Expert answer:set of questions for Advanced Research Methods cla

Expert answer:I need to answer these questions. Some of them are multiple choice and others are short answer. I answered most of them and I need to answer number 19. Please correct all the other answers if you think they are not correct or are incomplete. Everything needs to be grammatically correct and eloquent. Also, I need this as soon as possible. Thank you!
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Psychology​ ​402
Fall​ ​2017
Instructor:​ ​M.​ ​Faber
Student​ ​name​ ​___Ella​ ​Babakhanyan
EXAM​ ​2—Form​ ​B
Part​ ​I:​ ​Multiple​ ​choice​ ​(1​ ​pt.​ ​each).​​ ​ ​Circle​ ​the​ ​single​ ​best​ ​answer​ ​for​ ​each​ ​question.
1. To​ ​see​ ​how​ ​the​ ​residents​ ​of​ ​a​ ​certain​ ​state​ ​feel​ ​about​ ​their​ ​governor’s​ ​new​ ​initiative​ ​to
ban​ ​the​ ​sale​ ​of​ ​alcohol​ ​at​ ​professional​ ​sporting​ ​events,​ ​a​ ​polling​ ​company​ ​tracks​ ​and
codes​ ​100​ ​listener​ ​call-ins​ ​to​ ​a​ ​local​ ​radio​ ​talk​ ​show.​ ​ ​Based​ ​on​ ​these​ ​100​ ​calls,​ ​the
company​ ​concludes​ ​that​ ​74%​ ​of​ ​the​ ​state’s​ ​residents​ ​are​ ​“strongly​ ​against”​ ​the​ ​ban.
However,​ ​this​ ​may​ ​not​ ​accurately​ ​indicate​ ​the​ ​“true”​ ​attitudes​ ​of​ ​the​ ​population​ ​due​ ​to:
a. demographic​ ​bias.
b. selection​ ​bias.
c. response​ ​bias.
d. interviewer​ ​bias.
2. Which​ ​of​ ​the​ ​following​ ​statistics​ ​is​ ​NOT​ ​an​ ​indicator​ ​of​ ​“effect​ ​size”—that​ ​is,​ ​the
proportion​ ​of​ ​variance​ ​explained​ ​by​ ​a​ ​statistical​ ​relationship​ ​between​ ​variables?
a. Omega​ ​squared​ ​(ω​2​)
b. Chi​ ​square​ ​(χ​2​)
c. Cohen’s​ ​d
d. Coefficient​ ​of​ ​determination​ ​(R​2​)
3. Which​ ​of​ ​the​ ​following​ ​scenarios​ ​likely​ ​involves​ ​“greater​ ​than​ ​minimal​ ​risk”​ ​to
participants?
a. Researchers​ ​measure​ ​visual​ ​accuracy​ ​by​ ​testing​ ​participants’​ ​depth​ ​perception
skills​ ​using​ ​either​ ​both​ ​eyes​ ​or​ ​one​ ​eye.
b. Researchers​ ​conduct​ ​an​ ​anonymous​ ​survey​ ​on​ ​attitudes​ ​toward​ ​gun​ ​control​ ​on
shoppers​ ​at​ ​a​ ​local​ ​mall.
c. College​ ​students​ ​watch​ ​a​ ​recording​ ​of​ ​either​ ​a​ ​male​ ​or​ ​female​ ​newscaster
presenting​ ​the​ ​same​ ​news​ ​content.​ ​ ​During​ ​the​ ​video,​ ​their​ ​eye​ ​movements​ ​are
recorded​ ​by​ ​an​ ​eye-tracking​ ​device.
d. Researchers​ ​take​ ​random​ ​pictures​ ​of​ ​students​ ​on​ ​a​ ​college​ ​campus​ ​and​ ​then​ ​ask
students​ ​at​ ​another​ ​college​ ​to​ ​judge​ ​the​ ​attractiveness​ ​of​ ​the​ ​people​ ​in​ ​the​ ​photos.
