Expert answer:Self driving cars
Expert answer:i need a 7 pages research. Double space. font size 12 times new roman. The research about self driving car revaluation and how they work, and the passable way to improve their technologies. Check my proposal in the attachment and use 3 articles to do the research. I have attached 2 already just need you to look for a 3rd one.
smart_cars_need_smart_roads_.pdf
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12/10/2017
Smart cars need smart roads.
Smart cars need smart roads.
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Title Annotation: News and Analysis of the Global Innovation Scene
Author:
Blau, John
Date:
Sep 1, 2015
Words:
1112
Publication:
Research-Technology Management
ISSN:
0895-6308
As Apple, Google, and other high-tech companies team with automakers to make cars smart enough to
drive themselves, do roads need to be as dumb as the concrete and asphalt they’re made of? Europe
doesn’t think so. The European Union has invested more than 200 million [euro], or $227 million, over
the past few years in a number of research programs aimed at creating intelligent infrastructure that will
communicate with smart cars. The goal is to eliminate congestion in growing urban areas, help the
environment, and above all, save lives.
The costs of auto travel in Europe are large, multifarious, and growing. European Union drivers
currently own one third of the world’s one billion cars, and congestion costs the region about 1 percent
of gross domestic product (GDP) every year, a number that is rising. Transport is also responsible for
about a quarter of EU greenhouse gas emissions, which Brussels aims to reduce by as much as 80
percent of 1990 levels by 2050. And nearly 27,000 people died on European roads last year. On
average, up to 50 million people are injured in car accidents in Europe each year, with about 600,000
hospitalized at a cost of about 160 billion [euro], according to figures compiled by the World Health
Organization and the European Transport Safety Council.
Against this background, the European Union has made intelligent transport a priority in its research
and innovation programs. Smart roads, capable of warning drivers of hazardous road conditions and
approaching cars well before such hazards enter their field of vision, are a leading component of the
effort. Powering this smart infrastructure is the latest advances in sensors, wireless communications,
and computers, all tied together by the Internet.
Smart roads are one part of a system designed to provide vehicles with 360-degree awareness of their
surroundings via a set of in-car sensors, transmitters, and processors that allow cars to communicate
with each other and gather real-time data from road infrastructure, including signs and traffic signals as
well as the road itself. Within this system, roads would incorporate sensors and other technology to
provide vehicles and drivers information about hazardous conditions and other critical events, well
before they’re within eyeshot. The technology, known as vehicle-to-everything, or V2X, could reduce
accidents by as much as 80 percent, European researchers claim.
Estimates for developing and implementing this advanced road transport infrastructure across Europe
range between 80 billion [euro] and 140 billion [euro]. Hermann Mezer, the chief executive of the
European Road Transport Telematics Implementation Coordination (ERTICO), a public-private
organization involved in the production of intelligent transport systems, called the systems a “game
changer.”
Not surprisingly, a number of technology players want to carve out a piece of that business, among
them Germany’s Siemens, NXP in the Netherlands, and a number of US companies, including Cisco
and IBM. Siemens, a key provider of traffic management systems in Europe, has been quick to expand
into intelligent infrastructure, especially environmental detection systems and road works warning
systems. The Munich-based engineering giant is working closely with NXP, a specialized chipmaker
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headquartered in Einhoven that is among the first to develop and deliver V2X chipsets for high-volume
manufacturing.
The Dutch company is also collaborating with Singapore’s Nanyang Technological University to build a
smart mobility test bed in the southeast Asian city-state. The project involves 100 vehicles and 50
roadside units that will test V2X technologies over the next four years. It ties in with Singapore’s 10-year
plan to become the world’s first smart nation.
In Europe, scientists have been at work developing and testing technologies for the Cooperative ITS
Corridor, a stretch of highway that runs from Rotterdam to Munich and on to Vienna. Many of the
systems went live at the beginning of this year. They include sensors, short- and long-distance
transmitters, and in-car systems that provide information to drivers as sounds or images. The
transmitters use the IEEE 802.1 lp wireless standard designated for vehicles. The band, similar to WiFi, is capable of dealing with vehicles traveling at high speeds and requiring low latency over short
distances.
