Expert answer:Statistics
Expert answer:File attached with questions. Looking for the answers. Questions came from exercise 6.7, and 8. Thank you.
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EXERCISES 6,8,9 Questions to Be Graded
EXERCISE 6 • Understanding Frequencies and Percentages
1. What are the frequency and percentage of the COPD patients in the severe airflow limitation
group who are employed in the Eckerblad et al. (2014) study?
A.
B.
C.
D.
7 and 14%
14 and 28%
21 and 42%
28 and 56%
Answer: Choose an item.
2. What percentage of the total sample is retired? What percentage of the total sample is on sick
leave?
A.
B.
C.
D.
45% retired; 21% sick leave
50% retired; 15% sick leave
56% retired; 21% sick leave
61% retired; 15% sick leave
Answer: Choose an item.
3. What is the total sample size of this study? What frequency and percentage of the total
sample were still employed?
A. 91, 15%
B. 90, 14%
C. 89, 13%
D. 88, 12%
Answer: Choose an item.
Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent.
4. What is the total percentage of the sample with a smoking history—either still smoking or
former smokers?
A. 91%
B. 93%
C. 95%
D. 97%
Answer: Choose an item.
Is the smoking history for study participants clinically important? Provide a rationale for your
answer.
Smoking history clinically important?
A. Yes.
B. No.
Answer: Choose an item.
Provide a rationale for your answer.
5. What are pack years of smoking (for the two groups)?
A. 29.1 and 34.0
B. 27.2 and 26.5
C. 66.5 and 67.5
D. 66.6 and 42.2
E. 55.5 and 45.3
Answer: Choose an item.
Is there a significant difference between the moderate and severe airflow limitation groups
regarding pack years of smoking? Provide a rationale for your answer.
A. Yes, the p-value was <0.05
B. No, the p-value was not <0.05
Answer: Choose an item.
6. What were the four most common psychological symptoms reported by this sample of
patients
with COPD? What percentage of these subjects experienced these symptoms?
Difficulty sleeping (52%)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Difficulty in sleeping (52%)
Worrying (33%)
Feeling irritable (28%)
Feeling sad (22%)
Shortness of breath (90%)
F. Cough (65%)
G. A to D
H. C to E
Answer: Choose an item.
Was there a significant difference between the moderate and severe airflow limitation
groups for psychological symptoms?
A. Yes.
B. No.
Answer: Choose an item.
7. What frequency and percentage of the total sample used short-acting β2-agonists? Show
your
calculations and round to the nearest whole percent.
A. 30, 33%
B. 40, 44%
C. 45, 49%
D. 91, 100%
Answer: Choose an item.
Show your calculation:
8. Is there a significant difference between the moderate and severe airflow limitation
groups
regarding the use of short-acting β2 -agonists? Provide a rationale for your answer.
A. Yes, p-value<0.05
B. Yes, p-value>=0.05
C. No, p-value<0.05
D. No, p-value>=0.05
Answer: Choose an item.
9. Was the percentage of COPD patients with moderate and severe airflow limitation using
short-acting β2 -agonists what you expected? Provide a rationale with documentation for
your answer.
A. Yes, COPD patients with more sever airflow limitations use more short-acting β2 agonists.
B. No.
Answer: Choose an item.
10. Are these findings ready for use in practice? Provide a rationale for your answer.
IF answered, please Choose an
item.
Exercise 8: Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode
1. The number of nursing students enrolled in a particular nursing program between the years of
2010 and 2016, respectively, were 563, 593, 606, 520, 563, 610, and 577. Determine the
mean ( X ), median (MD), and mode of the number of the nursing students enrolled in this
program. Show your calculations.
A. Mean=576, Median=577, Mode=563
B. Mean=577, Median=576, Mode=566
C. No mode
Answer: Choose an item.
2. What is the mode for the variable inpatient complications in Table 2 of the Winkler et al.
(2014) study? What percentage of the study participants had this complication?
A. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) post admission for patients with unstable angina
(UA), which had the largest frequency of n=21 or 8% of the study participants.
B. Transfer to intensive care unit, 17 and 6%
C. Cardiac arrest, 7 and 3%
D. AMR extension, 6 and 2%
Answer: Choose an item.
3. Does the distribution of inpatient complications have a single mode, or is this distribution
bimodal or multimodal? Provide a rationale for your answer.
A. Single mode, because it is one mode (one complication of AMI had the greatest
frequency).
B. Bimodal, because it has two modes (two complications of AMI had the greatest
frequency).
C. Multimodal, because it has multiple modes.
D. Not modal, because it has no mode.
Answer: Choose an item.
4. As reported in Table 1, what are the three most common cardiovascular medical history
events in this study?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Personal history of coronary artery disease (CAD)
History of unstable angina
Previous acute myocardial infraction
Previous percutaneous coronary intervention
Previous CABG surgery
History of arrhythmias
A to C
B to D
C to E
Answer: Choose an item.
Why is it clinically important to know the frequency of these events?
These results enable health professionals to know the essential events to inquire when taking a
history of patients with suspected ACS.
A. True
B. False
Answer: Choose an item.
5. What are the mean and median lengths of stay (LOS) for the study participants?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.36,
3.36,
4.37,
5.37,
3
3
4
4
Answer: Choose an item.
6. Are the mean and median for LOS similar or different? What might this indicate about the
distribution of the sample? Provide a rationale for your answer.