4. Coefficient​ ​alpha​ ​(a​ ​measure​ ​of​ ​internal​ ​consistency)​ ​is​ ​measured​ ​between​ ​what​ ​range?
a. 0​ ​and​ ​1.0
b. 0​ ​and​ ​10
c. 0​ ​and​ ​100
d. -1.0​ ​and​ ​1.0
5. Which​ ​of​ ​the​ ​following​ ​techniques​ ​does​ ​NOT​ ​require​ ​a​ ​sampling​ ​frame?
a. Simple​ ​random​ ​sampling
b. Stratified​ ​random​ ​sampling
c. Cluster​ ​sampling
d. Convenience​ ​(“ad-hoc”)​ ​sampling
6. Which​ ​of​ ​the​ ​following​ ​scale​ ​items​ ​might​ ​be​ ​reverse-coded,​ ​relative​ ​to​ ​the​ ​other​ ​three?
a. I​ ​am​ ​quiet​ ​around​ ​strangers.
b. I​ ​don’t​ ​mind​ ​being​ ​the​ ​center​ ​of​ ​attention.
c. I​ ​talk​ ​to​ ​very​ ​few​ ​people​ ​at​ ​parties.
d. I​ ​generally​ ​keep​ ​in​ ​the​ ​background.
7. Anonymous​ ​data​ ​________________​ ​while​ ​confidential​ ​data​ ​________________.
a. is​ ​produced​ ​in​ ​the​ ​field;​ ​is​ ​produced​ ​in​ ​the​ ​lab.
b. is​ ​produced​ ​in​ ​the​ ​lab;​ ​is​ ​produced​ ​in​ ​the​ ​field.
c. cannot​ ​be​ ​identified​ ​by​ ​anyone;​ ​can​ ​be​ ​linked​ ​to​ ​individuals​ ​but​ ​is​ ​protected​ ​by
the​ ​researcher.
d. can​ ​be​ ​linked​ ​to​ ​individuals​ ​but​ ​is​ ​protected​ ​by​ ​the​ ​researcher;​ ​cannot​ ​be
identified​ ​by​ ​anyone.
8. For​ ​a​ ​given​ ​experiment,​ ​the​ ​accepted​ ​probability​ ​of​ ​committing​ ​a​ ​Type​ ​I​ ​error​ ​is​ ​α​ ​=​ ​.05,
and​ ​the​ ​probability​ ​of​ ​committing​ ​a​ ​Type​ ​II​ ​error​ ​is​ ​determined​ ​to​ ​be​ ​β​ ​=​ ​.13.​ ​ ​What​ ​is​ ​the
statistical​ ​power​ ​in​ ​this​ ​study?
a. .95
b. .87
c. .18
d. .13
9. Which​ ​of​ ​the​ ​following​ ​is​ ​NOT​ ​a​ ​good​ ​reason​ ​to​ ​perform​ ​a​ ​pilot​ ​study?
a. It​ ​allows​ ​you​ ​to​ ​check​ ​the​ ​validity​ ​and​ ​reliability​ ​of​ ​your​ ​materials,​ ​and​ ​make
changes​ ​to​ ​them​ ​if​ ​needed.
b. It​ ​allows​ ​you​ ​to​ ​gather​ ​“pre-data”​ ​before​ ​getting​ ​IRB​ ​approval.
c. It​ ​allows​ ​you​ ​to​ ​ascertain​ ​whether​ ​any​ ​aspects​ ​of​ ​the​ ​study​ ​were​ ​confusing,
ambiguous,​ ​or​ ​even​ ​offensive​ ​to​ ​participants.
d. It​ ​allows​ ​you​ ​to​ ​test​ ​your​ ​materials​ ​and​ ​procedures​ ​on​ ​a​ ​sample​ ​similar​ ​to​ ​that
anticipated​ ​in​ ​the​ ​main​ ​study,​ ​under​ ​conditions​ ​anticipated​ ​in​ ​the​ ​main​ ​study.
