Expert answer:Cause and Effect Essay
Solved by verified expert:I need you to write two different topics, so the total is two essays. five pages for each.
mla_formatting_and_style_guide__2_.pdf
apa_formatting_and_style_guide.pdf
eng_102_fall_2017.docx
mla_formatting_and_style_guide__2_.pdf
apa_formatting_and_style_guide.pdf
Unformatted Attachment Preview
MLA Formatting and Style Guide
The following overview should help you better understand how to cite sources using MLA eighth edition,
including the list of works cited and in-text citations.
Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA. See also our MLA vidcast
series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel.
Creating a Works Cited list using the eighth edition
MLA has turned to a style of documentation that is based on a general method that may be applied to every
possible source, to many different types of writing. But since texts have become increasingly mobile, and the
same document may be found in several different sources, following a set of fixed rules is no longer
sufficient.
The current system is based on a few principles, rather than an extensive list of specific rules. While the
handbook still gives examples of how to cite sources, it is organized according to the process of documentation,
rather than by the sources themselves. This process teaches writers a flexible method that is universally
applicable. Once you are familiar with the method, you can use it to document any type of source, for any type
of paper, in any field.
Here is an overview of the process:
When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core elements. These are the general
pieces of information that MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements
should be listed in the following order:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Author.
Title of source.
Title of container,
Other contributors,
Version,
Number,
Publisher,
Publication date,
Location.
Each element should be followed by the punctuation mark shown here. Earlier editions of the handbook
included the place of publication, and required punctuation such as journal editions in parentheses, and colons
after issue numbers. In the current version, punctuation is simpler (just commas and periods separate the
elements), and information about the source is kept to the basics.
Author
Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the
work. End this element with a period.
Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994.
Title of source
The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed
in italics or quotation marks.
A book should be in italics:
Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. MacMurray, 1999.
A website should be in italics:
Lundman, Susan. “How to Make Vegetarian Chili.” eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html.*
A periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper article) should be in quotation marks:
Bagchi, Alaknanda. “Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Bashai Tudu.” Tulsa
Studies in Women’s Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.
A song or piece of music on an album should be in quotation marks:
Beyoncé. “Pray You Catch Me.” Lemonade, Parkwood Entertainment, 2016, www.beyonce.com/album/lemonadevisual-album/.
*The eighth edition handbook recommends including URLs when citing online sources. For more information,
see the “Optional Elements” section below.
Title of container
Unlike earlier versions, the eighth edition refers to containers, which are the larger wholes in which the source
is located. For example, if you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the individual poem is
the source, while the larger collection is the container. The title of the container is usually italicized and
followed by a comma, since the information that follows next describes the container.
Kincaid, Jamaica. “Girl.” The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage,
1994, pp. 306-07.
The container may also be a television series, which is made up of episodes.
“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler,
season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010.
The container may also be a website, which contains articles, postings, and other works.
Zinkievich, Craig. Interview by Gareth Von Kallenbach. Skewed & Reviewed, 27 Apr. 2009,
www.arcgames.com/en/games/star-trek-online/news/detail/1056940-skewed-%2526-reviewed-interviews-craig.
Accessed 15 Mar. 2009.
In some cases, a container might be within a larger container. You might have read a book of short stories
on Google Books, or watched a television series on Netflix. You might have found the electronic version of a
journal on JSTOR. It is important to cite these containers within containers so that your readers can find the
exact source that you used.
“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, season 2, episode 21, NBC, 29 Apr.
2010. Netflix, www.netflix.com/watch/70152031?trackId=200256157&tctx=0%2C20%2C0974d361-27cd44de-9c2a-2d9d868b9f64-12120962.
Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007,
pp. 173-96. ProQuest, doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.
Other contributors
In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors,
illustrators, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify the
source, include their names in your documentation.
Note: In the eighth edition, terms like editor, illustrator, translator, etc., are no longer abbreviated.
Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated by Richard
Howard, Vintage-Random House, 1988.
Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room. Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2008.
Version
If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation.
The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.
Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004.
Number
If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi-volume book, or journal with both volume and issue
numbers, those numbers must be listed in your citation.
Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and
Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362.
Accessed 20 May 2009.
“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy
Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010.
Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.
Publisher
The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there is more than one publisher, and they are
all are relevant to your research, list them in your citation, separated by a forward slash (/).
Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The
Artchive, www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.
Women’s Health: Problems of the Digestive System. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006.
Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and Recreation. Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media
Studios, 2015.
Note: the publisher’s name need not be included in the following sources: periodicals, works published by their
author or editor, a Web cite whose title is the same name as its publisher, a Web cite that makes works available
but does not actually publish them (such as YouTube, WordPress, or JSTOR).
Publication date
The same source may have been published on more than one date, such as an online version of an original
source. For example, a television series might have aired on a broadcast network on one date, but released
on Netflix on a different date. When the source has more than one date, it is sufficient to use the date that is
most relevant to your use of it. If you’re unsure about which date to use, go with the date of the source’s
original publication.
In the following example, Mutant Enemy is the primary production company, and “Hush” was released in 1999.
This is the way to create a general citation for a television episode.
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant
Enemy, 1999.
However, if you are discussing, for example, the historical context in which the episode originally aired, you
should cite the full date. Because you are specifying the date of airing, you would then use WB Television
Network (rather than Mutant Enemy), because it was the network (rather than the production company) that
aired the episode on the date you’re citing.
