Expert answer:Bio Research Paper
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The Relationship between Antibiotic Exposure in Young Children and the Development of
Allergies
There is a great importance in the homeostasis of immune health in young children,
especially in the first few years of life. However if children are not exposed to immunogenic
material, their ability to maintain a healthy immune system may be compromised. It has been
theorized that when the immune system experiences various changes during infancy, there is an
increased risk in the development of allergic diseases including sensitization. The amount of
antibiotics prescribed to young children early on in their lives is increasing, along with the
diagnoses of allergies in children. Consequently, there is a direct correlation between the
exposure of antibiotics in the first few years of life and the development of allergy later on in a
child’s life.
There is something known as the hygiene hypothesis, as mentioned by Risnes, K. et al,
which can be used to explain the increase in allergic diseases amongst children (Risnes, K. et al,
2011). This hypothesis theorizes that if children have a hindered exposure to certain viruses and
bacteria, their immune development may be affected. This can, in turn, have a consensual effect
on a child’s development of allergic diseases. When it comes to the development and
maintenance of a healthy immune system and resistance to these diseases, the microflora,
specifically the gastrointestinal flora, are incredibly important (Risnes, K. et al, 2011). Therefore,
if a child is prescribed antibiotics from an early age, their microbial exposure can be affected,
making them more likely to be at risk of developing an allergic disease, such as a sensitization to
certain foods (Love, B. et al, 2016). It is imperative that infants and newborns maintain a healthy
immune system through the necessary exposure to immunogenic substances, so this correlation
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between antibiotics and allergies is just one reason to refrain from the overexposure of antibiotic
prescriptions in young children.
Many studies worldwide have been dedicated to providing evidence in favor of the
hypothesized correlation. A study conducted in the South Carolina Medicaid Program used a
group of sample children newborn to age 3 to successfully identify a relationship between the
detection of an allergy diagnosis code and exposure to antibiotic prescription at an early age
(Love, B. et al, 2016). The study showed that an increase in the amount of antibiotic exposure
had a linear association with the prevalence of food allergy. Children who had a detectable food
sensitization had received a greater amount of antibiotic prescriptions than the control group.
There were a total of 1504 cases having at least one diagnosis code relating to the detection of a
food allergy and 5995 controls in the final study sample (Love, B. et al, 2016). The most
common allergy diagnosis reported was Dermatitis, along with reports of allergies including
milk, seafood, and peanuts. The majority of the case studies showed the detection of a food
allergy but could not identify the specific food allergen (Love, B. et al, 2016).
In terms of the antibiotic prescriptions in this study, the totaling number distributed
between both cases and controls was 9324 prescriptions (Love, B. et al, 2016). There was a
notable difference in that significantly more children in the control group did not receive an
antibiotic prescription during the first year of infancy than those in the cases with a detected food
sensitization. Antibiotic exposure within the first year of life was associated with the allergy
diagnosis in both unadjusted and adjusted models of this study. In the two models, the greatest
association between antibiotic use and the identification of atopic disease was in the case
subjects receiving the antibiotics cephalosporin and sulfonamide (Love, B. et al, 2016).
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This study shows how the prevalence of allergen sensitization due to antibiotic exposure
early on in a child’s life can be affected in multiple ways. In one aspect, the greater the level of
exposure a young child has to antibiotic prescriptions, the greater the likelihood that the child
will be on said antibiotics as they are being introduced to new foods. In addition, being on an
antibiotic course for a continual amount of time increases the child’s risk of developing a
microbial imbalance in the body. Certain kinds of bacteria, such as the gut flora, are vital in
ensuring the immune system is able to develop properly and the body maintains a healthy
immune tolerance. The ability to have an interaction with gut flora is also relatively responsible
in the development of the body’s T-cells and IgA antibodies. These cells and antibodies are the
key when it comes to the body’s ability to tolerate foreign proteins like food and other allergens.
Thus, evidence provided in this study offers that disrupting the interaction with certain kinds of
bacteria due to early and unnecessary antibiotic exposure can lead to an increased risk in the
development of allergic diseases (Love, B. et al, 2016).
Another study analyzed a group of 1,401 children in the United States and assessed their
exposure to antibiotics within the first 6 months of infancy to detect the existing correlation to
the development of allergic diseases later on. It was concluded that there was in fact an
association between an antibiotic course early on in life and the indication of an allergic disease
by 6 years of age (Risnes, K. et al, 2011). The data collected in this study demonstrated a strong
correlation between antibiotic exposure and positive reactions to allergy skin prick and blood
tests. Despite the fact that this study was observational, the allergy tests were administered to
those who reported having some form of allergic reaction, so it is reasonable to assume that these
positive test results can serve as valid indicators of allergic disease amongst this group of
children (Risnes, K. et al, 2011).
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The hygiene hypothesis can be viewed as an overarching umbrella that aids in explaining
why this correlation exists. As mentioned before, this hypothesis makes the claim that in order
for a child to experience proper postnatal immune maturation, they need to experience microbial
exposure at an early age. This is what would help to prevent their development of an allergic
disease later on in life. Microbial exposure is necessary to balance a child’s immune system
response after infancy. The mark of a child’s immune maturation is the shift from their T-helper
2 cell to the more established T-helper 1 cell (Risnes, K. et al, 2011). If their cells cannot mature
and there is an over abundance of responses from the T-helper 2 cells to allergens, the child is at
a greater risk of developing an allergic disease. The earliest stages in one’s life are the most
vulnerable when it comes to being at risk for an imbalance in the immune system response.