A. They are similar, because there are no outliers.
B. They are different, because there are some outliers.
Answer: Choose an item.
7. Examine the study results and determine the mode for arrhythmias experienced by the
participants.
A. 50 premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
B. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia
Answer: Choose an item.
What was the second most common arrhythmia in this sample?
A. 50 premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
B. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia
Answer: Choose an item.
8. Was the most common arrhythmia in Question 7 related to LOS?
A. 50 premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
B. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia
Answer: Choose an item.
Was this result statistically significant? Provide a rationale for your answer.
A. Yes, only this variable independently predicted an increased LOS.
B. No, this variable did not predict an increased LOS.
Answer: Choose an item.
9. What study variables were independently predictive of the 50 premature ventricular
contractions (PVCs) per hour in this study?
A. Gender and unstable angina
B. Age>65 and a final diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction
C. Race and ST elevation myocardial infarction
Answer: Choose an item.
10. In Table 1, what race is the mode for this sample?
A. White
B. Asian
C. Black
D. American Indian
E. Pacific Islander
Answer: Choose an item.
Should these study findings be generalized to American Indians with ACS? Provide a rationale
for your answer.
A. Yes, because the sample size for this race was large enough.
B. No, because the sample size for this race was not large enough.
Answer: Choose an item.
Exercise 9: Measures of Dispersion: Range and Standard Deviation
1. What were the name and type of measurement method used to measure Caring Practices in
the Roch, Dubois, and Clarke (2014) study?
A. Psychological Climate Questionnaire (PCQ), a five-point Likert-type scale that ranged
from strongly disagree to strongly agree, with the high scores corresponding to
positive perceptions of the organizational climate.
B. Caring Nurse-Patient Interaction Short Scale (CNPISS), a 5-point Likert scale with
responses ranging from 1= almost never to 5 = almost always.
Answer: Choose an item.
2. The data collected with the scale identified in Questions 1 were at what level of
measurement? Provide a rationale for your answer.
The CNPISS had a Likert scale ranging from 1 = almost never and 5 = almost always.
A. If a single Likert variable (item) is used, it is an ordinal but sometimes it is considered al
interval data; if multi-tem Likert scale is used, the means of these multiple items are
often considered as interval level.
B. A is False. The level is nominal.
Answer: Choose an item.
3. What were the subscales included in the CNPISS used to measure RNs’ perceptions of their
Caring Practices?
A. The subscales included in in the CNPISS were Overall rating, Clinical care, Relation
care and Comforting care.
B. A is false.
Answer: Choose an item.
Do these subscales seem relevant? Document your answer.
A. Yes, these subscales seem relevant. They seem relevant because they are the relevant
parts of the nursing role.
B. Not relevant. Because they are not parts of the nursing
Answer: Choose an item.
4. Which subscale for Caring Practices had the lowest mean? Clinical care
A. Relational care
B. Comforting care
Answer: Choose an item.
What does this result indicate?
A. It indicates that this care was perceived by RNs to the most frequently provided of the
care practice in this study.
B. It indicates that this care was perceived by RNs to the least frequently provided of the
care practice in this study.
Answer: Choose an item.
5. What were the dispersion results for the Relational Care subscale of the Caring Practices in
Table 2?
A. Range=3, and SD=1
B. Range=4, and SD=1.01
C. Range=4.5, and SD=2.02
Answer: Choose an item.
What do these results indicate?
A. These dispersion results were the largest of the three subscales and indicated that
Relational Care had the greatest variance of the scores.
B. These dispersion results were the smallest of the three subscales and indicated that
Relational Care had the least variance of the scores.
Answer: Choose an item.
6. Which subscale of Caring Practices has the lowest dispersion or variation of scores?
A. Clinical care
B. Relational care
C. Comforting care
Answer: Choose an item.
Provide a rationale for your answer.
A. The range and SD were the lowest.
B. The range and SD were the highest.
Answer: Choose an item.
7. Which subscale of Caring Practices had the highest mean?
A. Clinical care
B. Relational care
C. Comforting care
Answer: Choose an item.
What do these results indicate?
A. RNs perceived they prided more of this care than other cares in this study.
B. RNs perceived they prided less of this care than other cares in this study.
Answer: Choose an item.
8. Compare the Overall rating for Organizational Climate with the Overall rating of Caring
Practices. What do these results indicate?
A. More positive results for Organizational Climate than for Caring Practices.
B. More negative results for Organizational Climate than for Caring Practices.
Answer: Choose an item.
9. The response rate for the survey in this study was 45%. Is this a study strength or limitation?
Provide a rationale for your answer.
A. It is a strength, because the rate for mailed responses was high enough. A nonresponse rate
of 55% limited the representativeness of the sample.
B. It is a limitation, because the rate was not high enough.
Answer: Choose an item.
10. What conclusions did the researchers make regarding the caring practices of the nurses in
this study? How might these results affect your practice?
IF answered, please Choose an
item.
Please do not add or delete a row or column for the following grading table. If you have
a problem with the drop-down lists, then you can enter your answers in the second
column. If you use the drop-down lists, the instructor will update your answers in the
table. Thanks
Question
6.1
2
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
8
9
10
8.1
2
3
4
4
5
6
7
7
8
8
9
10
Your answer
Correct
answer
Possible
points
Your points
10
9.1
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
10
Total
Text question
80
0
…
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