Expert answer:Types of Logic Practice
Expert answer:Write arguments for the following topic using the five types of logic, as described in the PowerPoint. Give examples of ALL THE TYPES OF LOGIC.Topic: Children should not be allowed to have cell phonesFive types of logic:Inductive reasoningAnalogy reasoningDeductive reasoning Cause/Effect From Authority
types_of_logic_for_debate.pptx
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Preparing Your Debate
Using Reason to Make an Argument
Think of the last argument you had. What is your argument style? What is the
argument style of that friend/family member/teacher/lover/etc?
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In a debate, two sides use different types of
reasoning to make a strong argument.
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Inductive
Analogy
Deductive
Cause/Effect
Authority
Do any of these look familiar?
Inductive Reasoning
Reasoning from facts. Take specific examples and make a conclusion. This is also
known as Generalizing.
1. Observation: collect facts.
2. Analysis: classify the facts, identifying patterns of regularity.
3. Inference: From the patterns, infer generalizations about the
relations between the facts.
4. Confirmation: Testing the inference through further observation.
Inductive Reasoning Examples
Not Inductive Reasoning 🙁
Inductive Reasoning 🙂
All of those airline passengers are
sick. I bet it was from the food.
I asked eight passengers what they ate before they got sick, and
they all had the fish. Two passengers who had the chicken did not
get sick. The fish was probably what made those passengers sick.
You shouldn’t look at your phone
during class because it’s so
annoying.
The 2016 Mazda MX-5 Miata is a
great sports car. Just look at it!
Not Inductive Reasoning 🙁
Inductive Reasoning 🙂
All of those airline passengers are
sick. I bet it was from the food.
I asked eight passengers what they ate before they got sick, and
they all had the fish. Two passengers who had the chicken did not
get sick. The fish was probably what made those passengers sick.
You shouldn’t look at your phone
during class because it’s so
annoying.
Last semester, several students who frequently looked at their
phones did poorly. They missed homework assignments because
they weren’t listening and alienated their teachers, who found
their behavior rude. You shouldn’t look at your phone during
class.
The 2016 Mazda MX-5 Miata is a
great sports car. Just look at it!
The 2016 Mazda MX-5 Miata has excellent fuel economy, awardwinning safety features, comfortable cabin space, and is
reasonably priced. It’s a great sports car!
YOUR EXAMPLE!
YOUR EXAMPLE!
Analogical Reasoning
This approach makes a comparison between two specific examples. It attempts to
show the similarities between one more common example and the one being
presented.
REASONING: The New School library cafe is expensive
and has a limited selection.
Assumption: By analogy, any New School cafe will
also be expensive with a limited selection.
Therefore CLAIM: The 12th St cafe will be expensive
with a limited selection.
Analogical Reasoning Examples
Not Analogical Reasoning 🙁
Analogical Reasoning 🙂
Jury duty sounds terrible.
Jury duty is a very inefficient system. Jury duty is run by New York
State, and so is New York’s Department of Motor Vehicles. Therefore,
the DMV will also be inefficient.
Cats can’t get rabies; they’re too
cuuuuuuute!
An ESL university instructor probably
has a Master’s in TESOL.
YOUR EXAMPLE!
Analogical Reasoning Examples
Not Analogical Reasoning 🙁
Analogical Reasoning 🙂
Jury duty sounds terrible.
Jury duty is a very inefficient system. Jury duty is run by New
York State, and so is New York’s Department of Motor Vehicles.
Therefore, the DMV will also be inefficient.
Cats can’t get rabies; they’re too
cuuuuuuute!
Bats can get rabies. Bats are mammals, and cats are also
mammals. Therefore, cats can get rabies.
An ESL university instructor probably
has a Master’s in TESOL.
Jessica Coyle has a Master’s Degree in TESOL, and she works for
Parsons, so another ESL instructor will have a Master’s Degree in
TESOL (note: this is a false analogy! Why?)
YOUR EXAMPLE!
YOUR EXAMPLE!
Deductive Reasoning
This is basically the opposite of inductive reasoning. The arguer derives specifics
from what they already know. Rather than beginning with data, this type of logic
begins with known facts.
MAJOR PREMISE: All humans eventually die.
MINOR PREMISE: I am a human.
CLAIM: Therefore, I will eventually die.
Deductive Reasoning Examples
Not Deductive Reasoning 🙁
Deductive Reasoning 🙂
Mangos taste sweet, so if you’re
avoiding sugar you shouldn’t eat
them.
All fruits contain fructose, which is a form of sugar. Mangos are a fruit,
so they contain fructose. If you’re avoiding sugar, don’t eat mangos.
There are mosquitos in Brazil, so
pregnant women should stay away.
Newspapers and penguins are both
black and white.
Deductive Reasoning Examples
Not Deductive Reasoning 🙁
Deductive Reasoning 🙂
Mangos taste sweet, so if you’re
avoiding sugar you shouldn’t eat
them.
