Expert answer:Street Prostitution
Expert answer:Might not be perfect but just do as well as you can. When finished i will edit an fix it up myself if needed.( 8 PAGE PAPER; DOUBLE SPACED; FONT: TIMES NEW ROMAN; FONT SIZE: 12 )Format: ASA STLYE(if unsure, use link https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/583/01… )Intro : The myth ( Women enter street prostitution because they are abused ).- State how women enter prostitution for many different reasons; not only due to abuse. – Myth details -who benefits-Whos pushing prostitution / How is it perpetuatedBody Paragraphs: What does the research actually tell us. (PLEASE ONLY USE THE ATTACHED READINGS FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT)Topics that can be touched within the body paragraphs are : – how younger women enter prostitution for different reasons that why an older women would.-why do they stay – how poor education plays a big role-how or when they seek to get help-what do these organizations offer.Conclusion: can mention how a better education system can prevent young women from dropping out. Having students be more engaged. etc.Attachments: i entered 2 actual readings, and i added a document that shows info from another book i had read which has great info and actual quotes. the last document i added was me just explaining the main points of the readings.HOPE IT HELPS ! THANKSASK ANY QUESTIONS !
leaving_prostitution__getting_out_and_staying_out_of_prostitution.pdf
my_understanding_of_the_readings.pdf
1_s2.0_s0362331903001046_main.pdf
contentserver.asp.pdf
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Leaving Prostitution
Pg 1
Leaving Prostitution: Getting Out And Staying Out Of Prostitution
Sharon S. Oselin
Leaving Prostitution
Pg 2
Within this book we are learning the reasons why women enter prostitution, and learning
their stories of the transitions and steps they look to exit prostitution.“Why don’t they work at
Mcdonalds, where they aren’t breaking the law and don’t need a degree?” (Sharron 2014: 5).
These are the comments we mainly hear as if these women really have a choice. Some do and
some don’t, and we learn that many women are lead into sex work for various reasons. “Are they
victims of a patriarchal system forced to sell their bodies, a position commonly called the
oppression paradigm, or are they women who used their sexuallity for profit and derive benifits
from this engagement, a tance known as the empowerment paradigm? A third perspective, the
polymorphous paradigm, argues that sex workers fall along a continuum of victimization and
empowerment given personal circumstances, experiences, and working conditions” (Sharon,
2014).” “Dalla concludes that women exit prostitution via three main avenues: jail, on their own,
and via prostitute- serving organization (PSO) (Sharron 2014: 6).
Type of Entrance
Characteristics
Sample Size
18 AND UNDER
-Childhood physical/sexual
8
Fleeing Abuse & Reclaiming
abuse, runaway
Control
behavior,perception of sex
work as empowering, some
use of pimps
– Economic motivation,
Normal
learned from family and
friends, viewed sex work as
6
Leaving Prostitution
Pg 2
exciting and glamourous
19 AND UP
-Family history of drug use,
Drug Addiction
10
drug addicted, morally
conflicted about sex work
– Means of survival,
6
homeless, fueled by tragic
circumstances or events
-Dont not fit into other
3
categories
This chart shows that majority of young women are lead into prostitution due to the
normalization of sex work. It is the glamour and the exciting thrill they looked forward to,
meanwhile studies show older women were most likely lead to sex work because of drug
addiction. “Feelings of empowerment, attractiveness, glamour, and excitement emerged as
positive outcomes of working in prostitution for certain women. However there feelings were not
sustained for long durations after the initial entrance period.In fact, longer individuals remained
in prostitution the number and salience of negative experiences associated with sex work seemed
to grow, and ultimately colored their perceptions of the trade” (Sharron 2014: 34). Drugs were
used and bought to ease and remove and feelings of sorrow, insecurities, etc. Hospitalization…
facing near death experiences, and pregnancy were other reasons women left sex work. If not
pregnancy, it could be reuniting with child which would help them focus on a better life. Sharon
Leaving Prostitution
Pg 2
strongly focused on PSO’s and how they are beneficial to many women, also addressing the
cons, and why women may be lead back to the streets. She addressed some resources that these
programs provide, and also how some methods might not be as helpful. “Phoenix is an excellent
opportunity for prostitutes who want to leave. You don’t have to pay rent. They can go for free.