One of the major tasks still remaining before the corridor can be opened to full operation is determining
how many coordinating stations will be needed and where to locate them. The issue is complicated by
the differing regulations and standards between countries and the need to implement wireless systems
across national borders while protecting communication frequencies.
Another key issue for the system is data privacy and security. Intelligent transport systems use satellite
navigation systems such as GPS as well as terrestrial systems, including Wi-Fi and cellular, for
communications. Their applications and services are designed to collect, process, and exchange a
large range of data to track vehicles and monitor driving behavior. A controlling system that correlates
car-tracking data with mobile phone data, which can also track people, offers the potential for an almost
infallible surveillance system. As such, these highly interconnected systems raise numerous privacy
and data protection issues. EU computer scientists are studying solutions to ensure data privacy and
security.
Altogether, the European Union has supported more than 100 intelligent transport research programs
over the years and continues to fund more than 40 projects today. Some of these are linked to other
EU-funded research initiatives in areas such as semiconductors and mobile communications. The
programs include AHNak (active user interface for personal navigation), APOLLO (intelligent tire for
accident-free traffic), AVERT (Adaptation of Vehicle Environmental Response by Telematics), and
Adaptive (Automated Driving Applications & Technologies for Intelligent Vehicles).
The smart-road projects will also interact with the autonomous vehicles, or self-driving cars, that are
attracting increasing attention, thanks in part to the big high-tech companies that have moved into this
area. Google, which has been working on developing autonomous driving technology for some time, is
currently testing a fleet of about 100 bubble-shaped “Google Cars.” The company expects to see selfdriving cars on the road within five years. Apple is also working on an autonomous, battery-powered
vehicle under the codename Project Titan.
The early smart-road ventures seemed like applied science projects, encouraging but small scale. That
has changed with the latest round of EU projects. It seems the technological time has come for smart
roads, with wireless sensors that can collect and transmit information from nearly any object and
improved software using highly advanced algorithms to interpret the huge data flow. New technology is
clearly turbo-charging the knowledge developed over years of steady progress. Autonomous cars will
soon be populating our roads. And now, it seems likely those cars will run on, and communicate with,
roads as smart as they are.
DOI: 10.5437/08956308X5805001
John Blau, Contributing Editor Diisseldorf, Germany john@johnblau.com
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COPYRIGHT 2015 Industrial Research Institute Inc.
Copyright 2015 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
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Record: 1
Title: Q: How Do Self-Driving Cars Work?
Authors: Robertson, Bill wrobert9@ix.netcom.com
Source: Science & Children. Summer2017, Vol. 54 Issue 9, p72-75. 4p.
Document Type: Article
Subject Terms: Fully autonomous automobile driving
Radar
Radio waves
Doppler effect
Laser beams
Abstract: The article offers information on working of self-driving cars. Topics
discussed include electromagnetic waves in the form of radio waves and
laser beams thrown by the cars to know about the nearby objects,
Doppler effect that works with all kinds of waves and speed of an
external object determined by self-driving car.
Full Text Word Count: 2405
ISSN: 0036-8148
Accession Number: 123559263
Database: Education Research Complete
Section: Science 101
Background boosters for elementary teachers
Q: How Do Self-Driving Cars Work?
A: For my own peace of mind, no matter how they work, I hope they work really well! Maybe my wife and I are
just getting too old for all these newfangled contraptions, but neither one of us is anxious to have a bunch of
driverless cars roaming the highways, even though it seems that many cars with humans behind the wheel
already don’t have a driver.
Anyway, to understand how driverless cars work, it will help to consider how a car with a driver works. What
are the essential components of a car successfully negotiating roads with a human driver? Let’s consider the
driver components. As a first step, the driver has to be able to see the surroundings. You have to know the
location of all the other cars on the road and know what they’re doing. This includes how fast other cars are
moving, whether they’re slowing down or speeding up, and whether they’re moving toward you, away from you,
or in some other direction. You have to be able to stay in your lane, you have to know which roads you want to
take, you have to know which exits and entrances on the freeway to take, and you have to be able to anticipate
any changes you need to make in your route.
