Expert answer:summary and example
Expert answer:Summarize Public health chapter of the handbook on epidemiological investigation and provide one example of a US or international public health emergency in which this science was used or likely used.
criminal_and_epidemiological_investigation_handbook_1_.pdf
Unformatted Attachment Preview
Joint Criminal and Epidemiological
Investigations Handbook
2015 DOMESTIC EDITION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY
Purpose………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6
The Biological Threat………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….9
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)…………………………………………………………………………. 14
Key Highlights of Introduction Section………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
Key Highlights of Public Health Section………………………………………………………………………………………………………..72
Key Highlights of Law Enforcement Section…………………………………………………………………………………………… 74
Key Highlights of Joint Criminal and Epidemiological
Investigations Model Section……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 76
PUBLIC HEALTH
Epidemiological Investigation Goals………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….20
Epidemiological Investigative Methods………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
LAW ENFORCEMENT
Criminal Investigation Goals…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………38
Preventing Biological Attacks……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..39
Criminal Investigative Methods………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..42
JOINT INVESTIGATIONS MODEL
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….52
Benefits of the Joint Criminal-Epidmiological Investigations Model……………………….53
The Joint Criminal-Epidemiological Investigations Model: An Overview………….54
●● Building Relationships……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55
●● Information Sharing………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
●● Joint Threat Assessment…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 60
●● Joint Investigations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….62
●● Memorandum of Understanding/Joint Protocols…………………………………………………………….. 66
●● Joint Training / Exercises……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 67
2
APPENDICES
Sample Joint Criminal-Epidemiological Investigations Material
Appendix 1: Sample Procedure for a Joint Threat Assessment………………………………………. 81
Appendix 2: Sample Procedure for Joint Interviews……………………………………………………………………. 84
Appendix 3: Sample Joint Interview Questions…………………………………………………………………………………..92
Reference Material
Appendix 4: List of Select Agents and Toxins (2014)……………………………………………………………………. 94
Appendix 5: Laboratory Response Network…………………………………………………………………………………………….97
Appendix 6: CSTE List of Nationally Notifiable Conditions (2013)…………………………….100
Appendix 7: HIPAA Privacy Rule & Permitted Disclosures………………………………………………….. 107
Appendix 8: Overview of the FBI’s WMD Coordinators………………………………………………………….. 111
Appendix 9: Bio-Related Laws to Prevent Bioterrorism…………………………………………………………..115
Appendix 10: Common Public Health and Law Enforcement Terminology…118
Joint Criminal and Epidemiological Investigations Handbook
3
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Purpose
This handbook was developed to facilitate the use of resources and maximize
communication and interaction between law enforcement and public health.
This combined effort can minimize potential barriers prior to and during the
response to a biological threat.
Specifically, this handbook aims to:
●●
Provide an overview of both law enforcement and public health to
enhance the appreciation and understanding of each discipline’s
expertise
●●
Discuss criminal and epidemiological investigational procedures and
methodologies for a response to a biological threat
●●
Identify challenges to sharing information and provide potential
solutions that may be adapted to meet the needs of the various
agencies and jurisdictions
●●
Demonstrate effective law enforcement and public health collaboration
Even with these common concerns, each discipline may be hesitant to share
information because of actual or perceived limitations or barriers. Identifying
and resolving these issues in advance of a biological threat will help facilitate
more effective dialogue and information exchange, thereby increasing the
likelihood of identifying an incident and protecting public health and safety
in a more efficient manner. Simply put, working together helps both law
enforcement and public health achieve their separate but often overlapping
goals and ultimately allows for a more effective and efficient response to a
biological threat.
The 2015 edition of the Criminal and Epidemiological Investigation Handbook
has been updated to reflect current Federal policies and includes modifications
based upon experiences gained since the previous version was published.
Law enforcement and public health are encouraged to read the entire
handbook and not limit their review to just their respective sections.
It is important to take the time to understand the different goals and needs of
each other’s organization before a suspicious biological event occurs. Doing so,
will enable law enforcement and public health personnel to more effectively
respond in a coordinated manner during a biological threat.
While both disciplines have varying objectives and protocols, both public
health and law enforcement ultimately share three common concerns:
6
●●
Early identification of an outbreak
●●
Determining whether the outbreak is intentional or naturally occurring
●●
Protecting public health and public safety
Joint Criminal and Epidemiological Investigations Handbook
7
INTRODUCTION
The Biological Threat
Key Highlights of Introduction Section
●●
There has been a demonstrated interest and
willingness by terrorist groups and individuals to
acquire and employ biological agents at weapons
against the American population.