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode
10, WB Television Network, 14 Dec. 1999.
Location
You should be as specific as possible in identifying a work’s location.
An essay in a book, or an article in journal should include page numbers.
Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing around Your Neck, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, pp.
74-94.
The location of an online work should include a URL.
Wheelis, Mark. “Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons
Convention.” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.
A physical object that you experienced firsthand should identify the place of location.
Matisse, Henri. The Swimming Pool. 1952, Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Optional elements
The eighth edition is designed to be as streamlined as possible. The author should include any information that
helps readers easily identify the source, without including unnecessary information that may be distracting. The
following is a list of select optional elements that should be part of a documented source at the writer’s
discretion.
Date of original publication:
If a source has been published on more than one date, the writer may want to include both dates if it will
provide the reader with necessary or helpful information.
Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993.
City of publication:
The seventh edition handbook required the city in which a publisher is located, but the eighth edition states that
this is only necessary in particular instances, such as in a work published before 1900. Since pre-1900 works
were usually associated with the city in which they were published, your documentation may substitute the city
name for the publisher’s name.
Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions. Boston, 1863.
Date of access:
When you cite an online source, the MLA Handbook recommends including a date of access on which you
accessed the material, since an online work may change or move at any time.
Bernstein, Mark. “10 Tips on Writing the Living Web.” A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 16 Aug. 2002,
alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.
URLs:
As mentioned above, while the eighth edition recommends including URLs when you cite online sources, you
should always check with your instructor or editor and include URLs at their discretion.
DOIs:
A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a series of digits and letters that leads to the location of an online source.
Articles in journals are often assigned DOIs to ensure that the source is locatable, even if the URL changes. If
your source is listed with a DOI, use that instead of a URL.
Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. “Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater
Invertebrates.” Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library, doi:
10.1002/tox.20155.
Creating in-text citations using the eighth edition
The in-text citation is a brief reference within your text that indicates the source you consulted. It should
properly attribute any ideas, paraphrases, or direct quotations to your source, and should direct readers to the
entry in the list of works cited. For the most part, an in-text citation is the author’s name and page number
(or just the page number, if the author is named in the sentence) in parentheses:
Imperialism is “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant
territory” (Said 9).
or
According to Edward W. Said, imperialism is defined by “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a
dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (9).
Work Cited
Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994.
When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of
hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35).
Again, your goal is to attribute your source and provide your reader with a reference without interrupting your
text. Your readers should be able to follow the flow of your argument without becoming distracted by extra
information.
Final thoughts about the eighth edition
The current MLA guidelines teach you a widely applicable skill. Once you become familiar with the core
elements that should be included in each entry in the Works Cited list, you will be able to create documentation
for any type of source. While the handbook still includes helpful examples that you may use as guidelines, you
will not need to consult it every time you need to figure out how to cite a source you’ve never used before. If
you include the core elements, in the proper order, using consistent punctuation, you will be fully equipped to
create a list of works cited on your own.
How to Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA
Entire Website
The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2016.
Individual Resources
Contributors’ names and the last edited date can be found in the orange boxes at the top of every page on the
OWL.
Contributors’ names. “Title of Resource.” The Purdue OWL, Purdue U Writing Lab, Last edited date.
Russell, Tony, et al. “MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2 Aug. 2016.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell,
Rodrigo Rodríguez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the
liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for
the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics
Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered in chapter 6 of
the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a
good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a
particular reference question.
Basic in-text citation rules
In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known as parenthetical
citation. This method involves placing relevant source information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase.
General Guidelines
The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1.) upon the source medium (e.g.
Print, Web, DVD) and (2.) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited (bibliography) page.
Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the
Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the
text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works
Cited List.
In-text citations: Author-page style
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the
page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete
reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself
or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the
parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).
Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).
Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).
Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the
sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more
information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth,
they would find the following information:
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford UP, 1967.
In-text citations for print sources with known author
For Print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or
phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the
sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.
Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).
Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).
These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears
on the left-hand margin of an entry in the Works Cited:
Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P,
1966.
In-text citations for print sources by a corporate author
When a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the name of the corporation followed by the page
number for the in-text citation. You should also use abbreviations (e.g., nat’l for national) where appropriate, so
as to avoid interrupting the flow of reading with overly long parenthetical citations.
In-text citations for print sources with no known author
When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title
in quotation marks if it’s a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it’s a longer work (e.g. plays, books,
television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number.
We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has “more readily
accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . .”
(“Impact of Global Warming” 6).
In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title of the article
appears in the parenthetical citation which corresponds to the full name of the article which appears first at the
left-hand margin of its respective entry in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks
as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works
Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows:
“The Impact of Global Warming in North America.” Global Warming: Early Signs. 1999. Web. 23 Mar. 2009.
We’ll learn how to make a Works Cited page in a bit, but right now it’s important to know that parenthetical
citations and Works Cited pages allow readers to know which sources you consulted in writing your essay, so
that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources or use them in their own scholarly work.
Author-page citation for classic and literary works with multiple editions
Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help …
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
How it works
- Paste your instructions in the instructions box. You can also attach an instructions file
- Select the writer category, deadline, education level and review the instructions
- Make a payment for the order to be assignment to a writer
- Download the paper after the writer uploads it
Will the writer plagiarize my essay?
You will get a plagiarism-free paper and you can get an originality report upon request.
Is this service safe?
All the personal information is confidential and we have 100% safe payment methods. We also guarantee good grades