Expert answer:Assignment 2: Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy
Solved by verified expert:Draw from the information gained in your first research paper and expand your research to follow up in a new paper. Write three to four (3-4) new pages that address the following:Define presidential doctrine and summarize the regional or global events during the Cold War leading up to the formation of the presidential doctrine you wrote about in Assignment 1. Select one country you wrote about in Assignment 1 and describe the Cold War relationship that existed between the country you selected and the U.S. before the presidential doctrine was announced.Describe the relationship that currently exists between the U.S. and the country you selected in section (2) above.Describe the effect that the presidential doctrine has had on regional or global affairs since it was announced during the Cold War.Assess whether the presidential doctrine you wrote about in Assignment 1 had had the intended effect of altering the behavior of the country you selected in section (2) above in the time since the doctrine was first announced.Cite at least four (4) reputable sources in addition to the textbook, not including Wikipedia, encyclopedias, or dictionaries.To help you understand this assignment further, the following description and examples may be useful.Step 1: Define a doctrine and identify why a president would want to announce one. A doctrine is an ideological platform that a president uses to advance a policy towards a country or region in order to accomplish foreign policy goals for the United States, so you will need to expand on this theme. Refer back to Assignment 1 and build on whatever doctrine you wrote about then. Say, for example, you selected the Truman Doctrine. Therefore, this is the only thing you will write about in Assignment 2 step 1.Step 2: Select one country you wrote about in Assignment 1 and describe the Cold War relationship that existed between it and the U.S. before the presidential doctrine was announced. In the case of Truman, you would pick either the Soviet Union, Greece, or Iran, because all three were affected by his doctrine. If you are writing about the Eisenhower Doctrine, you would choose Lebanon or Egypt; if you wrote about the Kennedy Doctrine, you would have write about Cuba or Vietnam; if your wrote about the Nixon Doctrine, you would choose either Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, or Iran; if you chose Carter, you would select either Iran or Afghanistan; and if you wrote about the Reagan Doctrine, you would select Nicaragua, Angola, Russia, or Afghanistan (although there were several others).Step 3: Describe what effect the presidential doctrine you chose has had on regional or global affairs since it was announced during the Cold War. That is, how did the doctrine change the status quo regionally or globally after it was announced by the U.S.? What happened in Western Europe after the Truman Doctrine was announced? What happened in the Middle East after the Eisenhower Doctrine was announced? What happened with Cuba or Vietnam after Kennedy offered up his doctrine of flexible response? What happened in Southeast Asia or the Persian Gulf after the Nixon Doctrine went in effect? What happened in the Middle East after the Carter Doctrine was announced? What happened in Central America or Africa or the Middle East after Reagan announced his doctrine?Step 4: Refer back to the country you selected in step two and describe the relationship that currently exists between the U.S. and that country. How has the relationship changed between the U.S. and that country since the doctrine was announced?Step 5: Evaluate whether the presidential doctrine had had the intended effect of altering the behavior of the one country you selected in section (2) above since the doctrine was first announced.Your assignment must:Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.
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Running head: THE COLD WAR AND DIPLOMACY
Assignment 1: The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy
Bennie Carter
POL 300: Contemporary International Problems
David Brand
November 6, 2017
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THE COLD WAR AND DIPLOMACY
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The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy
The World War II took course in the year 1945 and was a war resulting from the
difference in political plus economic ideologies, which caused antagonism, distrust as well as
rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union (Arnold & Wiener, 2012). The west
strongly stood for capitalism while the East nations believed in communism. The west countries
felt and believed that the trade should be free plus wealth should be acquired on an individual
basis as opposed to the state being in control of the trade. On the other hand, the Eastern nations
supported the economy being controlled and dictated by the government with individual
businesses discouraged by the high taxation.
Towards the end of the world war, most of the economies were completely crippled. The
Americans as well as the Soviets took advantage of the harsh economic time to lure countries
into their form of ideology. However, the Soviets suffered a lot from the world war compared to
their U.S rivals. Approximately 28 million deaths from the Soviet side were recorded with
millions of citizens displaced; further, the reason for such kind of a defeat was attributed to the
failure of the Soviet Union allies to appropriate adequate resources for war (Arnold & Wiener,
2012). This resulted in a period of cold war between the West and the East in a battle for political
ideologies supremacy.
The tension in the post-war era intensified as the two rivals eyed on dominating Eastern
Europe and Germany, with each side formulating policies that would make them dominate in the
potential territories. The Western side made a foreign policy as well as military equipment aimed
at defeating the Soviet Union and curbing the spread of communism, likewise, the Soviet Union
enclosed Eastern Europe in a wall to prevent the penetration of the West (Arnold & Wiener,
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2012). There was a lot of tension and each rival sought to spread their socio-economic ideologies
to their target nations.