Included in your surroundings are road signs such as stop signs and speed limit signs; signal lights and
whether they’re green, yellow, or red; warning lights for construction sites; those flashing colored lights on
emergency vehicles; and that cop that wants you to pull to the side of the road. There are more things to know,
but that will do for starters. Plus, listing all those items makes it quite logical why I spend most of my driving
time watching for other drivers who are lacking in their awareness of one or more of the items.
To understand how a self-driving car takes care of some of these tasks, I’m going to have you do a mental
activity that I’ve used in a number of my columns. Imagine you’re sitting on a chair in a completely dark room
and you want to find out where the walls are without moving from your chair. You have a bag of tennis balls.
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One way to figure out where the walls are is to throw tennis balls away from you in different directions. You can
listen for when a ball hits a wall, and then, knowing how hard you threw the ball, you can guess how far away
the wall is. Do this a lot, and you can get an idea of how far away the walls are. In fact, seeing where the walls
are in a lit room isn’t much different from that process. Light from the lightbulbs in the room bounces off the
walls, and we gather that reflected light in our eyes.
So, one way for a car to determine where other cars and objects are around it is for the car to shoot tennis
balls out in all directions, record the sound the balls make when they hit objects, and thus determine where the
objects are. Not a practical solution, because your car would run out of tennis balls in no time, and the people
in the other cars wouldn’t like it much. Instead of throwing out tennis balls, self-driving cars throw out
electromagnetic waves in the form of radio waves and laser beams, and they also emit sounds and record the
reflection of the sound waves off of objects. Using radio waves is known as RADAR (RAdio Detection and
Ranging), using laser beams is known as LIDAR (Laser Illumination Detection and Ranging), and using sound
waves is known as SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging). Each method is used for a different purpose.
Lasers are quite good at figuring out where objects are, so self-driving cars emit many laser beams
continuously. The laser light reflects off surrounding objects and returns to the self-driving car, allowing the car
to figure out where everything is. These laser beams also sweep across various sections of the car’s “field of
view,” allowing the car to map out its surroundings. This sweeping action is so rapid that the lasers can help
the car’s computer tell the difference between a car, a truck, a bicycle, a pedestrian, and a building. This really
isn’t much different from what a human driver does, sweeping his or her field of view to know what is around
the car at any one time. The self-driving car can send these laser beams out in all directions, so rear-view
mirrors aren’t necessary. Self-driving cars actually have “eyes in the back of their heads” in that sense.
Before moving on to the other methods of determining the car’s surroundings, I’ll address one problem with
lasers and any other kind of waves the car uses. Get yourself a laser pointer, such as the kind in computer
presentation remotes or laser pens. (Last time I checked, Walmart had really cheap laser pointers near the
checkout stands.) Shine the laser light on a piece of paper that’s right in front of the pen. Draw the size of the
dot the laser light makes on the piece of paper. Then tape the piece of paper to a wall and shine the laser light
on the paper from a distance of at least 5 meters away. Draw the size of the dot the laser light makes on the
paper now. (Note: If your laser light needs someone to actively push a button for it to work, you’ll obviously
need a friend for this part.) Compare the size of the two dots and see Figure 1 if you’re confused about what
I’m asking you to do.
The size of the dot when the laser pointer is far away from the piece of paper should be noticeably larger than
the size of the dot when the pointer is right next to the piece of paper. What this means is that the laser beam
spreads out as it gets farther away from the source. And yes, this means that any notion you had that laser
beams have pinpoint accuracy because the beam travels exactly in a straight line isn’t quite the correct notion.
So, the beam spreads out. What that means is that there is a limitation on how accurate “laser mapping” can
be for long distances (see Figure 2, p. 73).