●●
The intentional release of a biological agent may
initially be difficult to discern from a natural incident,
which can result in separate law enforcement and
public health investigations.
●●
It is in public health and law enforcement’s best
interest to work together when first investigating
a suspicious biological outbreak, which includes
fostering mutual awareness and establishing joint
communication procedures.
●●
By working together, public health and law
enforcement can achieve their separate but often
overlapping objectives of identifying the biological
agent, preventing the spread of the disease, preventing
public panic, and apprehending those responsible.
There has been a demonstrated interest and willingness by terrorist groups
and individuals to acquire and employ biological agents as weapons against
the American population.
Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) terrorism is an evolving threat to U.S.
national security. In his 2010 testimony before the Senate and the House
of Representatives, the Director of National Intelligence stated that terrorist
groups have expressed an interest in obtaining WMD for use in future acts
of terrorism. Indicators of this threat include the 2001 Amerithrax letters, the
possession of WMD-related materials by Aafia Siddiqui in 2008, and multiple
attempts by terrorists at home and abroad to use explosives improvised from
basic chemical precursors.
Over the past few years, there has been an increased interest in extracting
ricin from castor beans, which are readily available to the public, to
intentionally harm others. Ricin is one of the most discussed toxins online,
which includes discussions of criminal plots. In 2011, federal authorities
disrupted a plot by a militia group in Georgia to deploy 10 pounds of ricin
against various federal employee and facility targets. Since 2013, there have
been several incidents involving individuals creating ricin and utilizing the U.S.
Postal System as a delivery system for ricin-laced letters.
Most recently, the ‘Dark Web’ — the virtual black market for drugs, guns,
explosives, and other illicit materials — has shown a growing number of
sellers and buyers of biological material. The FBI has opened investigations on
individuals who have attempted to sell or purchase illicit biological material,
such as ricin and abrin, through the Internet.
Concern that nefarious actors might use biological material as a weapon will likely
remain a persistent threat for years to come, especially as scientific advancements
in technical capability, knowledge, and accessibility continue to grow. Despite
8
Joint Criminal and Epidemiological Investigations Handbook
9
INTRODUCTION
continued efforts in bioterrorism preparedness, the intentional use of biological
agents as a weapon still poses challenges to both law enforcement and public
health due to the unique circumstances of a biological incident. Since biological
agents are often endemic or naturally occurring in the environment, an intentional
release of a pathogen may be initially difficult to discern from a natural event, and
efforts to respond to the attack and apprehend those responsible may be delayed.
In the past, it was common for public health (which conducts epidemiological
investigations to natural incidents) and law enforcement (which conducts
criminal investigations to intentional incidents) to conduct independent
investigations. Due to the challenges posed by a biological threat, an
effective response calls for a high level of cooperation between both
these two disciplines. The lack of mutual awareness and understanding,
as well as the absence of established communication procedures, could
limit the effectiveness of these disciplines’ separate, but often overlapping,
investigations.
During a suspicious biological incident, it is mutually beneficial for public health
and law enforcement to work in partnership. By working together, public health
and law enforcement can more effectively achieve their shared objectives
of identifying the biological agent, preventing the spread of the disease,
preventing public panic, and apprehending those responsible.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
The FBI is an intelligence-driven and threat-focused national security
organization with both intelligence and law enforcement responsibilities — the
principal investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Justice and a full member
of the U.S. Intelligence Community. The FBI is vested by law and Presidential
directives as the primary agency of the U.S. Federal Government with the
authority and responsibility to investigate threats to national security, including
biological threats, within the United States and relating to U.S. citizens and
10
interests overseas. Activities of “threat to the national security” commonly
involve violations (or potential violations) of federal criminal laws, such as Title
18, U.S. Code, Section 175 (biological weapons). Hence, investigations of such
threats may exercise both of the FBI’s criminal investigation authority and of the
FBI’s authority to investigate threats to the national security.
Generally acting through the FBI, the Attorney General, in cooperation with
other federal agencies engaged in activities to protect national security,
coordinates the activities of other members of the law enforcement community
to detect, prevent, preempt, and disrupt terrorist attacks against the United
States. The FBI has multiple operational units to provide assistance in the
event of a terrorist attack, including response teams trained to collect and
handle hazardous materials and contaminated evidence. Along with the FBI
Headquarters in Washington, D.C., there are numerous FBI field offices located
in major cities throughout the United States. These field offices implement
national level policy at the local level, where they are able to tailor their
outreach to reflect the particular geographic threats and vulnerabilities unique
to their specific jurisdiction.
