the religion)
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Rituals from infancy through childhood that transition the child’s growth into full
membership into Chinese community life.
Marriage
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Death
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Nature/balance.
Problem of Evil
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Polytheism, some deified humans, some deified ancestors.
Meta-narrative
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Immortality can be achieved in this life, and some have found it. These immortals now
function as gods, having power to help supplicants. Ancient Chinese religion worshipped
ancestors, holding that everyone can, in principle, become a deified ancestor.
God(s)
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Monogamous. Since ancient times, this is one of the most important events in a
person’s life—man or woman. Traditionally, this is an arranged affair, not a romantic
one. Family includes deceased ancestors, so they have a stake in the marriage.
Philosophical Daoism: No problem of evil here. The Dao rules all, appearing as yin and
yang, which continually transform into one another. Evil is required for there to be
Good, and vice-versa. Religious Daoism: the polytheistic answer—there are evil beings
in the world, and they natural evils.
Analytical versus Holistic
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Holistic.
Illustrations to Six Texts from the Xiaoya Section of the Shi Jing attributed to Ma Hezhi and Emperor
Gaozong.
Sung Dynasty Statue of Lao-tzu Riding a Water Buffalo.
Bundles of incense stick in the Kuan Yin Temple (Goddess of Mercy, Buddhism, Confucianism, and
Taoism). Penang, Malaysia.
A young Chinese boy dressed in ornate clothing. Circa 1870.
Thousands attend the funeral of Cao Hoai Sang, 71, the last living founder of the Cao Dai faith until his
death on April 21st. An urn containing the cremated remains of Cao Hoai Sang is placed on a huge
dragon and paraded around the square. All wear white as a sign of mourning except the pallbearers who
are dressed in black. The Cao Dai faith, formed in 1926, is a mixture of Confucianism, Islam, Catholicism,
Taoism and Buddhism.
Shinto
Shinto is the native religion of Japan, going back to pre-literate times. It centers in the worship of divine
powers, both personal and non-personal called kami, that humans can call upon for help in times of
need. It has existed alongside Buddhism from the time of Buddhism’s first coming to Japan in 522 C.E.,
to the present day. It emphasizes the positive, creative, power aspects of life and deals in purity of mind
and body.
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Birth (or Entry into the religion)
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Marriage
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Nature/balance.
Problem of Evil
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Polytheism. There is a kind of divine power that can penetrate and take up residence in
mountains, islands, and auspicious places of all kinds, rocks, and so forth called kami.
Persons can be kami, such as the Japanese Emperor. Kami tend to help with the positive,
life-affirming things in life, not the negative, death and dying things.
Meta-narrative
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In Japan, Shinto priests don’t do funerals. They defer to the Buddhists here.
God(s)
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Monogamous. Japanese Shinto ceremonies are complex, traditionally performe …
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