Expert answer:the theory of evolution bipedalism
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Writing Assignment/(500 word minimum, quoted or plagiarized material not counted).
The origins of bipedalism.
Your textbook writes (p.294), “Bipedalism is the basic adaptation of the hominin line… What was it
about bipedalism that helped our distant ancestors survive? Where they more energy efficient? Could
they get more food? Were they more attractive to their mates? Many scenarios have been proposed for
what selective pressures favored the origin of bipedalism…”
Wikipedia states that, “There are at least twelve distinct hypotheses as to how and why bipedalism
evolved in humans, and also some debate as to when.”
Your assignment is to research and summarize theories explaining the origins of hominin bipedalism,
attempting to address some of the question raised above and below, and provide your opinion about
the rigor of the origin theories and strength of the evidence. In addition to the citations provided below,
you might consider looking for articles on this topic in Journals like American Journal of Physical
Anthropology, Nature, American Journal of Primatology, Science, American Journal of Human Biology,
Anthropological Science, and Current Anthropology.
Your textbook provides an overview of this topic on pp. 294-297 along with some critiques, but to
properly evaluate the arguments and evidence for the various origin theories of bipedalism you will
need to review readings from beyond your textbook. Cite the primary source for information that is not
commonly known. With a few exceptions, primary sources should be authors of publications in peerreviewed journals. Several of the articles cited below are posted along with this assignment for you to
download.
Here are some citations to articles and books that could be helpful:
Chen, I. (2006). Born to run. Discover, 27(5), 62.
Hewes, G. W. (1961). Food Transport and the Origin of Hominid Bipedalism. American
Anthropologist, 63(4), 687-710.
Jablonski, N. G., & Chaplin, G. (1993). Origin of habitual terrestrial bipedalism in the ancestor of the
Hominidae. Journal of Human Evolution, 24(4), 259-280.
Knüsel, C. J. (1992). The throwing hypothesis and hominid origins. Human Evolution, 7(1), 1-7.
Some helpful websites/resources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalism
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/origins-bipedalism.html
http://evolution.binghamton.edu/evos/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/WHS-2007-Origins-BipedalLocomotion.pdf
The first part of your paper should define the terms “locomotion” and “habitual bipedalism” or
“obligate bipedalism” as they are used by anthropologists or authors in the readings you review. With
these definitions, explain existing data and theories addressing questions like:
•
What are some non-human examples from the animal kingdom of habitual or obligate
bipedalism?
•
What kind of evidence provides clues of bipedal capabilities or habits among either prehominins or hominins?
•
What evidence has been provided for the timing of when bipedalism became “habitual”?
•
Which pre-hominins or hominins show signs of bipedalism (whether only occasional or
habitual)?
DO NOT provide your opinion in the first part of the paper – just summarize the concepts and evidence
impartially.
The second part of your paper should address whether you are convinced by origin theories of hominin
bipedalism. This is the place where you can provide your opinion. You may comment on the plausibility
of the hypotheses from your perspective, and also on your opinions about the strength of the evidence
for the various origin theories. Is there an origin theory that you find particularly compelling? Do you
think that more than one origin theory could be part of the explanation for how our ancestors evolved
bipedalism? If so, which theories do you think might be complementary? Remember, regardless of your
position, you need to show that you have a good understanding of the concepts and the phenomena
considered to be evidence before you express your opinion concerning them.
Requirements: [2 points] Essay content in your own words: 500 word minimum – NOT including
headings, titles, identifying information or any quoted material or references.
Paper Part 1: A first part of your paper is identifiable, meaning it can be identified without much work by
the reader (use heading, number, or clear formatting to distinguish it from part 2) [0.5 points], free
from “I” statements or opinion [0.5 points], provides a definition of the terms “locomotion” and
“habitual bipedalism” or “obligate bipedalism” [0.5 points] and addresses questions like:
•
What are some non-human examples from the animal kingdom of habitual or obligate
bipedalism? [0.5 points]
•
What kind of evidence provides clues of bipedal capabilities or habits among either prehominins or hominins? [0.5 points]
•
What evidence has been provided for the timing of when bipedalism became
“habitual”? And, which pre-hominins or hominins show signs of bipedalism (whether
only occasional or habitual)? [0.5 points]
Paper Part 2: A second part of your paper is identifiable [0.5 points], provides an evaluation and your
opinion about
•
Explanation of why you are or are not convinced by origin theories of hominin bipedalism. [0.5
points],
•
Whether there is an origin theory that you find particularly compelling. [0.5 points],
•
Whether more than one origin theory could be part of the explanation for how our ancestors
evolved bipedalism, and if so, which theories might be complementary (Important: Be clear in
explaining exactly how the evidence you reviewed in part 1 does or does not support the
theories you discuss) [0.5 points],
You should provide some additional discussion and conclusion (that you have freedom to choose), e.g.
In your mind, was it something about bipedalism that helped our distant ancestors survive, or perhaps
that helped them gain success for reproduction that provided the greatest selection benefits (?). Or you
might want to comment on some of the tradeoffs (not just benefits, but costs) that may have come with
bipedalism. [1 points].
Cite the primary source for information that is not commonly known. With a few exceptions, primary
sources should be authors of publications in peer-reviewed journals. Direct quotations are discouraged –
put things in your own words. In-text parenthetical citations (e.g., Darwin, 1859) and American
Psychological Association (APA) style references required for all citations (whether internet pages,
journal articles, books, edited volumes, or other media) should be provided in a labeled Reference
section [2 points]. You are expected to read beyond the textbook and lectures while conducting
literature research for this project. The easiest way to engage in material beyond the textbook is to
access the recommended readings provided in the assignment description. A very informative outside
source (e.g. a scientific book dedicated to speciation) might be sufficient for this lab but for many of you
it will be necessary to cite and reference multiple sources. There is no specific requirement for how
many or how few sources are needed to complete this assignment.
Summary of 10 possible points:
Requirement
Possible
word count
2.00
part 1 identifiable
0.5
part 1 No “I” or opinion
0.5
definition of both “locomotion”
and “habitual bipedalism” or
“obligate bipedalism”
0.5
What are some non-human
examples from the animal
kingdom of habitual or obligate
bipedalism?
0.5
evidence providing clues of
bipedal capabilities/ habits
among pre-hominins/ hominins
0.5
evidence for when bipedalism
became “habitual”, which prehominins or hominins showed
occasional / habitual bipedalism
0.5
part 2 identifiable
0.5
Explanation of why you are/ are
not convinced origin theories of
hominin bipedalism
0.5
Whether you find an origin
theory particularly compelling
0.5
Whether more than one origin
theory could explane how
bipedalism evolved, and if so,
which theories might be
complementary (Explain how
evidence does or does not
support theories)
0.5
extended discussion &
conclusion
1.00
Earned
in-text parenthetical citation and 2.00
APA reference section
TOTAL
10.00
…
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