There is a common misconception that the FBI prosecutes cases; however, this
is incorrect. The FBI gathers facts and evidence and then presents the results to
the Department of Justice, which is responsible for deciding if an individual will
be brought to trial and if so, conducts the prosecution of the case. Therefore,
during a suspicious biological incident, the FBI would work closely with public
health to investigate whether the outbreak is criminal in nature and if so, gather
evidence to build a case for prosecution of those responsible.
FBI WMD Coordinator
The FBI is headquartered in Washington D.C. The offices and divisions at
FBI Headquarters provide direction and support to 56 field offices in big
cities, approximately 360 smaller offices known as resident agencies, several
Joint Criminal and Epidemiological Investigations Handbook
11
INTRODUCTION
specialized field installations, and more than 60 liaison offices in other countries
known as legal attachés (Figure 1). These offices allow the FBI to interact with
Figure 1. Map of FBI Field Offices and Resident Agencies
local stakeholders and obtain unique geographic knowledge of their area
of responsibility. Each field office has a designated Special Agent, called a
WMD Coordinator, who serves as a WMD subject matter expert and point
of contact for local and state emergency responders and public health.
In the event of a bioterrorism event, the WMD Coordinator would act as a
conduit for obtaining federal assistance (e.g., threat credibility evaluation
and operational response) for local law enforcement. See Appendix 8 for
additional information on WMD Coordinators.
and knowledge of various federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies
to maximize the United States’ collective ability to combat terrorism. Often
memoranda of understanding (MOUs) are developed between participating
law enforcement agencies to assist in determining in advance how law
enforcement agencies can best prevent and respond to a terrorist event. The
National Joint Terrorism Task Force is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and
there are over one hundred area-specific Joint Terrorism Task Forces nationwide
(many located at FBI field offices).
FBI International Efforts
The resources of the FBI are available to assist all law enforcement agencies
throughout the world. FBI resources can be requested through the FBI Legal
Attaché Office. The FBI has Legal Attaché personnel located in almost 70
countries throughout the world. The mission of these Legal Attaché offices is
to foster strategic partnerships with foreign law enforcement, intelligence, and
security services by sharing knowledge, experience, capabilities, and exploring
joint operational opportunities. FBI Special Agents with specific expertise in
WMD matters are located in Tbilisi, Georgia, and Singapore, Singapore. The
FBI also coordinates extensively with INTERPOL and has a Special Agent with
expertise in WMD stationed at the INTERPOL Headquarters in Lyon, France.
FBI Legal Attaché contact information may be found at:
http://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/legat
Joint Terrorism Task Force
In an effort to promote communication and collaboration across the various
law enforcement entities, the United States implements a partnership called
the Joint Terrorism Task Force. These task forces combine the resources
12
Joint Criminal and Epidemiological Investigations Handbook
13
INTRODUCTION
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is the United States
government’s principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans and
a leader in promoting activities associated with the medical and public health
response to a biological incident. As an entity of HHS, CDC plays a critical
role in leading the nation’s public health efforts in strengthening capacity
to detect and respond to a biological incident. To carry out these efforts,
CDC conducts critical science and provides health
information that protects the United States against
For public health,
health threats and responds when these arise.
all response is
CDC Global Health Efforts
CDC’s global health programs, research, and training activities improve health
and save lives around the world and protect Americans from diseases and other
health threats that begin overseas. Collaborating with other federal agencies and
with international partners CDC helps other countries build capacity to prevent,
rapidly detect and effectively respond to emerging infectious diseases and
biological threats, whether they occur naturally, are intentionally produced, or are
the result of laboratory accidents.
LOCAL!
The response to a public health emergency, including
an intentional release of a pathogen, is the responsibility
of public health at the state and/or local level. Public health agencies at the
state and local level will likely be the first agencies to recognize cases of illness
associated with a biological threat. Upon recognition of an incident, public
health will initiate an investigation and respond to determine the source
and implement interventions to prevent additional illness. If the state and
local public health agencies need additional resources then they will request
federal assistance.
Since a biological incident can occur in a variety of locations and populations,
the FBI, CDC, and the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL)
established the Laboratory Response Network (LRN). The mission of the LRN is
to develop, maintain, and strengthen an integrated national and international
network of laboratories that can respond quickly to needs for rapid testing,
timely notification, and secure reporting of results that are associated
with acts of biologi …
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
How it works
- Paste your instructions in the instructions box. You can also attach an instructions file
- Select the writer category, deadline, education level and review the instructions
- Make a payment for the order to be assignment to a writer
- Download the paper after the writer uploads it
Will the writer plagiarize my essay?
You will get a plagiarism-free paper and you can get an originality report upon request.
Is this service safe?
All the personal information is confidential and we have 100% safe payment methods. We also guarantee good grades