Even all these books are paid for, so with everything available you can really focus on changing”
(Sharron 2014:75). Some programs would offer benefits for compliance, and administer
punishments in response to adverse client talk and behavior. Programs that did not promote this
rule had a much better outcome. “Thus, these PSO’s exerted much less pressure on clients to
conform to their expectations, which were also amorphous, and resulted in few clients exhibiting
distance from street prostitutes” (Sharron 2014:81). Another very important part of this process
is relations and commitment from staff members. “Staff was routinely available to clients and
lavish them with affection, support, and encouragement. Together the staff investment in and
client endorsement of this model facilitated the pattern exhibition of role distancing (Sharron
2014: 90). Shannon focused on the benefits of PSO and how these roles of staff members can
play a very important role in women’s lives.
Clarke J. Ross, Clarke J. Elizabeth, Fey Richard, and Roe-Sepowitz Dominique. 2012. Age at
Entry into Prostitution: Relationship to Drug Use, Race, Suicide, Education Level, Childhood
Abuse, and Family Experiences.
This study seeks to explore factors related to age at entry into prostitution. Participants
were 389 women arrested for prostitution who had attended a diversion program. Women who
entered prostitution as minors were found to be more likely to be African- American; report
having a family member with a substance use problem; have a history of attempted suicide; and
not have completed middle or high school. The age at first drug use was found to significantly
impact the reported age at entry. Key areas for intervention should include improving school
connectedness and preventing adolescent substance abuse, specifically for AfricanAmericans.(Clarke J. Ross, Clarke J. Elizabeth, Fey Richard, and Roe-Sepowitz Dominique
2012) Many of these women encounter numerous forms of severe violence, trauma, degradation,
and extreme poverty (Willis & Levy, 2002). Drug use has been found to be high among this
population, further adding to the many negative outcomes associated with involvement in
prostitution (Kuhns, Heide, & Silverman, 1992). A significant amount of research in previous
decades has focused on the pathways leading toward entry into prostitution. This study attempts
to add to the existing body of knowledge by exploring childhood abuse, education level, race,
familial drug use, attempted suicide, and drug use as they relate to age at entry into
prostitution(Clarke J. Ross, Clarke J. Elizabeth, Fey Richard, and Roe-Sepowitz Dominique
2012). The citations below shows evidence I would consider using with-in my paper.
Childhood Abuse and Family Dysfunction in Relation to Entry into Prostitution
Experiences of childhood abuse—sexual, physical, and emotional—have been widely
reported in the backgrounds of women involved in prostitution (Silbert & Pines, 1982; Tyler,
Hoyt, Whitbeck, & Cauce, 2001). Childhood abuse has been found to be associated with an
increased likelihood of entry into prostitution (Schissel & Fedec, 1999) Running away, possibly
from abusive home situations (Bagley & Young, 1987), has been identified as a common
pathway to juvenile entry into prostitution (Estes & Weiner, 2001), increasing the odds of entry
during early adolescence by more than 40 times (McClanahan, McClelland, Abram, & Teplin,
1999). In a study of 200 women (juveniles and adults) formerly or currently involved in
prostitution, Silbert and Pines (1982) found that 94% of the juveniles were runaways. Bagley and
Young, in their study of 45 women formerly involved in prostitution, found nearly half of the
women to have reported leaving home because of sexual abuse (Clarke J. Ross, Clarke J.
Elizabeth, Fey Richard, and Roe-Sepowitz Dominique 2012). In a sample of 71 adult women
attending a residential prostitution exiting program, women who entered prostitution as juveniles
were more likely to have run away from home and to have experienced childhood emotional
abuse (Roe-Sepowitz, in press). After controlling for childhood physical and sexual abuse and
race, a hierarchical regression revealed childhood emotional abuse to explain an earlier age at
entry into prostitution (Roe-Sepowitz). Childhood abuse appears to be the beginning of a
negative chain of events leading into eventual involvement in prostitution. Dysfunctional family
systems and poor social and educational experiences also appear to be important links in this
chain. Dalla (2001), in a qualitative study of 31 women involved in street prostitution, illustrated
that most participants reported abandonment by valued individuals during key developmental
stages. In other studies, family dysfunction was evidenced in commonly reported experiences of
familial substance abuse and parental domestic violence (Bagley & Young, 1987; Silbert &
Pines, 1982).
School Involvement and Social Influences of Entry
Seventy-eight percent of the sample in Silbert and Pines (1982) reported being school age
at the time of first involvement in prostitution, whereas only 19% actually reported attending
school. As children’s schooling progressed, those who would later become involved in
prostitution grew increasingly involved with deviant peers, with 40% feeling they had no friends
after leaving school (Silbert & Pines, 1982). In fact, Silbert and Pines described the situation of
juveniles in their study as almost completely devoid of positive social support. (1992) compared
53 women arrested for prostitution to 47 other arrestees and identified that school problems,
specifically dropping out of school, increased the likelihood of involvement in prostitution.