Because of this, any delays in the maturation of the T-helper 1 cells can be the cause of the
development of allergic disease. The results of this study reassured that the children examined
who were exposed to antibiotics within the first 6 months of life corresponded with the
development of an allergic disease at 6 years old (Risnes, K. et al, 2011).
To go even further, another study conducted among a group of young children aged 6-8
years old in Poland called upon the hygiene hypothesis to examine the link between antibiotic
exposure and the development of allergic disease (Raciborski, F. et al, 2012). The study focused
heavily on the sex of the child being an important independent variable in the experiment. It was
recognized that symptoms of allergy were more prevalent among the young boys. While the sex
of the child was not an incredibly significant factor in determining nasal or food specific
allergies, it was statistically significant in all other areas of this study, due to the fact that the
boys were recorded as having an increased risk of developing allergic symptoms indicating
allergic disease (Raciborski, F. et al, 2012). This study alone cannot be used to determine
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whether or not antibiotic exposure among young children is the sole cause of subsequent allergic
diseases in life, but the data did indicate some correlation between exposure and the onset of
allergic symptoms, allowing the conclusion to be made that there is a relationship between the
two (Raciborski, F. et al, 2012).
The relationship between antibiotic exposure early on in life and the consequential
development of an allergic disease later on is strong and has been examined through multiple
studies all over the world. In the United States alone, food-specific allergies affect up to 8% of
children during infancy. That number has been shown to increase to 18% by the time the child
approaches 18 years of age (Love, B. et al, 2016). Complications resulting from an allergic
reaction are responsible for a large percentage of ambulatory visits to emergency facilities and
physician’s offices as well as hospitalizations each year (Love, B. et al, 2016). Findings from
these observed studies that support the correlation between antibiotic exposure and allergies can
be used to discourage physicians from unnecessarily setting young children on an antibiotic
course early on in their lives (Risnes, K. et al, 2011). Refraining from unnecessary antibiotic
treatment early on could prevent the onset of allergic sensitization and would therefore inhibit
the relationship between antibiotic use and allergies from growing any stronger.
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References
Love, B. L., Mann, J. R., Hardin, J. W., Lu, Z. K., Cox, C., & Amrol, D. J. (2016). Antibiotic
prescription and food allergy in young children. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology,
121-8. doi:10.1186/s13223-016-0148-7
Raciborski, F., Tomaszewska, A., Komorowski, J., Samel-Kowalik, P., Białoszewski, A. Z.,
Walkiewicz, A., . . . Samoliński, B. (2012). The Relationship Between Antibiotic Therapy
in Early Childhood and The Symptoms of Allergy in Children Aged 6–8 Years – The
Questionnaire Study Results. Retrieved March 12, 2017, from http://ijomeh.eu/Therelationship-between-antibiotic-therapy-in-early-childhood-and-the-symptoms-of-allergyin-children-aged-6-8-years-the-questionnaire-study-results,2239,0,2.html
Risnes, K. R., Belanger, K., Murk, W., & Bracken, M. B. (2011). Antibiotic Exposure by 6
Months and Asthma and Allergy at 6 Years: Findings in a Cohort of 1,401 US Children.
American Journal of Epidemiology, 173(3), 310–318. http://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq400
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Research Paper Rubric
Name: __________________________
Category
Description
•
Thesis Statement
•
Introduction
•
Body
•
Conclusion
•
Organization
•
•
•
Style
•
Thesis statement
clearly stated to
inform the reader of
the cause/effect
relationship being
described in the paper
There is relevant
background
information is
included so that the
reader understands
your topic.
Supporting
information clearly
ties in background
information to
evidence supporting
your thesis statement.
The conclusion
restates the thesis
statement (in new
wording) and ties in
relevant information
from the body of the
paper.
There are clear,
defined paragraphs.
There is a logical flow
of ideas throughout
the paper to expand
upon the topic.
Paper has a clear title,
in bold font, above
the paper.
Entire paper (including
the title) in in 12
point, Times New
Roman font.
Paper has 1-inch
margins on all sides of
page.
Point value
5
10
10
10
5
5
Points/Comments
•
•
Citations
•
All citations are in APA
format.
In-text citations are
included and
formatted correctly.
Reference page in
included at the end,
formatted correctly,
with references in
alphabetical order.
Total:
5
50
*Points deducted for: Any paper less than 3.5 pages (6 points); any late
submissions (2 points per day late); any topics that were submitted late will
have one point deducted per day late.
Points will be taken off for quotes, Bullets,
The syllabus requires 2 articles from a scientific paper
However, you may use besides the 1 article any other source
When looking for other sources look for sources from the Government.
DO NOT USE BLOGS or Wikipedia.
Paraphrase all parts of paper do not directly copy
Below you will find proper APA reference page
Veilleux, J. C., Colvin, P. J., Anderson, J., York, C., & Heinz, A. J. (2010). A review of opioid
dependence treatment: pharmacological and psychosocial interventions to treat opioid addiction.
Clinical psychology review, 30(2), 155-166.
If you were going to cite this in your paper it would look like
(Veilleux et al, 2010)
…
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