10. According​ ​to​ ​APA​ ​style,​ ​which​ ​of​ ​the​ ​following​ ​informational​ ​elements​ ​should​ ​be
included​ ​in​ ​an​ ​in-text​ ​citation​ ​of​ ​a​ ​journal​ ​article?
a. Author​ ​first​ ​and​ ​last​ ​names
b. The​ ​title​ ​of​ ​the​ ​article
c. The​ ​year​ ​the​ ​article​ ​was​ ​published
d. The​ ​name​ ​of​ ​the​ ​journal
11. What​ ​type​ ​of​ ​self-report​ ​response​ ​scale​ ​is​ ​this​ ​survey​ ​question?
Calm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Energetic
​ ​“Most​ ​of​ ​the​ ​time,​ ​I​ ​usually​ ​feel…”
a. Attitude​ ​rating​ ​(i.e.,​ ​Likert-type)​ ​scale
b. Semantic​ ​differential​ ​(bipolar​ ​adjective)​ ​scale
c. Multiple-choice​ ​question
d. Forced-choice​ ​question
12. What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​social​ ​desirability​ ​bias?
a. Agreeing​ ​with​ ​most​ ​statements
b. Disagreeing​ ​with​ ​most​ ​statements
c. Answering​ ​whatever​ ​is​ ​commonly​ ​“acceptable”​ ​to​ ​most​ ​people
d. It​ ​is​ ​synonymous​ ​with​ ​the​ ​“ceiling​ ​effect”
13. A​ ​researcher​ ​wants​ ​to​ ​know​ ​if​ ​there​ ​is​ ​a​ ​relationship​ ​between​ ​two​ ​scalar​ ​variables​.​ ​ ​What
statistical​ ​test​ ​must​ ​be​ ​performed​ ​in​ ​order​ ​to​ ​discover​ ​this?
a. t-​test​ ​for​ ​independent​ ​samples
b. t-​test​ ​for​ ​related​ ​samples
c. Chi​ ​square
d. Pearson​ ​correlation
14. Psychology​ ​articles​ ​are​ ​often​ ​described​ ​as​ ​having​ ​an​ ​“hourglass​ ​structure,”​ ​moving​ ​from
broad​ ​to​ ​specific​ ​and​ ​back​ ​to​ ​broad.​ ​ ​What​ ​sections​ ​of​ ​an​ ​article​ ​are​ ​considered​ ​the
“narrowest”​ ​part​ ​of​ ​the​ ​hourglass?
a. The​ ​Results​ ​and​ ​Discussion​ ​sections
b. The​ ​Introduction​ ​and​ ​literature​ ​review​ ​sections
c. The​ ​Method​ ​and​ ​Results​ ​sections
d. The​ ​literature​ ​review​ ​and​ ​hypothesis​ ​sections
Part​ ​II:​ ​Short​ ​answer​ ​(4​ ​pts.​ ​each).​ ​ ​Answer​ ​the​ ​questions​ ​below​ ​in​ ​a​ ​few​ ​sentences​ ​each.
15. The​ ​following​ ​is​ ​an​ ​actual​ ​item​ ​used​ ​in​ ​a​ ​questionnaire​ ​called​ ​the​ ​Greenpeace​ ​National
Marine​ ​Mammal​ ​Survey:
Do​ ​you​ ​support​ ​Greenpeace’s​ ​nonviolent​ ​direct​ ​action​ ​to​ ​intercept​ ​whaling
ships,​ ​tuna​ ​fleets,​ ​and​ ​other​ ​commercial​ ​fishermen​ ​in​ ​order​ ​to​ ​stop​ ​their
wanton​ ​destruction​ ​of​ ​thousands​ ​of​ ​magnificent​ ​marine​ ​mammals?
_______​ ​Yes
________​ ​No
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​_________​ ​Undecided
Evaluate​ ​the​ ​question​ ​using​ ​the​ ​guidelines​ ​for​ ​survey​ ​writing​ ​we​ ​discussed​ ​in​ ​class​ ​and
make​ ​some​ ​suggestions​ ​for​ ​improving​ ​it.