Similarly, Kramer and Berg (2003) found that each additional year of school attended decreased
the likelihood of involvement in prostitution, possibly due to youths’ connectedness to school
and the healthy social bonds that could be fostered there. The combined effects of running from
home to escape abusive situations, truancy from school, and involvement with deviant peers put
juveniles at risk for entry into prostitution (Bagley & Young, 1987; Silbert & Pines, 1982). Entry
may be facilitated by a need for survival and a lack of alternatives (Bagley & Young, 1987),
coupled with absorption into the negative patterns of street culture. In one of the only studies to
compare juvenile to adult entry into prostitution, Loza et al. (2010) interviewed 920 women
involved in prostitution in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Loza et al. found those who
entered prostitution as adults to be less educated, more likely to have children before entry, and
more likely to have migrated to the area where they became involved in prostitution than those
who entered as minors. However, the findings by Loza et al. pertain to populations engaging in
prostitution near the U.S.–Mexico border and may not generalize to other areas. These results,
which suggest adults have a lower level of education than minors upon entry into prostitution,
may be more reflective of migration from a rural area out of economic necessity and less to do
with education directly influencing the specific age at entry (Clarke J. Ross, Clarke J. Elizabeth,
Fey Richard, and Roe-Sepowitz Dominique 2012). Peer involvement in prostitution was
explored by Gossop, Powis, Griffiths, and Strang (1994) in a study of 51 drug-using women
involved in prostitution with an average age at entry of 19.3. Fifty-nine percent reported being
introduced to prostitution by a close friend (Gossop et al.). This finding suggests poor social
support networks among adult women prior to entry and indicates the powerful influence of
association with deviant peers, even for adults.
Substance use
Though it is commonly known that drug use and prostitution are closely linked, the order in
which they occur and the degree of influence they have on one another is not fully understood.
Much is still to be learned about the relationship between substance use and age at entry into
prostitution and the motivations behind initiating both. An area worthy of investigation in the
matrix of prostitution and drug use is how the type of drug(s) being used influences involvement
in prostitution. Alcohol and crack cocaine appear to be the most commonly abused substances
among women involved in prostitution (Kuhns et al., 1992; Weiner, 1996), whereas the
prevalence of heroin use appears to vary by region (Surratt, Kurtz, Weaver, & Inciardi, 2005;
Gossop et al., 1994). Involvement in street prostitution was found to present a greater risk of
using hard drugs when compared with indoor prostitution (Cusick & Hickman, 2005), and most
women involved in street prostitution reportedly entered to support an existing drug habit
(Cusick, 1998). Women involved in both indoor and street prostitution indicated that the use of
drugs helped to enhance their sexual performance; however, women involved in street
prostitution also indicated that drugs were used to numb and cope with fears of violence (Cusick,
1998). Women involved in indoor prostitution tended to look negatively upon the sex-for-drug
exchanges that were more commonly seen in street prostitution (Cusick & Hickman, 2005).
These findings indicate different degrees of drug abuse and dependence based on the type of
prostitution in which women become involved in addition to group differences regarding what
constitutes acceptable drug use.
Substance Use and Juvenile Entry into Prostitution
Adolescence is a time when important social relationships are formed and goals are set
but is also a time of higher-level brain development (Steinberg, 2005). Because of the rapid
changes occurring in the adolescent brain, substance use during this period makes the brain more
vulnerable to longterm adverse effects (Monti et al., 2005). Brawn and Roe-Sepowitz (2008)
conducted a study of 128 juveniles arrested for prostitution and discovered 57% to be using
drugs or alcohol, with most beginning substance use 1 year prior to entry into prostitution.
Similar to the results of Kramer and Berg (2003), significantly more Caucasian juveniles
involved in prostitution were using drugs than non-Whites, reiterating the importance of
considering race (Brawn & Roe-Sepowitz, 2008). Among juveniles arrested for prostitution,
those who used drugs were found to have less parental supervision at home, higher rates of
childhood abuse and neglect, more negative peer influences, and prior occurrences of
delinquency and/or conduct problems at school than those who did not use drugs (Brawn &
Roe-Sepowitz, 2008). Most drug-using juveniles had backgrounds with more severe dysfunction
than non–drug-using juveniles; however, it was less clear how non–drug-using juveniles entered
prostitution and whether continued involvement would lead to drug use in the future. Women
who entered prostitution prior to using 276 R. J. Clarke et al. heroin were more likely to say they
would continue to prostitute if they were not using drugs, whereas those who used heroin prior to
prostitution were more likely to say they would stop prostituting if they were not using drugs
(Gossop et al.). The findings of Gossop et al. are implicative of different motivations for entry
into prostitution based on the sequence of entry into prostitution and drug use (heroin in
particular).