To help with the fact that lasers can’t be completely accurate in determining where things are and what their
shape is, self-driving cars use RADAR (radio waves) and SONAR (sound waves) as supplements. They use
the same process — figuring out how long it takes for the waves to reach the object and reflect back to the car.
There’s also another reason cars don’t use only lasers to figure out the surroundings. RADAR and SONAR
happen to be good at helping determine how fast and in what direction the objects are moving.
Time for another activity, if you have a friend, a car, and a somewhat deserted street. Have the friend drive
toward you, pass you, and move beyond you, all the while honking the car’s horn. You will no doubt hear
something like the sound available in the video under Internet Resource at the end of this column. When the
car is moving toward you, the horn has a higher pitch than when it’s moving away. If you don’t have a car,
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someone riding quickly past you on a bicycle while blowing a whistle will achieve the same effect. Anyway, this
is known as the Doppler effect. An object emitting sound while moving toward you “catches up” to the sound
waves it emits, making the frequency of the sound you hear higher than you would hear if the object were
standing still. Similarly, an object emitting sound while moving away from you “runs away” from the sound
waves it emits, making the frequency of the sound you hear lower than you would hear if the object were
standing still. Figure 3 illustrates this.
So, a self-driving car emits sound waves that bounce off a moving object and return to the self-driving car. The
object itselfisn’t emitting sound waves (as the car sounding its horn does), but the reflected sound waves act
like sound waves that the object emits. By comparing the frequency, or pitch, of the sounds emitted by the selfdriving car with the frequency of the sound waves reflected off the moving object, the self-driving car’s
computer can determine exactly how fast the object is moving. Check out Figure 4.
The Doppler effect works with all kinds of waves, not just sound waves. So the self-driving car’s emitted radio
waves (RADAR) can also determine the speed of an external object. Most of us have experienced the use of
RADAR to determine speed. That’s a RADAR gun that the police aim at your car to decide whether or not to
pull you over. Laser light also exhibits the Doppler effect, but comparing the outgoing and incoming light
frequencies turns out to be a trickier (and more expensive) enterprise than with the other kinds of waves. Thus,
we use only the sound and radio waves for determining the speed of other objects. It might have occurred to
you that the self-driving car itself is moving, and that this movement might mess up the speed measurements
via the Doppler effect. Not so. The self-driving car “knows” what speed it is traveling, and it’s a simple matter to
incorporate that speed into the Doppler effect calculations to determine the speed of other objects.
Now that our self-driving car knows what objects are around it and how fast and in what direction they’re
moving, it still needs to know where it is on the highway with respect to exits and intersections. Global
Positioning System (GPS) to the rescue. Those of you with GPS systems, either in your car or on your
smartphone, are aware that a GPS system can tell you where you are with remarkable accuracy. How does the
system know this? By relying on signals sent out by your personal system to orbiting satellites, which can then
send your system information on where you are. This is one of my old person “get off my lawn” moments,
where I am still amazed that we have devices to do this. GPS systems are accurate enough to let a self-driving
car know where it is to the extent that the car can negotiate entrances and exits and map out an intended route
of travel. Also an old person “get off my lawn” comment: I am extremely upset that my kids can’t read a map.
They just put an intended destination into their phones and let a voice tell them how to get where they’re going.
Dang it, you youngins!
So far, I’ve written primarily about how a self-driving car gets input to know where it is, where its surroundings
are, and what its surroundings are doing. I’ve briefly mentioned the car’s computer, but this is really the most
important part. Just as our human brain has to process what we see, hear, and feel to operate a car, a selfdriving car needs a computer brain to process information from lasers, GPS, and the like. The car’s computer
maintains a continuous map of the car’s surroundings and is constantly updating that map. And the computer
must use that map and inputs to make decisions, such as when to accelerate, when to brake, and when to
change lanes. The computer software for this purpose is amazing in its abilities. For example, the laser input to
a car might indicate a two-wheeled vehicle. The car’s computer will use the speed and actions of that veh …
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