The​ ​fact​ ​that​ ​it​ ​mentions​ ​how​ ​magnificent​ ​the​ ​marine​ ​mammals​ ​are​ ​and​ ​how​ ​maliciously
cruel​ ​the​ ​fishermen​ ​are,​ ​already​ ​makes​ ​people​ ​think​ ​that​ ​they​ ​should​ ​support​ ​the​ ​program
that​ ​is​ ​for​ ​these​ ​beautiful​ ​creatures​ ​and​ ​against​ ​the​ ​fishermen’s​ ​action.​ ​ ​This​ ​creates
stereotype​ ​threat​ ​since​ ​people​ ​want​ ​to​ ​make​ ​sure​ ​that​ ​they​ ​are​ ​not​ ​one​ ​of​ ​those​ ​“terrible”
people​ ​who​ ​harm​ ​the​ ​mammals.
However,​ ​it​ ​is​ ​wrong​ ​since​ ​phrasing​ ​the​ ​sentence​ ​in​ ​such​ ​way;​ ​they​ ​prime​ ​the​ ​readers​ ​and
weaken​ ​their​ ​performance.Also,​ ​this​ ​is​ ​considered​ ​a​ ​leading​ ​question​,​ ​since​ ​it​ ​is​ ​written​ ​in
a​ ​way​ ​to​ ​prime​ ​the​ ​reader​ ​in​ ​a​ ​way​ ​to​ ​give​ ​an​ ​answer​ ​that​ ​will​ ​support​ ​their​ ​hypothesis.
This​ ​is​ ​also​ ​an​ ​example​ ​of​ ​loaded​ ​question​.​ ​Also,​ ​they​ ​ask​ ​more​ ​than​ ​one​ ​question​ ​at
once,​ ​which​ ​is​ ​an​ ​example​ ​of​ ​double-​ ​barreled​ ​questions​.​ ​It​ ​is​ ​wrong​ ​to​ ​have​ ​doublebarreled​ ​questions​ ​since​ ​people​ ​may​ ​agree​ ​with​ ​one​ ​point​ ​and​ ​disagree​ ​with​ ​the​ ​other,​ ​but
they​ ​do​ ​not​ ​have​ ​enough​ ​options​ ​to​ ​express​ ​their​ ​thoughts​ ​properly.
To​ ​make​ ​the​ ​question​ ​a​ ​lot​ ​more​ ​objective​ ​they​ ​should​ ​get​ ​rid​ ​of​ ​the​ ​unnecessary
part​ ​and​ ​keep​ ​the​ ​following.​ ​“​Do​ ​you​ ​support​ ​Greenpeace’s​ ​nonviolent​ ​direct​ ​action​ ​?”.
It​ ​would​ ​have​ ​been​ ​even​ ​better​ ​if​ ​they​ ​change​ ​these​ ​into​ ​open​ ​ended​ ​questions.​ ​This​ ​way
they​ ​could​ ​have​ ​had​ ​collected​ ​more​ ​useful,​ ​objective​ ​and​ ​valid​ ​data.
16. As​ ​a​ ​field,​ ​psychology​ ​is​ ​moving​ ​away​ ​from​ ​focusing​ ​only​ ​on​ ​p​-value​ ​as​ ​the​ ​indicator​ ​of
“success”​ ​in​ ​hypothesis​ ​testing.​ ​ ​Describe​ ​why​ ​it​ ​is​ ​important​ ​to​ ​report​ ​confidence
intervals​ ​and​ ​effect​ ​size​ ​when​ ​reporting​ ​data​ ​results.
It​ ​gives​ ​us​ ​an​ ​information​ ​about​ ​the​ ​likely​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​error.​ ​It​ ​is​ ​important​ ​because
it​ ​indicates​ ​how​ ​much​ ​of​ ​the​ ​findings​ ​of​ ​the​ ​study​ ​ ​are​ ​plausible​ ​to​ ​the​ ​actual​ ​population.
To​ ​make​ ​the​ ​findings​ ​of​ ​the​ ​study​ ​more​ ​plausible​ ​to​ ​the​ ​population​ ​and​ ​make​ ​the​ ​error
smaler​ ​we​ ​should​ ​increase​ ​the​ ​sample​ ​size.