In 1946, Keenan, the United States diplomat in Russia sent a telegram to Washington
D.C’s department dealing with state affairs, he cautioned on the mistrust, confidentiality and
insecurity of the Soviet Union policy makers; additionally, he explained how the policy makers
strongly supported communism plus viewed the capitalists as foes and advised the U.S to take a
strict stand on foreign policy to oppose the Soviets who were becoming too hostile (Arnold &
Wiener, 2012). Keenan had observed that the Soviet leaders had a high level of secrecy and
could not be trusted since their stand on communism was rigid and could not be changed. The
only solution was the U.S to take an uncompromising devotion to a foreign policy so as to
counter the opposition from their rivals.
To respond to this warning, the United States president at that time, Harry S. Truman,
publicly declared in the year 1947 the Truman policy; he stated that the U.S would give
unwavering support to all nations that were struggling against the minorities who were unarmed
(Roskin & Berry, 1999). Truman had already seen a looming threat as the communists penetrated
Turkey and also caused a civil war in Greece due to the pressure that they were creating in a bid
to spread communism. The statement together with Keenan’s telegram was published and
referred to as the foreign affairs policy which was the main component of the United States
policy during the cold war era.
Truman also requested for a financial support of $400 million so as to counter the effect
of the communist penetration in Greece which the congress approved; further, the U.S state
secretary, George Marshall proclaimed an economic support program that would be sponsored
by the U.S to aid nations which were badly hit by the second world war (Arnold & Wiener,
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2012). The huge financial commitments the United States made was in a bid to secure more
nations since they knew the Soviet’s economy was struggling and what other nations badly
needed after the tough consequences of the Second World War was to revive their economies. A
financial aid at that time meant a lot to most of the target nations and the Soviet Union was not in
a position to help the countries it was trying to lure into communism.
The financial aid commitment by the United States was a huge success with Billions of
dollars donated to the West as the economies improved with the west supporting their donors and
opposing the Soviet Union (Gaddis, 1974). The struggling Western economies were relieved by
the financial support and the only way they could show their appreciation to the donor was
through supporting their ideologies and refraining from any association with the rival nation. The
move sent Soviet Union into a state of panic as it was quickly losing the ideological war to the
financially endowed capitalists.
In a response to the big blow the Soviets had received from the United States, Joseph
Stalin, the Soviet Union Ruler, was coerced to counteract by dividing the European continent
into two rivals, there were massive campaigns to lure influential people in Russia to support
Stalin with the execution and imprisonment of people believed to betray him (Mastny,
1998). Stalin was very insecure by the dominance of their rival and did anything possible to
regain territory, he felt that some of his officials were betraying him which was the reason why
the Soviet Union was losing popularity.
The tables however turned when in 1949, the Soviet Union blew up their maiden atomic
bomb sending the United States into panic with most Americans dreading that power would shift
to the Soviet Union (Arnold & Wiener, 2012). The atomic bomb marked the onset of the deadly
nuclear war which was escalating to the use of hydrogen as an explosive from both countries.
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The rivals were up in arms with each trying to claim the dominance in the cold war by advancing
their invention in nuclear arms.
In 1949, the United States lost the China territory to the Soviets, after defeating the
Chinese in battle; the Soviet Union renamed the territory as the People’s Republic of china
forcing the anti-communist Chinese nationals to exile (Meisner, 1999). The move made the cold
war shift to another level with an intense polarization in economic ideologies among the different
nations.
What followed as the cold war escalated was the Korean War that resulted in a division
into the North that was controlled by the Soviets and South Korea by the Americans; the North
and South Korea went into war using firearms supplied by the main rivals that saw animosity and
death between the two Korean Divisions (Arnold & Wiener, 2012). A lot of lives of the Korean
and Soviet Union troops were lost. The United States in a bid to pacify the calamity sent its
troops to Korea and a good number of them lost their lives. The north and South Korean people
developed a complete antagonism towards each other and a lot of property was destroyed.
One of the negative effects of the signing of Truman’s doctrine was the emergence of a
serious war that led to the introduction of nuclear equipment and firearms. This meant that the
rivals would now use the most deadly and explosive chemicals to launch their attacks which
caused loss of lives for the rivals as well as the territories they were attacking.
Another negative effect of the signing of the anti-communism foreign policy was a great
division between eastern and Western Europe as well as North and South Korea. The continent
and country that were once united and peacefully co-existing suddenly were against each other
leading huge economic losses and bloodshed. An advantage anti-communist policy to the United
States is that it marked the beginning of the U.S emerging as a super power due to its use of
THE COLD WAR AND DIPLOMACY
nuclear equipment and financial aids. In conclusion, Truman’s Foreign policy did more harm
than good to most of the nations in Europe, Asia as well as America.
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References
Gaddis, J. (1974). Was the Truman Doctrine a Real Turning Point? Foreign Affairs, 52(2), 386402.
In Arnold, J. R., & In Wiener, R. (2012). Cold War: The essential reference guide.
Mastny, V. (1998). The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years. Oxford University
Press.
Meisner, M. (1999). Mao’s China and after: A history of the People’s Republic. Simon and
Schuster.
Roskin, M. G., & Berry, N. O. (1999). IR: The new world of international relations. Upper
Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall.
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