278
279
Pg 279
280
A possible area of investigation could include an examination of increased education as a
protective factor and the benefits afforded by academic engagement. Alternatively, school
connectedness could be examined to determine whether positive social relationships with peers
and adults in school settings act as protective factors against involvement in prostitu-tion.
Extracurricular activities, mentorship, and other forms of institutional connectedness may also
warrant further examination to see whether these provide protective effects against juvenile entry
into prostitution (Clarke J. Ross, Clarke J. Elizabeth, Fey Richard, and Roe-Sepowitz Dominique
2012).Exploring the reasons such individuals enter prostitution could yield information regarding
other pathways into the lifestyle besides a lack of alternatives or survival purposes. Education
level could also be explored in relation to the type of prostitution in which women become
involved, in order to determine whether any correlations exist. Those who drop out before
completing elementary or middle school likely have extremely poor family situations and a lack
of parental monitoring. Parents may be unaware of or unresponsive to the risks associated with
dropping out of school at this age. Abusive or drug-using parents may lack the necessary
involvement with their children to encourage them to stay in school (Brawn & Roe-Sepowitz,
2008). Such a lack of monitoring may extend to children’s peer relationship choices and
substance use, possibly allowing the foundations of a pathway to prostitution to be laid. Further
exploring the factors associated with dropping out of elementary or middle school may provide
useful information that could be used to shape interventions for children at risk for dropping out
and subsequently entering prostitution. Of all racial groups studied, African-Americans had the
highest rates of juvenile entry into prostitution (Clarke J. Ross, Clarke J. Elizabeth, Fey Richard,
and Roe-Sepowitz Dominique 2012). Clinical Implications African-American women were
found to enter prostitution earlier than other racial groups. The findings of this study suggest a
need for improved resources for young African-American women in schools and communities in
order to improve the social experiences of these individuals and prevent negative outcomes that
could lead to entry into prostitution. In light of findings regarding the premature discontinuation
of education among those who enter prostitution as juveniles, programs that aim to prevent
truancy and dropping out of school should be supported and expanded (Clarke J. Ross, Clarke J.
Elizabeth, Fey Richard, and Roe-Sepowitz Dominique 2012). Opportunities for after-school
activities and resources to improve school connectedness should be increased, especially in
underserved communities where these social resources may currently be lacking. An earlier
initiation of drug use was related to early entry into prostitution. Therefore, targeted
interventions that focus on prevention of entry into prostitution for youths found to be using
drugs are advisable. These could possibly be incorporated into existing school-based substance
use prevention programs. Interventions and treatment facilities should provide educational
opportunities for those involved in prostitution, as a general lack of education appears to be
pervasive, especially among those who entered prior to age 18(Clarke J. Ross, Clarke J.
Elizabeth, Fey Richard, and Roe-Sepowitz Dominique 2012).
Etheredge D. Gina. and Maria Eugenia . 2004. And then I became a prostitute … Some aspects of
prostitution and brothel prostitutes in Dakar, Senegal.
Prostitution is legal in Senegal. In 1970, the government institutionalized the medical follow-up
of self-professed female prostitutes and made it compulsory for any female prostitute older than
21 to register with a health service (Etheredge D. Gina. and Maria Eugenia, 2004). In Dakar,
what is commonly called “maison-close” is an aggregate of made-up rudimentarily constructions
in a compound where men come to buy sexual services from female prostitutes. The majority of
these brothels are located in working class neighborhoods where most of the inhabitants live in
extremely difficult conditions. Women who work in them are mostly from the lower classes of
the population. Because of the illegal status of these brothels (prostitution is legal, but the
brothels are not), it was necessary to proceed with an inventory of brothels in Dakar (Etheredge
D. Gina. and Maria Eugenia, 2004). A part of street prostitution is practiced in certain middle
class residential areas, along the coast and in empty lots. The customers are of all ages and
various social origins, but it is students who, according to the girls who work in the sector,
represent the majority of their customers (Etheredge D. Gina. and Maria Eugenia, 2004). Police
raids are the prostitutes’ obsession. In Senegal prostitution is legal, but the girls are continually
picked up either soliciting on public highways, or because their health record is not up-to-date
(Etheredge D. Gina. and Maria Eugenia, 2004). “DM” is 44 years old. When she was 17 she left
her residence and took re …
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