17. What​ ​is​ ​one​ ​specific​ ​population​ ​(that​ ​is,​ ​a​ ​group​ ​of​ ​people)​ ​considered​ ​to​ ​be​ ​a
“vulnerable”​ ​population—that​ ​is,​ ​not​ ​legally​ ​capable​ ​of​ ​giving​ ​informed​ ​consent​ ​to
participate​ ​in​ ​research?​ ​ ​What​ ​IRB​ ​procedures​ ​are​ ​necessary​ ​if​ ​a​ ​researcher​ ​wants​ ​to​ ​run​ ​a
study​ ​on​ ​that​ ​population?
Children,​ ​fetuses,​ ​newborns,​ ​pregnant​ ​women,​ ​prisoners,​ ​and​ ​mentally​ ​and
physically​ ​challenged​ ​individuals​ ​are​ ​considered​ ​to​ ​be​ ​the​ ​vulnerable​ ​population.
However,​ ​children,​ ​fetuses,​ ​neonates​ ​and​ ​mentally​ ​and​ ​physically​ ​changalled​ ​people​ ​are
the​ ​ones​ ​who​ ​are​ ​not​ ​capable​ ​of​ ​ ​giving​ ​informed​ ​consent.​ ​They​ ​parents,​ ​guardians​ ​,​ ​or
legally​ ​assigned​ ​trusted​ ​people​ ​have​ ​to​ ​give​ ​the​ ​consent.​ ​However,​ ​even​ ​when​ ​the
informed​ ​consent​ ​form​ ​is​ ​signed​ ​if​ ​the​ ​participants​ ​hesitates​ ​to​ ​complete​ ​the​ ​experiment
they​ ​should​ ​be​ ​let​ ​go.
18. You​ ​are​ ​helping​ ​to​ ​run​ ​a​ ​large-scale​ ​study​ ​on​ ​visual​ ​discourse​ ​processing​ ​(i.e.,​ ​reading
text)​ ​in​ ​which​ ​participants​ ​are​ ​asked​ ​to​ ​locate​ ​certain​ ​words​ ​as​ ​quickly​ ​as​ ​possible,​ ​either
hindered​ ​by​ ​cognitive​ ​load​ ​or​ ​unhindered​ ​in​ ​a​ ​control​ ​condition.​ ​ ​After​ ​seeing​ ​the​ ​data,
your​ ​supervisor​ ​proposes​ ​that​ ​you​ ​throw​ ​out​ ​all​ ​the​ ​trials​ ​in​ ​which​ ​a​ ​participant​ ​took
longer​ ​than​ ​ten​ ​seconds​ ​to​ ​find​ ​the​ ​word​ ​because​ ​it​ ​shows​ ​they​ ​were​ ​not​ ​really​ ​reading​ ​the
text​ ​and​ ​these​ ​outliers​ ​will​ ​ruin​ ​the​ ​data.​ ​ ​How​ ​would​ ​you​ ​respond​ ​to​ ​this​ ​suggestion?
I​ ​would​ ​not​ ​agree​ ​to​ ​throw​ ​away​ ​the​ ​data​ ​since​ ​there​ ​is​ ​no​ ​proof​ ​that​ ​the​ ​participants​ ​are​ ​not
reading.​ ​If​ ​it​ ​takes​ ​them​ ​longer​ ​than​ ​10​ ​seconds​ ​then​ ​they​ ​may​ ​be​ ​foreign​ ​or​ ​ ​slow​ ​readers.​ ​I​ ​will
report​ ​that​ ​data​ ​as​ ​it​ ​is​ ​even​ ​if​ ​it​ ​does​ ​not​ ​support​ ​the​ ​hypothesis​ ​as​ ​the​ ​experimenter​ ​would​ ​wish.