All fruits contain fructose, which is a form of sugar. Mangos are a
fruit, so they contain fructose. If you’re avoiding sugar, don’t eat
mangos.
There are mosquitos in Brazil, so
pregnant women should stay away.
Mosquitos in South American countries are at a higher risk for the
Zika virus, which is dangerous for pregnant women. Brazil is a
South American country, so pregnant tourists should avoid travel
to Brazil.
Newspapers and penguins are both
black and white.
All penguins are black and white. Newspapers are also black and
white. Some penguins are newspapers. (why is this ridiculous
example bad deductive reasoning?)
YOUR EXAMPLE!
YOUR EXAMPLE!
Cause/Effect Reasoning
This argument shows the logical result of actions, and causes the other side to see
why things have happened or will happen as they do. There should be a clear link
between what happens first and what happens next. If there is a clear link, this is
causation. If there is no clear link, it is correlation.
Be careful: Correlation ≠ causation
Causation: Pizza is very high in fat. If you eat pizza every day,
you will gain weight.
Correlation: People eat ice cream in the summer, and
many people drown in the summer. Ice cream causes drowning.
Cause/Effect Reasoning Examples
Not Cause/Effect Reasoning 🙁
Cause/Effect Reasoning 🙂
America made me sick!
When I moved to America, I started to eat fast food all the time because I
was lonely and didn’t know how to cook. Soon, I felt sick all the time. My
Chinese roommate eats fresh fruits and vegetables and she feels much
better than I do. I’d better stop eating all that Shake Shack.
My boyfriend’s mother hates me
for no reason.
Foreigners are taking away
American jobs
Cause/Effect Reasoning Examples
Not Cause/Effect Reasoning 🙁
Cause/Effect Reasoning 🙂
America made me sick!
When I moved to America, I started to eat fast food all the time
because I was lonely and didn’t know how to cook. Soon, I felt sick
all the time. My Chinese roommate eats fresh fruits and vegetables
and she feels much better than I do. I’d better stop eating all that
Shake Shack.
My boyfriend’s mother hates me
for no reason.
I said my boyfriend’s mother was an ugly frog, and he told her what I
said. Since then, she has hated me.
Foreigners are taking away
American jobs
Over the last 50 years, many jobs have been replaced by automation.
The physically difficult low-skilled jobs (fruit-picking, yard work) that
remain pay so little that native-born Americans won’t do them.
Automation took away the jobs Americans are willing to do.
YOUR EXAMPLE!
YOUR EXAMPLE!
Authority Reasoning
If an expert said this, we can trust it!
BUT… be careful! Is this person in authority actually an expert? Is a president
always an expert on foreign policy? Do scientists agree on different points? Are
you citing a fringe “expert?”
How can you tell?
Authority Reasoning Examples
Not Authority Reasoning 🙁
Authority Reasoning 🙂
As Ben Carson said, “A lot of people
who go into prison straight, and when
they come out, they’re gay.”
According to a study in Science Magazine, homosexuality has a
genetic component.
Scientists insist that global climate
change is a fraud.
My mom once said that Little Rock,
Arkansas is a pretty scary place.
Authority Reasoning Examples
Not Authority Reasoning 🙁
Authority Reasoning 🙂
As Ben Carson said, “A lot of people
who go into prison straight, and when
they come out, they’re gay.”
According to a study in Science Magazine, homosexuality has a
genetic component.
Scientists insist that global climate
change is a fraud.
98% of published climatologists agree that humans are
significantly impacting global climate change.
My mom once said that Little Rock,
Arkansas is a pretty scary place.
Huffington Post includes Little Rock, Arkansas as one of the
most dangerous small cities in the United States.
YOUR EXAMPLE!
YOUR EXAMPLE!
Let’s Practice!
In your debate groups, use the 5 different types of logical reasoning we learned
today to debate these topics. For this practice round, you can make up your
authorities, sources, and facts. Don’t forget to use one of your arguments to tear
down the other side!
Owning a Cat is better / Owning a dog is better
Coffee is the best / Tea is the best
Yoga is the best hobby / Napping is the best hobby
Now it’s your turn!
For your debate, you will be making arguments using logic. Each group must have
two arguments per person. Since we discussed 5 types of logic today, you may
make one type of argument twice if you are in a group of 3.
Make sure that one of your arguments is about why your opponent’s diet choice is
a bad one!
Sources
https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/a-primer-on-communication-studies/s1103-persuasive-reasoning-and-falla.html
http://ocw.usu.edu/English/introduction-to-writing-academic-prose/inductive-anddeductive-reasoning.html
http://changingminds.org/disciplines/argument/types_reasoning/types_reasoning.h
tm
http://www.saskdebate.com/media/2878/2007coachesguidehandouts.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change#/media/File:Cli
mate_science_opinion2.png
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