19. A​ ​set​ ​of​ ​researchers​ ​is​ ​performing​ ​a​ ​study​ ​on​ ​attitudes​ ​toward​ ​immigration.​ ​ ​They​ ​are
attempting​ ​to​ ​generalize​ ​to​ ​all​ ​voters,​ ​but​ ​they​ ​base​ ​their​ ​conclusions​ ​on​ ​received​ ​returns
from​ ​a​ ​mail-in​ ​survey​ ​sent​ ​out​ ​to​ ​a​ ​random​ ​sample​ ​of​ ​voters.​ ​ ​From​ ​what​ ​type​ ​of
sampling​ ​bias​ ​might​ ​this​ ​methodology​ ​be​ ​suffering?​ ​ ​Explain​ ​why​ ​this​ ​is​ ​a​ ​problem.
Part​ ​III:​ ​Study​ ​analysis​ ​(16​ ​pts).​​ ​ ​Answer​ ​each​ ​part​ ​of​ ​the​ ​question​ ​and​ ​explain​ ​yourself​ ​where
requested.
20. Willis​ ​and​ ​colleagues​ ​(2006)​ ​published​ ​a​ ​set​ ​of​ ​studies​ ​on​ ​the​ ​long-term​ ​effects​ ​of
cognitive​ ​training​ ​in​ ​older​ ​adults.​ ​ ​The​ ​authors​ ​argue​ ​that​ ​both​ ​physical​ ​and​ ​cognitive
exercise​ ​are​ ​essential​ ​to​ ​avoid​ ​mental​ ​declines​ ​in​ ​functioning​ ​as​ ​we​ ​age.​ ​ ​To​ ​test​ ​this
belief,​ ​a​ ​gerontologist​ ​obtains​ ​a​ ​sample​ ​of​ ​115​ ​adults​ ​(36​ ​men,​ ​79​ ​women)​ ​over​ ​the​ ​age​ ​of
70,​ ​and​ ​randomly​ ​assigns​ ​them​ ​to​ ​either​ ​low-​ ​or​ ​high-intensity​ ​physical​ ​exercise,​ ​and​ ​also
low-​ ​or​ ​high-intensity​ ​cognitive​ ​exercise.​ ​The​ ​“high-intensity”​ ​conditions​ ​involve​ ​an​ ​hour
of​ ​very​ ​engaged​ ​activity​ ​each​ ​day​ ​(aerobics​ ​for​ ​physical​ ​exercise,​ ​challenging​ ​crossword
puzzles​ ​and​ ​Sudoku​ ​for​ ​cognitive​ ​exercise),​ ​while​ ​the​ ​“low-intensity”​ ​conditions​ ​involve
much​ ​less​ ​activity​ ​for​ ​a​ ​shorter​ ​time​ ​period​ ​(ten​ ​minutes​ ​of​ ​trained​ ​breathing​ ​for​ ​physical
exercise,​ ​watching​ ​a​ ​round​ ​of​ ​Jeopardy​ ​for​ ​cognitive​ ​exercise).​ ​ ​After​ ​six​ ​months​ ​of​ ​this,
all​ ​participants​ ​complete​ ​a​ ​demanding​ ​mental​ ​test​ ​of​ ​remote​ ​associations,​ ​and​ ​the​ ​four
groups​ ​(low-low,​ ​low-high,​ ​high-low,​ ​high-high)​ ​are​ ​compared​ ​with​ ​regard​ ​to​ ​their
average​ ​performance​ ​score.
a. Is​ ​the​ ​research​ ​design​ ​an​ ​experimental,​ ​quasi-experimental,​ ​or​ ​correlational​ ​study?
Why?
This​ ​is​ ​an​ ​experimental​ ​design​ ​since​ ​the​ ​participants​ ​are​ ​randomly​ ​assigned​ ​to​ ​the
conditions,​ ​the​ ​independent​ ​variables​ ​are​ ​manipulated.
b. What​ ​is/are​ ​the​ ​independent​ ​variable(s)​ ​in​ ​this​ ​study​ ​(if​ ​any)?​ ​ ​What​ ​is/are​ ​the
dependent​ ​variable(s)?​ ​ ​What​ ​type� …
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